Misplaced Pages

#968031

82-485: Carl Gustav Jung ( / j ʊ ŋ / YUUNG ; German: [kaʁl ˈjʊŋ] ; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist , psychotherapist , psychologist and pioneering evolutionary theorist who founded the school of analytical psychology . He was a prolific author, illustrator, and correspondent, and a complex and controversial character, perhaps best known through his "autobiography" Memories, Dreams, Reflections . Jung's work has been influential in

164-532: A neurosis is". Initially, Jung had aspirations of becoming a preacher or minister. There was a strong moral sense in his household and several of his family were clergymen. Jung had wanted to study archaeology, but his family could not afford to send him further than the University of Basel, which did not teach it. After studying philosophy in his teens, Jung decided against the path of religious traditionalism and decided to pursue psychiatry and medicine. His interest

246-445: A "psychoanalytical Jung" and not the theory of analytical psychology, for which he became famous in the following decades. Nonetheless, it was their publication which, Jung declared, "cost me my friendship with Freud". Another disagreement with Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious. Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as incomplete and unnecessarily negative and inelastic. According to Jung, Freud conceived

328-607: A copy of which he later sent to Freud—who had already purchased a copy. Preceded by a lively correspondence, Jung met Freud for the first time in Vienna on 3 March 1907. Jung recalled the discussion between himself and Freud as interminable, unceasing for 13 hours. Six months later, the then 50-year-old Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zurich. This marked the beginning of an intense correspondence and collaboration that lasted six years. In 1908, Jung became an editor of

410-543: A decade of active publication, interspersed with overseas travels. Constance Long arranged for Jung to deliver a seminar in Cornwall in 1920. Another seminar was held in 1923, this one organized by Jung's British protégé Helton Godwin Baynes (known as "Peter") (1882–1943), and another in 1925. In 1935, at the invitation of his close British friends and colleagues, H. G. Baynes , E. A. Bennet and Hugh Crichton-Miller , Jung gave

492-494: A few days. Paul Jung, Carl's father, was the youngest son of noted German-Swiss professor of medicine at Basel , Karl Gustav Jung (1794–1864). Paul's hopes of achieving a fortune never materialised, and he did not progress beyond the status of an impoverished rural pastor in the Swiss Reformed Church . Emilie Preiswerk, Carl's mother, had also grown up in a large family, whose Swiss roots went back five centuries. Emilie

574-478: A few weeks later. The group traveled through Kenya and Uganda to the slopes of Mount Elgon , where Jung hoped to increase his understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents of that area. Later he concluded that the major insights he had gleaned had to do with himself and the European psychology in which he had been raised. One of Jung's most famous proposed constructs

656-694: A head detached from the neck and floating in the air in front of the body. Jung had a better relationship with his father. Jung's mother left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel, for an unknown physical ailment. His father took Carl to be cared for by Emilie Jung's unmarried sister in Basel, but he was later brought back to his father's residence. Emilie Jung's continuing bouts of absence and depression deeply troubled her son and caused him to associate women with "innate unreliability", whereas "father" meant for him reliability, but also powerlessness. In his memoir, Jung would remark that this parental influence

738-524: A medical doctor. After a strict selection program, one can specialize for 4.5-years in psychiatry. During this specialization, the resident has to do a 6-month residency in the field of social psychiatry, a 12-month residency in a field of their own choice (which can be child psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, somatic medicine, or medical research). To become an adolescent psychiatrist, one has to do an extra specialization period of 2 more years. In short, this means that it takes at least 10.5 years of study to become

820-531: A minimum of two months of neurology during their first year of residency, referred to as an "internship". After completing their training, psychiatrists are eligible to take a specialty board examination to become board-certified. The total amount of time required to complete educational and training requirements in the field of psychiatry in the United States is twelve years after high school. Subspecialists in child and adolescent psychiatry are required to complete

902-478: A permanent 'senior' doctor at the hospital and became a lecturer Privatdozent in the medical faculty of Zurich University. In 1904, he published with Franz Riklin their Diagnostic Association Studies , of which Freud obtained a copy. In 1909, Jung left the psychiatric hospital and began a private practice in his home in Küsnacht . Eventually, a close friendship and strong professional association developed between

SECTION 10

#1732847466969

984-567: A psychiatrist which can go up to 12.5 years if one becomes a children's and adolescent psychiatrist. In Pakistan , one must complete basic medical education, an MBBS, then get registered with the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) as a general practitioner after a one-year mandatory internship, house job. After registration with PMDC, one has to take the FCPS-I exam. After that, they pursue four additional years of training in psychiatry at

1066-708: A series of lectures at the Tavistock Clinic in London, later published as part of the Collected Works . In 1938, Jung was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Oxford . At the tenth International Medical Congress for Psychotherapy held at Oxford from 29 July to 2 August 1938, Jung gave the presidential address, followed by a visit to Cheshire to stay with the Bailey family at Lawton Mere. In 1946, Jung agreed to become

1148-483: A somewhat altered meaning. The collective unconscious is not so much a 'geographical location', but a deduction from the alleged ubiquity of archetypes over space and time. In November 1912, Jung and Freud met in Munich for a meeting among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals. At a talk about a new psychoanalytic essay on Amenhotep IV , Jung expressed his views on how it related to actual conflicts in

1230-404: A stone, which he had painted into upper and lower halves, and hid the case in the attic. Periodically, he would return to the mannequin, often bringing tiny sheets of paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language. He later reflected that this ceremonial act brought him a feeling of inner peace and security. Years later, he discovered similarities between his personal experience and

1312-404: A student by reading Psychopathia Sexualis by Richard von Krafft-Ebing . In 1900, Jung completed his degree and started work as an intern (voluntary doctor) under the psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler at Burghölzli Hospital. It was Bleuler who introduced him to the writings of Freud by asking him to write a review of The Interpretation of Dreams (1899). In the early 1900s psychology as a science

1394-400: A suicidal psychosis that precipitated his writing of his Red Book, his seven-volume personal diaries that were only published partially and posthumously in 2009. Eleven years later, in 2020, they were published in their entirety as his Black Books. Jung described his 1912 book as "an attempt, only partially successful, to create a wider setting for medical psychology and to bring the whole of

1476-404: A two-year fellowship program, the first year of which can run concurrently with the fourth year of the general psychiatry residency program. This adds one to two years of training. The average compensation for psychiatrists in the U.S. in 2023 was $ 309,000. Antistes Antistes (from Latin ante "before" and sto "stand") was from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century the title of

1558-635: A visit in nearby Zurich, an incident Jung referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture". Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the US and gave the Fordham University lectures, a six-week series, which were published later in the year as Psychology of the Unconscious , subsequently republished as Symbols of Transformation . While they contain remarks on Jung's dissenting view on the libido, they represent largely

1640-517: A watershed in the acceptance of psychoanalysis in North America. This forged welcome links between Jung and influential Americans. Jung returned to the United States the next year for a brief visit. In 1910 Freud proposed Jung, "his adopted eldest son, his crown prince and successor", for the position of lifetime President of the newly formed International Psychoanalytical Association . However, after forceful objections from his Viennese colleagues, it

1722-439: A wide variety of settings. Some are full-time medical researchers , many see patients in private medical practices, and consult liaison psychiatrists see patients in hospital settings where psychiatric and other medical conditions interact. While requirements to become a psychiatric physician differ from country to country, all require a medical degree . In India , a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree

SECTION 20

#1732847466969

1804-532: Is kinship libido. Jung defined this as an instinctive feeling of belonging to a particular group or family and Jung believed it was vital to the human experience and used this as an endogamous aspect of the libido and what lies amongst the family. This is similar to a Bantu term called Ubuntu that emphasizes humanity and almost the same meaning as kinship libido, which is, "I am because you are." In December 1937, Jung left Zurich again for an extensive tour of India with Fowler McCormick. In India, he felt himself "under

1886-451: Is open to both neurologists and psychiatrists. Some psychiatrists specialize in helping certain age groups. Pediatric psychiatry is the area of the profession working with children in addressing psychological problems. Psychiatrists specializing in geriatric psychiatry work with the elderly and are called geriatric psychiatrists or geropsychiatrists. Those who practice psychiatry in the workplace are called occupational psychiatrists in

1968-467: Is the basic qualification needed to do psychiatry. After completing an MBBS (including an internship), they can attend various PG medical entrance exams and get a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) in psychiatry, which is a 3-year course. Diploma course in psychiatry or DNB psychiatry can also be taken to become a psychiatrist. In the Netherlands , one must complete medical school after which one is certified as

2050-667: Is widely regarded as one of the most influential psychologists in history. Freud saw the younger Jung not only as the heir he had been seeking to take forward his "new science" of psychoanalysis, but as a means to legitimize his own work: Freud and other contemporary psychoanalysts were Jews facing rising antisemitism in Europe, and Jung was Christian . Freud secured Jung's appointment as president of Freud's newly founded International Psychoanalytical Association . Jung's research and personal vision, however, made it difficult to follow his older colleague's doctrine and they parted ways. This division

2132-605: The College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan . Training includes rotations in general medicine, neurology, and clinical psychology for three months each, during the first two years. There is a mid-exam intermediate module and a final exam after four years. In the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), psychiatrists are required to obtain a medical degree, followed by a minimum of six years of specialized training. Then, they must achieve fellowship at

2214-484: The Terry Lectures at Yale University , later published as Psychology and Religion . In October 1925, Jung embarked on his most ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to East Africa. He was accompanied by his English friend, "Peter" Baynes and an American associate, George Beckwith . On the voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an English woman named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari

2296-467: The Vedagiriswarar Temple where he had a conversation with a local expert about the symbols and sculptures on the gopuram of this temple. He later wrote about this conversation in his book Aion . Jung became seriously ill on this trip and endured two weeks of delirium in a Calcutta hospital. After 1938, his travels were confined to Europe. Jung became a full professor of medical psychology at

2378-608: The collective unconscious were inspired, in part, by these early experiences combined with his later research. At the age of 12, shortly before the end of his first year at the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Basel, Jung was pushed to the ground by another boy so hard he momentarily lost consciousness. (Jung later recognized the incident was indirectly his fault.) A thought then came to him—"now you won't have to go to school anymore". From then on, whenever he walked to school or began homework, he fainted. He remained at home for

2460-594: The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists and attain the qualification of 'specialist in psychiatry' from the Medical Council. Certified psychiatrists are included in the registry. The fees charged by specialist psychiatrists vary. In private clinics, the cost of a consultation starts from HK$ 1,500. Compared to private clinics, the fees for specialist outpatient services of the Hospital Authority are lower, but

2542-487: The Jungs remained shareholders in a thriving business that ensured the family's financial security for decades. Emma Jung, whose education had been limited, evinced considerable ability and interest in her husband's research and threw herself into studies and acted as his assistant at Burghölzli. She eventually became a noted psychoanalyst in her own right. The marriage lasted until Emma died in 1955. They had five children: None of

Carl Jung - Misplaced Pages Continue

2624-642: The Republic of Ireland to achieve registration as a basic medical practitioner. Training in psychiatry can then begin and it is taken in two parts: three years of basic specialist training culminating in the MRCPsych exam, followed by three years of higher specialist training referred to as "ST4-6" in the UK and "Senior Registrar Training" in the Republic of Ireland. Candidates with MRCPsych degree and complete basic training must reinterview for higher specialist training. At this stage,

2706-557: The Skies (1959), which analyzed the archetypal meaning and possible psychological significance of the reported observations of UFOs . In 1961, he wrote his last work, a contribution to Man and His Symbols entitled "Approaching the Unconscious" (published posthumously in 1964). Jung died on 6 June 1961 at Küsnacht after a short illness. He had been beset by circulatory diseases . Among his principal distinctions are honorary doctorates from: In addition, he was: Jung's thought derived from

2788-493: The US or Canada and frequently takes around 8–9 years following graduation from medical school. Those with a CC(S)T will be able to apply for consultant posts. Those with training from outside the EU/EEA should consult local/native medical boards to review their qualifications and eligibility for equivalence recognition (for example, those with a US residency and ABPN qualification). In the United States and Canada, one must first attain

2870-486: The US, are certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) and require Maintenance of Certification Program to continue. These include the following: Further, other specialties that exist include: The United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties in the United States offers certification and fellowship program accreditation in the subspecialties of behavioral neurology and neuropsychiatry , which

2952-459: The Unconscious in 1912 that led to the final break with Freud. The letters they exchanged show Freud's refusal to consider Jung's ideas. This rejection caused what Jung described in his posthumously-published autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1962) as a "resounding censure". Everyone he knew dropped away from him, except two of his colleagues. After the Munich congress he was on the verge of

3034-942: The United States and occupational psychology is the name used for the most similar discipline in the UK. Psychiatrists working in the courtroom and reporting to the judge and jury, in both criminal and civil court cases, are called forensic psychiatrists , who also treat mentally disordered offenders and other patients whose condition is such that they have to be treated in secure units. Other psychiatrists may also specialize in psychopharmacology , psychotherapy , psychiatric genetics , neuroimaging , dementia -related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , sleep medicine , pain medicine , palliative medicine , eating disorders , sexual disorders , women's health , global mental health , early psychosis intervention , mood disorders and anxiety disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder . Psychiatrists work in

3116-489: The University of Basel in 1943, but resigned after a heart attack the next year to lead a more private life. In 1945, he began corresponding with an English Roman Catholic priest, Father Victor White , who became a close friend, regularly visiting the Jungs at the Bollingen estate. Jung became ill again in 1952. Jung continued to publish books until the end of his life, including Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in

3198-426: The age of 38, Jung experienced a horrible "confrontation with the unconscious". He saw visions and heard voices. He worried at times that he was "menaced by a psychosis" or was "doing a schizophrenia". He decided that it was valuable experience and, in private, he induced hallucinations or, in his words, a process of " active imagination ". He recorded everything he experienced in small journals, which Jung referred to in

3280-466: The children continued their father's career. The daughters, Agathe and Marianne, assisted in publishing work. During his marriage, Jung engaged in at least one extramarital relationship: his affair with his patient and, later, fellow psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein . A continuing affair with Toni Wolff is also alleged. Jung and Freud influenced each other during the intellectually formative years of Jung's life. Jung had become interested in psychiatry as

3362-411: The city and also held besides this office a pastorship of one of the main churches. The antistes had to be an ordained minister. He was the official representative of the church. He presided over the synod , and over the theological examinations of candidates for the office of pastor. His direct rights were very limited, but a man with high leadership capabilities like Zwingli or Bullinger could exert

Carl Jung - Misplaced Pages Continue

3444-501: The classical education he received at school and from early family influences, which on the maternal side were a combination of Reformed Protestant academic theology with an interest in occult phenomena. On his father's side was a dedication to academic discipline emanating from his grandfather, the physician, scientist and first Basel Professor of Medicine, Karl Gustav Jung , a one time student activist and convert from Catholicism to Swiss Reformed Protestantism. Family lore suggested there

3526-453: The conflict, who crossed their frontier to evade capture. Jung worked to improve the conditions of soldiers stranded in Switzerland and encouraged them to attend university courses. Jung emerged from his period of isolation in the late nineteen-tens with the publication of several journal articles, followed in 1921 with Psychological Types , one of his most influential books. There followed

3608-629: The degree of M.D. or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine , followed by practice as a psychiatric resident for another four years (five years in Canada). This extended period involves comprehensive training in psychiatric diagnosis, psychopharmacology, medical care issues, and psychotherapies. All accredited psychiatry residencies in the United States require proficiency in cognitive behavioral, brief , psychodynamic , and supportive psychotherapies . Psychiatry residents are required to complete at least four post-graduate months of internal medicine or pediatrics, plus

3690-496: The development and founding of the international altruistic, self-help movement Alcoholics Anonymous on June 10, 1935, in Akron, Ohio , a quarter of a century after James' death and in Jung's sixtieth year. For six years, Jung and Freud cooperated in their work. In 1912, however, Jung published Psychology of the Unconscious , which made manifest the developing theoretical divergence between

3772-428: The development of special interests such as forensic or child/adolescent takes place. At the end of 3 years of higher specialist training, candidates are awarded a Certificate of Completion of (Specialist) Training (CC(S)T). At this stage, the psychiatrist can register as a specialist, and the qualification of CC(S)T is recognized in all EU/EEA states. As such, training in the UK and Ireland is considerably longer than in

3854-504: The direct influence of a foreign culture" for the first time. In Africa, his conversations had been strictly limited by the language barrier, but in India, he was able to converse extensively. Hindu philosophy became an important element in his understanding of the role of symbolism and the life of the unconscious, though he avoided a meeting with Ramana Maharshi . He described Ramana as being absorbed in "the self". During these travels he visited

3936-682: The elder Freud and Jung , which left a sizeable correspondence . In late summer 1909, the two sailed for the U.S., where Freud was the featured lecturer at the twentieth anniversary celebration of the founding of Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts , the Vicennial Conference on Psychology and Pedagogy, September 7–11. Jung spoke as well and received an honorary degree. It was during this trip that Jung first began separating psychologically from Freud, his mentor, which occurred after intense communications around their individual dreams. And it

4018-480: The elder daughter of a wealthy industrialist in eastern Switzerland, Johannes Rauschenbach-Schenck. Rauschenbach was the owner, among other concerns, of IWC Schaffhausen —the International Watch Company, manufacturer of luxury time-pieces. Upon his death in 1905, his two daughters and their husbands became owners of the business. Jung's brother-in-law— Ernst Homberger —became the principal proprietor, but

4100-406: The era of the time. "Personality Number 2" was a dignified, authoritative, and influential man from the past. Though Jung was close to both parents, he was disappointed by his father's academic approach to faith. Some childhood memories made lifelong impressions on him. As a boy, he carved a tiny mannequin into the end of the wooden ruler from his pencil case and placed it inside the case. He added

4182-532: The evolutionary past of humanity and his belief that an ancient evolutionary layer in the psyche, represented by early fossil hominins, is still evident in the psychology of modern humans. In 1900, Jung moved to Zürich and began working at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital under Eugen Bleuler . Bleuler was already in communication with the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud . Jung's dissertation , published in 1903,

SECTION 50

#1732847466969

4264-525: The fields of psychiatry , anthropology , archaeology , literature , philosophy , psychology , religious studies and evolutionary theory. He worked as a research scientist at the Burghölzli psychiatric hospital, in Zurich , under Eugen Bleuler . Jung established himself as an influential mind, developing a friendship with Sigmund Freud , founder of psychoanalysis , conducting a lengthy correspondence paramount to their joint vision of human psychology. Jung

4346-694: The final disposition of what he called the Liber Novus or Red Book . Sonu Shamdasani , a historian of psychology from London, tried for three years to persuade Jung's resistant heirs to have it published. Ulrich Hoerni, Jung's grandson who manages the Jung archives, decided to publish it when the necessary additional funds needed were raised through the Philemon Foundation . Up to September 2008, fewer than about two dozen people had ever seen it. In 2007, two technicians for DigitalFusion, working with New York City publishers W. W. Norton & Company , scanned

4428-460: The first Honorary President of the newly formed Society of Analytical Psychology in London, having previously approved its training programme devised by Michael Fordham . During the period of Jung's collaboration with Freud , both visited the US in 1909 to lecture at Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts where both were awarded honorary degrees. In 1912 Jung gave a series of lectures at Fordham University, New York which were published later in

4510-664: The head of a church in the Reformed Churches in Switzerland . It was the highest office in churches with synodal church governance. The word was used first in 1525 as an unofficial title of honor for Huldrych Zwingli in Zürich , then in 1530 for Johannes Oecolampadius in Basel and in 1532 for Heinrich Bullinger in Zürich. The antistes was elected by the great council (the parliament) of

4592-408: The main task of human development. He created some of the best known psychological concepts, including synchronicity , archetypal phenomena , the collective unconscious , the psychological complex , and extraversion and introversion . His belief that some alcoholics may recover if they have a 'spiritual or religious experience' indirectly influenced the later founding of Alcoholics Anonymous . Jung

4674-785: The manuscript with a 10,200-pixel scanner. It was published on 7 October 2009, in German with a "separate English translation along with Shamdasani's introduction and footnotes" at the back of the book. According to Sara Corbett, reviewing the text for The New York Times , "The book is bombastic, baroque and like so much else about Carl Jung, a willful oddity, synched with an antediluvian and mystical reality." The Rubin Museum of Art in New York City displayed Jung's Red Book leather folio, as well as some of his original "Black Book" journals, from 7 October 2009 to 15 February 2010. According to them, "During

4756-514: The newly founded Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research . In 1909, Jung travelled with Freud and Hungarian psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi to the United States; in September they took part in a conference at Clark University in Worcester , Massachusetts. The conference at Clark University was planned by the psychologist G. Stanley Hall and included 27 distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists, and psychologists. It represented

4838-482: The next six months until he overheard his father speaking hurriedly to a visitor, about the boy's future ability to support himself. They suspected he had epilepsy . Confronted with the reality of his family's poverty, he realized the need for academic excellence. He went into his father's study and began poring over Latin grammar . He fainted three more times, but eventually overcame the urge and did not faint again. This event, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what

4920-517: The part of the unconscious that contains memories and ideas that Jung believed were inherited from ancestors. While he did think that libido was an important source for personal growth, unlike Freud, Jung did not believe that libido alone was responsible for the formation of the core personality. In 1912 these tensions came to a peak because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his colleague Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen without paying him

5002-451: The period in which he worked on this book Jung developed his principal theories of archetypes, collective unconscious, and the process of individuation." Two-thirds of the pages bear Jung's illuminations and illustrations to the text. During World War I, Jung was drafted as an army doctor and soon made commandant of an internment camp for British officers and soldiers. The Swiss were neutral and obliged to intern personnel from either side of

SECTION 60

#1732847466969

5084-414: The practices associated with totems in indigenous cultures , such as the collection of soul-stones near Arlesheim or the tjurungas of Australia. He concluded that his intuitive ceremonial act was an unconscious ritual, which he had practiced in a way that was strikingly similar to those in distant locations which he, as a young boy, knew nothing about. His observations about symbols, archetypes , and

5166-564: The psychic phenomena within its purview". The book was later revised and retitled Symbols of Transformation in 1952. Jung spoke at meetings of the Psycho-Medical Society in London in 1913 and 1914. His travels were soon interrupted by the war, but his ideas continued to receive attention in England primarily through the efforts of Constance Long who translated and published the first English volume of his collected writings. In 1913, at

5248-494: The psychoanalytic movement. While Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted and Jung carried him to a couch. Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 for the Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress in Munich. Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the introverted and extraverted type in analytical psychology . It was the publication of Jung's book The Psychology of

5330-547: The singular as his Black Book , considering it a "single integral whole", even though some of these original journals have a brown cover. The material Jung wrote was subjected to several edits, hand-written and typed, including another, "second layer" of text, his continual psychological interpretations during the process of editing. Around 1915, Jung commissioned a large red leather-bound book, and began to transcribe his notes, along with painting, working intermittently for sixteen years. Jung left no posthumous instructions about

5412-613: The two. Consequently, their personal and professional relationship fractured—each stating the other was unable to admit he could be wrong. After the culminating break in 1913, Jung went through a difficult and pivotal psychological transformation, exacerbated by the outbreak of the First World War. Henri Ellenberger called Jung's intense experience a "creative illness" and compared it favorably to Freud's own period of what he called neurasthenia and hysteria . In 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach (1882–1955), seven years his junior and

5494-494: The unconscious solely as a repository of repressed emotions and desires. Jung's observations overlap to an extent with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Jung called the " personal unconscious ", but his hypothesis is more about a process than a static model and he also proposed the existence of a second, overarching form of the unconscious beyond the personal, that he named the psychoid—a term borrowed from neo-vitalist philosopher and embryologist Hans Driesch (1867–1941)—but with

5576-479: The waiting time can be as long as two years. For Eligible Persons, the first consultation fee is HK$ 135, and each subsequent consultation fee is HK$ 80. Additionally, the cost for each type of medication is HK$ 15. In the United Kingdom , psychiatrists must hold a medical degree. Following this, the individual will work as a foundation house officer for two additional years in the UK, or one year as an intern in

5658-646: The year as Psychology of the Unconscious . Jung made a more extensive trip westward in the winter of 1924–5, financed and organized by Fowler McCormick and George Porter. Of particular value to Jung was a visit with Chief Mountain Lake of the Taos Pueblo near Taos, New Mexico . Jung made another trip to America in 1936, receiving an honorary degree at Harvard and giving lectures in New York and New England for his growing group of American followers. He returned in 1937 to deliver

5740-399: Was 9, Jung's sister Johanna Gertrud (1884–1935) was born. Known in the family as "Trudi", she became a secretary to her brother. Jung was a solitary and introverted child. From childhood, he believed that, like his mother, he had two personalities—a modern Swiss citizen and a personality more suited to the 18th century. "Personality Number 1", as he termed it, was a typical schoolboy living in

5822-471: Was agreed Jung would be elected to serve a two-year term of office. While Jung worked on his Psychology of the Unconscious: a study of the transformations and symbolisms of the libido , tensions manifested between him and Freud because of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature of libido . Jung de-emphasized the importance of sexual development and focused on the collective unconscious:

5904-533: Was an artist , craftsman , builder, and prolific writer. Many of his works were not published until after his death and some remain unpublished. Carl Gustav Jung was born 26 July 1875 in Kesswil , in the Swiss canton of Thurgau , as the first surviving son of Paul Achilles Jung (1842–1896) and Emilie Preiswerk (1848–1923). His birth was preceded by two stillbirths and that of a son named Paul, born in 1873, who survived only

5986-724: Was at least a social connection to the German polymath , Johann Wolfgang Goethe , through the latter's niece, Lotte Kestner, known as "Lottchen" who was a frequent visitor in Jung senior's household. Psychiatrist As part of the clinical assessment process, psychiatrists may employ a mental status examination ; a physical examination ; brain imaging such as a computerized tomography , magnetic resonance imaging , or positron emission tomography scan; and blood testing . Psychiatrists use pharmacologic , psychotherapeutic , and/or interventional approaches to treat mental disorders. The field of psychiatry has many subspecialties that require additional ( fellowship ) training, which, in

6068-414: Was captured—it combined the biological and spiritual, exactly what he was searching for. In 1895 Jung began to study medicine at the University of Basel. Barely a year later, his father Paul died and left the family near destitute. They were helped by relatives who also contributed to Jung's studies. During his student days, he entertained his contemporaries with the family legend that his paternal grandfather

6150-619: Was during this visit that Jung was introduced to the elder philosopher and psychologist William James , known as the "Father of American psychology," whose ideas Jung would incorporate into his own work. Jung connected with James around their mutual interests in mysticism , spiritualism and psychical phenomena . James wrote to a friend after the conference stating Jung "left a favorable impression," while "his views of Freud were mixed." James died about eleven months later. The ideas of both Jung and James, on topics including hopelessness, self-surrender and spiritual experiences, were influential in

6232-472: Was painful for Jung and resulted in the establishment of Jung's analytical psychology, as a comprehensive system separate from psychoanalysis. Scholar Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi believed Jung's later antisemitic remarks may be a clue to the schism. Among the central concepts of analytical psychology is individuation —the lifelong psychological process of differentiation of the self out of each individual's conscious and unconscious elements. Jung considered it to be

6314-417: Was six months old. Tensions between father and mother had developed. Jung's mother was an eccentric and depressed woman; she spent considerable time in her bedroom, where she said spirits visited her at night. Though she was normal during the day, Jung recalled that at night his mother became strange and mysterious. He said that one night he saw a faintly luminous and indefinite figure coming from her room, with

6396-489: Was still in its early stages, but Jung became a qualified proponent of Freud's new "psycho-analysis". Freud needed collaborators and pupils to validate and spread his ideas. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric clinic in Zurich and Jung's research had already gained him international recognition. Jung sent Freud a copy of his Studies in Word Association in 1906. The same year, he published Diagnostic Association Studies ,

6478-531: Was the "handicap I started off with". Later, these early impressions were revised: "I have trusted men friends and been disappointed by them, and I have mistrusted women and was not disappointed." After three years of living in Laufen, Paul Jung requested a transfer. In 1879 he was called to Kleinhüningen, next to Basel, where his family lived in a parsonage of the church. The relocation brought Emilie Jung closer into contact with her family and lifted her melancholy. When he

6560-552: Was the illegitimate son of Goethe and his German great-grandmother, Sophie Ziegler . In later life, he pulled back from this tale, saying only that Sophie was a friend of Goethe's niece. It was during this early period, when Jung was an assistant at the Anatomical Institute at Basel University, that he took an interest in palaeoanthropology and the revolutionary discoveries of Homo erectus and Neanderthal fossils. These formative experiences contributed to his fascination with

6642-523: Was the youngest child of a distinguished Basel churchman and academic, Samuel Preiswerk (1799–1871), and his second wife. Samuel Preiswerk was an Antistes , the title given to the head of the Reformed clergy in the city, as well as a Hebraist , author, and editor, who taught Paul Jung as his professor of Hebrew at Basel University . Jung's father was appointed to a more prosperous parish in Laufen when Jung

6724-561: Was titled On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena . It was based on the analysis of the supposed mediumship of Jung's cousin Hélène Preiswerk, under the influence of Freud's contemporary Théodore Flournoy . Jung studied with Pierre Janet in Paris in 1902 and later equated his view of the complex with Janet's idée fixe subconsciente . In 1905, Jung was appointed as

#968031