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86-396: Chun Doo-hwan ( Korean :  전두환 ; Korean pronunciation: [tɕʌnduɦwɐn] or [tɕʌn] [tuɦwɐn] ; 18 January 1931 – 23 November 2021) was a South Korean politician, army general and military dictator who served as the fifth president of South Korea from 1980 to 1988. Chun usurped power after the 1979 assassination of president Park Chung Hee . Park

172-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with

258-477: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this

344-487: A giant. During the investigation, Chun personally gave money (US$ 500,000) from Park's slush fund to Park's daughter Park Geun-hye , who was 27 at the time. He was reprimanded for this by Jeong. In the following month Chun, along with Roh Tae-woo , Yu Hak-seong, Heo Sam-su, and others from the Hanahoe, continued taking advantage of the fragile political situation to grow Hanahoe's strength, courting key commanders and subverting

430-541: A later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of the Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations ,

516-749: A major, Chun was the deputy chief of operations for the Special Warfare Command 's battle headquarters, and later worked for the Supreme Council for Reconstruction again as the Chief Civil Affairs Officer. In 1963, Chun was given a position in the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) as Personnel Director. By 1969, he was senior advisor to the Army Chief of Staff. In 1970, holding the rank of colonel, Chun became

602-739: A one-party state since the imposition of the Yushin Constitution . In November, he implemented the Policy for Merger and Abolition of the Press . In January 1981, Chun formed his own party, the Democratic Justice Party ; however, for all intents and purposes, it was Park's Democratic Republican Party under a new name. Soon afterward, a new constitution was enacted. It was far less authoritarian than Park's Yushin Constitution; for instance, it enshrined

688-562: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding

774-483: A range longer than 180 km or capable of carrying greater than a 453 kg warhead. After receiving this promise, the Reagan administration decided to fully recognize Chun's military government. After his election in 1981, Chun completely rejected the presidency of Park, even going so far as to strike all references to Park's 1961 military coup from the constitution. Chun announced that he would be restoring justice to

860-557: A series of conflicts broke out in the capital. Jang Tae-wan , commander of the Capital Garrison Command, and Jeong Byeong Ju, commander of the special forces, were also arrested by the rebel troops. Major Kim Oh-rang, aide-de-camp of Jeong Byeong-ju, was killed during the gunfight. By the next morning, the Ministry of Defense and Army HQ were all occupied, and Chun was in firm control of the military. For all intents and purposes, he

946-573: A speech at the Anglican Cathedral of Seoul. Two months later, he declared Roh Tae-woo as the DJP's candidate for president, which, by all accounts, effectively handed Roh the presidency. The announcement triggered the June Democracy Movement , a series of large pro-democracy rallies across the country. In hopes of gaining control over a situation that was rapidly getting out of hand, Roh made

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1032-412: A speech promising a much more democratic constitution and the first direct presidential elections in 16 years. On 10 July 1987, Chun resigned as head of the DJP, remaining its Honorary Chairman but handing official leadership of the upcoming campaign to Roh. In the 16 December 1987 presidential election , Roh won the election with a plurality, the first free and fair national elections of any sort held in

1118-567: A temporary site for this school at Jinhae-gu , and appointed three West Point graduates to oversee the program. They held an opening ceremony on 20 January 1952. The KMA was very popular among South Koreans, with ROK Army Chief of Staff Lee Jong-chan writing: The Korean Military Academy is the hope of our people … We are also assured of our contribution to the new institution by firmly establishing an honourable and respectable tradition like that of your Military Academy in America A statue of Van Fleet

1204-603: Is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from

1290-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to

1376-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean

1462-733: Is from the Wonsan Jeon Clan. His 14th generation ancestor, Jeon Je ( Korean :  전제 ; Hanja :  全霽 ) was a military officer who was executed for violating the orders of Gwon Yul during the Imjin War . Chun was the fourth son out of ten children to Chun Sang-woo and Kim Jeong-mun. Chun's oldest two brothers, Yeol-hwan and Kyuu-gon, died in an accident when he was an infant. Chun grew up knowing his remaining older brother Ki-hwan and his younger brother Kyeong-hwan. Around 1936, Chun's family moved to Daegu , where he began attending Horan Elementary School. Chun's father had run-ins with

1548-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be

1634-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with

1720-534: Is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by

1806-507: Is unacceptable. Therefore, they are only allowed to execute their duties upon receiving authorization from the Joint Investigation Headquarters." Chun subsequently ordered all intelligence reports to now be sent to his office at 8:00 am and 5:00 pm every day, so he could decide what information to give higher command. In one move, Chun had taken control of the entire nation's intelligence organizations. Chun then put

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1892-716: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on

1978-511: The Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which

2064-523: The yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By

2150-527: The kempeitai in the past; in the winter of 1939 he murdered a police captain. Their family immediately fled to Jilin , Manchukuo , where they stayed in hiding for two years before returning. When Chun finally started attending elementary school again, he was two years behind his original classmates. In 1947, Chun began attending Daegu Vocational Middle School, located nearly 25 km from his home. Chun moved on to Daegu Vocational High School. After graduating from high school in 1951, Chun gained entry into

2236-598: The Gwangju Uprising which led to the deaths of hundreds, possibly thousands, of citizens. Chun was pardoned the following year, along with Roh who had been sentenced to 17 years, by President Kim Young-sam , on the advice of the incoming President-elect Kim Dae-jung , whom Chun's administration had sentenced to death some 20 years earlier. Chun and Roh were fined $ 203 million and $ 248 million respectively, amounts that were embezzled through corruption during their regimes, which were mostly never paid. In his final years, Chun

2322-604: The Gyeongsang Province with just a token membership reserved for a Cholla Province officer. Hanahoe's existence within a highly regimented and rigid hierarchical organization of the army was only possible because it was under the patronage of then President Park. On 26 October 1979, Park was assassinated by Kim Jae-kyu , Director of the KCIA , while at a dinner party. Secretly, Kim had invited General Jeong Seung-hwa , Army Chief of Staff, and Kim Jeong-seop, Vice-Deputy Director of

2408-647: The Imperial Japanese Army , which had been occupying Korea since 1910 , a void of indigenous security force was created, while the pool of human resource was composed of various backgrounds, including the former Imperial Japanese Army, Manchurian Army , and Korean Liberation Army . As a preparatory measure, the U.S. military administration opened the Military Language School in Seoul on December 5, 1945, in order to train military interpreters as well as

2494-660: The Korea Military Academy (KMA). While there, he made several key friends among the students who would later play instrumental roles in helping Chun seize control of the country. He graduated in February 1955 with a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as a second lieutenant in the 11th class of the KMA. He later trained in the United States, specializing in guerilla tactics and psychological warfare , and married Lee Soon-ja,

2580-570: The Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and

2666-475: The Special Committee for National Security Measures  [ ko ] (SCNSM), a junta -like organization, and installed himself as a member. On 17 July, he resigned his position as KCIA Director, and then held only the position of committee member. On 5 August, with full control of the military he effectively promoted himself to four star General and on 22 August he was discharged from active duty to

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2752-557: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,

2838-470: The secrecy of correspondence , banned torture and invalidated confessions obtained by force. It still vested fairly broad powers in the president, albeit far less sweeping than those Park had held. He was then re-elected president by the National Conference that February , taking 90 percent of the delegates' vote against three minor candidates. However, Chun's election was a foregone conclusion after

2924-515: The " April 13th Defense of the Constitution speech  [ ko ] ". He declared that the DJP candidate for president would be one of his military supporters, and his successor would be chosen in an indirect election similar to the one that elected Chun seven years earlier. That announcement enraged the democratization community and, in concert with several scandals from the Chun government that year, demonstrators began their movement again, starting with

3010-868: The 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea

3096-571: The 18 September 2020 monument, as he had died during a bombing mission in Haeju in April 1952. The ROK Army planned to erect four more monuments for the classes of 1945, 1946, 1947, and 1951 by 2023. The campus is located in Gongreung 2-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. The Corps of Cadets KMA wear a dark blue full dress uniform with a shako on parades - a mix of the United States tradition infused in

3182-408: The 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language )

3268-722: The Army reserves. Beginning in August 1980, citizens were subjected to organized violence under the name of social cleansing , which aimed at the elimination of social ills, such as violence, smuggling, illegal drugs, and deceptions. They were arrested without proper warrants and given ex parte rankings. Some 42,000 victims were enrolled in the Samchung re-education camp for "purificatory education". More than 60,000 people were arrested in six months between August 1980 and January 1981, including many innocent citizens. They faced violence and hard labour in

3354-547: The DJP lost its majority in the National Assembly elections to opposition parties, paving the way for the so-called "Fifth Republic Hearings." The National Assembly explored the events of the Gwangju Democratization Movement and where responsibility should lay for the resulting massacre. On 11 November 1988, Chun apologized to the nation in a public address, pledging to give his money and belongings back to

3440-419: The DJP's decisive victory at elections for the National Conference two weeks earlier. The DJP won a supermajority of 69.5 percent of the seats, three times as many as the independents and nine times as many as the opposition Democratic Korea Party . In 1980, in the face of increased tension with the U.S. over his military takeover, Chun issued a memorandum stating that his country would not develop missiles with

3526-579: The KCIA Deputy Chief of Foreign Affairs in charge of running the day-to-day business of the KCIA. Major Park Jun-kwang, working under Chun at the time, later commented: In front of the most powerful organizations under the Park Chung Hee presidency, it surprised me how easily [Chun] gained control over them and how skillfully he took advantage of the circumstances. In an instant he seemed to have grown into

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3612-494: The KCIA, to dinner in another room that night as well. Although Jeong Seung-hwa was neither present during nor involved in the shooting of the Park, his involvement later proved crucial. In the chaos that followed, Kim Jae-kyu was not arrested for many hours, as details of the incident were initially unclear. After some confusion over the constitutional procedures for presidential succession, Prime Minister Choi Kyu-ha finally ascended to

3698-554: The National Police. Chun had each person searched at the door on his way in, before having them seated and informing them of the President's death. Chun declared the KCIA held full responsibility for Park's assassination, and its organization was therefore under investigation for the crime. Chun stated that the KCIA would no longer be allowed to exercise its own budget: For the KCIA "to continue exercising full discretion of their budget

3784-410: The United States to legitimize his government. After his inauguration, Chun clamped down on out-of-school tutoring and banned individual teaching or tutoring. In September 1980, Chun repealed "guilt by association" laws. In 1981, Chun enacted "Care and Custody" legislation; Chun believed that criminals who finish their prison time for a repeat offense should not be immediately returned to society. During

3870-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,

3956-460: The citizens in order to ensure the success of the 1988 Seoul Olympics preparations. Chun rapidly enacted various measures to this end, forming professional baseball and soccer leagues, starting the broadcast of color TV throughout the nation as a whole, lessening censorship on sexually suggestive dramas and movies, making school uniforms voluntary, and so forth. In 1981, Chun held a large-scale festival called "Korean Breeze '81 [ Kukpung 81]", but it

4042-618: The command of Chun. General John A. Wickham ( US Armed Forces in Korea ) reported that Chun's pessimistic assessment of the domestic situation and his stress on the North Korean threat only seemed to be a pretext for a move into the Blue House (the Korean presidential residence). To enforce martial law, troops were dispatched to various parts of the nation. The expanded martial law closed universities, banned political activities, and further curtailed

4128-546: The commander of the 29th Regiment, South Korean 9th Infantry Division , and participated in the Vietnam War . Upon returning to Korea in 1971, he was given command of the 1st Special Forces Brigade (Airborne) and later promoted to brigadier general . In 1976 he worked as the deputy chief of the Presidential Security Service and was promoted to the rank of major general during his time there. In 1978 he became

4214-434: The commanding officer of the 1st Infantry Division . Finally, in 1979, he was appointed commander of Security Command , his highest position yet. Chun formed Hanahoe as a secret military club shortly after his promotion to general officer . It was predominantly composed of his fellow graduates from the 11th class of the KMA, as well as other friends and supporters. Membership was predominantly restricted to officers from

4300-583: The country in two decades, after opposition candidates Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung split the popular vote. Chun finished out his term and handed over the presidency to Roh on 25 February 1988, the first peaceful transition of power in the history of South Korea. In February 1988, during the presidency of Roh, Chun was named chair of the National Statesman Committee and so wielded considerable influence in South Korean politics. In that year,

4386-504: The country's first trade surplus in 1986. After the June Struggle democratization movement of 1987, Chun conceded to allowing the December 1987 presidential election to be free and open. It was won by his close friend and ally Roh Tae-woo , who would continue many of Chun's policies during his own rule into the 1990s. In 1996, Chun was sentenced to death for his role in the suppression of

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4472-522: The country. Chun resigned from both the National Statesman Committee and the DJP. At this time, Chun decided to live for several years in Baekdamsa , a Buddhist temple in the Gangwon-do province, in order to pay penance for his actions. On 30 December 1990, Chun left Baekdamsa and returned home. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ )

4558-553: The daughter of the KMA's commandant at the time of his attendance, in 1958. Chun, then a captain, led a demonstration at the KMA to show support for the May 16 coup in 1961 led by Park Chung Hee . Chun was subsequently made secretary to the commander of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction , placing him directly under Park. Chun was quickly promoted to major in 1962, while continuing to make powerful friends and acquaintances. As

4644-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in

4730-488: The government to remove the fraud and corruption of Park's tenure. Chun's government did not have the considerable political influence enjoyed by Park's administration. His government could not ignore American influence, and he ended South Korea's nuclear weapons program. During this time, Chun was worried about the state of South Korean-U.S. relations, which had greatly deteriorated towards the end of Park Chung Hee's long authoritarian presidency. Chun needed to be recognized by

4816-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains

4902-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it

4988-563: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or

5074-466: The language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until

5160-451: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to

5246-423: The nation's intelligence gathering organizations. On 12 December 1979, Chun ordered the arrest of Jeong on charges of conspiring with Kim Jae-kyu to assassinate the Park. This order was made without authorization from Choi. On the night of Jeong's capture, 29th Regiment, 9th Division , along with the 1st and 3rd Airborne Brigades, invaded downtown Seoul to support the 30th and 33rd Security Group loyal to Chun, then

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5332-585: The new generation of commissioned officers with unified, predominantly American military doctrine . In January 1946, the South Joseon National Defense Force was established. It was the predecessor to the ROK army. The School closed down on April 30, and South Joseon Defense Academy was founded the next day, taking over 60 cadets from the school and augmented by 28 new officer candidates drafted from line units. Henceforth, May 1 has been recognized as

5418-473: The official foundation day of KMA. Cham-ryeong (current rank of major ) Lee Hyung-geun was appointed as the first superintendent of the academy, and Bu-wi (current rank of first lieutenant ) Jang Chang-kuk was appointed as the commandant. Following the establishment of the South Korean government on August 15, 1948, the National Defense Force was renamed to ' Republic of Korea Army ', and so

5504-459: The population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by

5590-537: The position of Acting President. Soon after, Jeong named Chun's Security Command to head up the investigation into the assassination. Chun immediately ordered his subordinates to draw up plans for the creation of an all-powerful "Joint Investigation Headquarters". On 27 October, Chun called for a meeting in his commander's office. Invited were four key individuals now responsible for all intelligence collection nationwide: KCIA Deputy Chief of Foreign Affairs, KCIA Deputy Chief of Domestic Affairs, Attorney General, and Chief of

5676-438: The president to a single seven-year term. Unlike his predecessors, Chun was unable to amend the document in order to run again in 1987. The constitution explicitly stated that any amendments extending a president's term would not apply to the incumbent, thus foreclosing any attempt to extend Chun's tenure short of adopting a new constitution. However, he consistently resisted pleas to open up the regime. On 13 April 1987, Chun made

5762-503: The press. The event of 17 May meant the beginning of another military dictatorship. Many civilians were growing unhappy with the military presence in their cities, and on 18 May, the citizens of Gwangju organized into what became known as the Gwangju Democratization Movement . Chun ordered it to be immediately suppressed, sending in crack military troops with tanks and helicopter gunships to retake City Hall and ordered

5848-478: The re-education camp. In August 1980, Choi, who had long since become little more than a figurehead, announced that he would be resigning the presidency. On 27 August , the National Conference for Unification, the nation's electoral college, gathered in Jangchung Arena . Chun was the sole candidate. Out of 2525 members, 2524 voted for Chun with one vote counted as invalid, thus with a tally of 99.96% in favor (it

5934-660: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting

6020-459: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Korea Military Academy The academy was founded on May 1, 1946, as South Joseon Defense Academy by National Defense Command , the predecessor of Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea , under the authority of then- U.S. military administration in South Korea. With the end of the Pacific War and the subsequent disbandment of

6106-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at

6192-463: The troops to exercise full force. This led to a bloody massacre over the next two days, ultimately leading to the collapse of the Gwangju Democratization Movement and the deaths of at least 200 Gwangju activists. For this, he was called "The Butcher of Gwangju" by many people, especially among the students. In June 1980, Chun ordered the National Assembly to be dissolved. He subsequently created

6278-611: The two countries for strengthening Philippine-South Korean economic, social and cultural friendship. From the start of his presidency, Chun began grooming Noh Shin-yeong as his eventual successor. In 1980, while working as ambassador to the Geneva Representation Bureau, Noh was recalled and made Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1982, he was installed as the Director of the Security Planning Bureau , and in 1985, he

6364-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ

6450-440: The winter of 1984, before declaring a moratorium on the Korean economy, Chun visited Japan, where he requested a loan for $ 6 billion. With the military coup taking power and crushing the democratization movements country-wide, the citizens' political demands were being ignored, and in this way the 3S Policy ( S ex, S creen, S ports) was passed. Based on right-wing Japanese activist Sejima Ryuzo 's proposal, Chun tried to appeal to

6536-456: Was South Joseon Defense Academy to 'Korea Military Academy' accordingly. From the beginning of the Korean War, ROK President Syngman Rhee had asked US General Walton Walker and Walker's successor Matthew Ridgway for help reestablishing the KMA, but both generals found it impractical. In 1951, Ridgway's successor General James Van Fleet finally listened to Rhee's request. Van Fleet

6622-646: Was a graduate of West Point and had previously been in Greece during the 1946 – 1949 Greek Civil War , where he had reorganized the US-backed Kingdom of Greece army. He took inspiration from his experiences, and said he wished to do for South Korea "the same as we did for the Greek divisions". In October 1951, the ROK Army Chief of Staff proposed an academy with a four-year course modeled after West Point. They created

6708-510: Was criticized for his unapologetic stance and the lack of remorse for his actions as a dictator and his wider regime. Chun died on 23 November 2021 at the age of 90 after a relapse of myeloma . Chun was born on 18 January 1931 in Yulgok-myeon  [ ko ] , a poor farming town in Hapcheon County , Keishōnan-dō ( South Gyeongsang Province ), Korea, Empire of Japan . Chun's family

6794-465: Was erected on the KMA campus on 31 March 1960 to honor his contributions towards the academy. The Korean Defense Ministry called Van Fleet the "father of the Korean Army" in 2015 for his contributions to the KMA and elsewhere. As of 2020 , the campus had three monuments to honor 1948, 1949, and 1950 graduates of West Point who died in the Korean War. Van Fleet's son, James Van Fleet Jr., was honored in

6880-487: Was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to the fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of

6966-679: Was himself a military dictator who had ruled since 1961. Chun orchestrated the 12 December 1979 military coup , then cemented his military dictatorship in the 17 May 1980 military coup in which he declared martial law and later set up a concentration camp for "purificatory education". He established the Fifth Republic of Korea on 3 March 1981. He governed under a constitution somewhat less authoritarian than Park's Fourth Republic , but still held very broad executive power, and used extreme violence to maintain it. During his tenure, South Korea's economy would grow at its highest rate ever achieving

7052-563: Was largely ignored by the population. In 1983, Chun was the target of a failed assassination attempt by North Korean agents during a visit to Rangoon, Burma . The North Korean bombing killed 17 of Chun's entourage, including cabinet ministers. Four Burmese government officials were also killed in the attack. Chun's presidency occurred during the Cold War , and his foreign policies were based around combating communism from North Korea and Soviet Union . Japanese newspapers widely reported that Chun

7138-431: Was named Prime Minister. When that became widely known, those supporting Chun's regime were highly critical of his choice of successor. His supporters, mostly those with heavy military backgrounds, believed that the proper way to groom a successor was by military duties, not political positions. Chun was eventually persuaded to reverse his position and ceased pushing for Noh to succeed him. The 1981 constitution restricted

7224-420: Was now the de facto leader of the country. In early 1980, Chun was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general , and he took up the position of acting director of the KCIA. On 14 April, Chun was officially installed as director of the KCIA. On 17 May 1980, Chun expanded martial law to the entire country, due to stated rumors of North Korean infiltration into South Korea. The KCIA manipulated these rumors under

7310-457: Was the de facto leader of the country months before he made any move to become president. In 1982, Chun announced the " Korean People Harmony Democracy Reunification Program  [ ko ] ", but due to repeated rejections from North Korea the program was unable to get off the ground. Also from 1986 to 1988, he and President Corazon Aquino of the Philippines established talks between

7396-460: Was widely speculated at that time that one invalid vote was purposely rigged as to differentiate Chun from North Korea's Kim Il Sung , who regularly claimed 100% support in North Korea's elections). He was officially inaugurated into office on 1 September 1980. On 17 October, he abolished all political parties—including Park's Democratic Republican Party , which had essentially ruled the country as

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