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36-421: Baekdamsa is known for its history of repeated destruction and rebuilding. It was originally built in 647 but was destroyed by fire, rebuilt in 790 but destroyed by fire, rebuilt in 987 but destroyed by fire, rebuilt in 1434 but destroyed by fire, and rebuilt in 1447 but was destroyed by fire. The temple was eventually rebuilt in 1457 but was destroyed again in 1772, 1915, and 1950, all due to fire. Baekdamsa Temple

72-610: A hermitage overseen by Baekdamsa Temple, is noted for enshrining authentic relics of the Buddha which Ven. Jajang Yulsa brought back after studying in China. The hermitage is 11 kilometers (7 miles) past Baekdamsa Temple, on the mountain behind Bongjeongam Hermitage, in a five-story pagoda called Sakyamuni Relics Pagoda (Treasure No. 1832). Climbing up from Baekdamsa Temple along the Suryeom-dong Valley, one finds two more valleys, Gugok-dam to

108-481: A set collection, and to be called collectively the "Five Classics". Several of the texts were already prominent by the Warring States period , but the literature culture at the time did not lend itself to clear boundaries between works, so a high degree of variance between individual witnesses of the same title was common, as well as considerable intertextuality and cognate chapters between different titles. Mencius ,

144-453: A special meditation center named Mumungwan. There, a practitioner can lock himself/herself in a room and practice meditation alone, without leaving, for a fixed period of time. In this way the temple has made itself a refuge for young monks who only want to concentrate on Seon meditation practice. From 1988 to 1990, following the end of his tenure as president, former military dictator Chun Doo-hwan and wife Lee Soon-ja spent several years at

180-596: A temple stay for one night and two days on February 15 and February 17. Han Yong-un Han Yong-un ( Korean : 한용운 ; August 29, 1879 – June 29, 1944) was a twentieth century Korean Buddhist reformer and poet . This name was his religious name, given by his meditation instructor in 1905, and Manhae (만해) was his art name ; his birth name was Han Yu-cheon. Manhae was born in Yucheon in Hongseong , South Chungcheong Province , Joseon . During his childhood, he studied

216-564: The Biographies of the Immortals , a collection of Taoist hagiographies and hymns. Liu Xiang was also a poet, being credited with the " Nine Laments " that appears in the Chu Ci . The works edited and compiled by Liu Xiang include: This work was continued by his son, Liu Xin , who finally completed the task after his father's death. The transmitted corpus of these classical texts all derives from

252-807: The Classic of Poetry and the Book of Documents , which meant that these texts would have been exempted, and that the Book of Rites and the Zuo Zhuan did not contain the glorification of defeated feudal states which the First Emperor gave as his reason for destroying them. Nylan further suggests that the story might be based on the fact that the Qin palace was razed in 207 BC and many books were undoubtedly lost at that time. Martin Kern adds that Qin and early Han writings frequently cite

288-638: The Chinese classics in a seodang ; schools that were widespread during the Joseon period. Prior to being ordained, he was involved in resistance to Japanese influence in the country, which culminated in the Japanese occupation from 1905 to 1945. He lived in seclusion at Ose-am in the Baekdam Temple from 1896. During this period, he studied Buddhist sacred texts and several books of modern philosophy. In 1905 he received

324-874: The Neo-Confucian tradition, themselves an abridgment of the Thirteen Classics . The Chinese classics used a form of written Chinese consciously imitated by later authors, now known as Classical Chinese . A common Chinese word for "classic" ( 經 ; 经 ; jīng ) literally means ' warp thread ', in reference to the techniques by which works of this period were bound into volumes. Texts may include shi ( 史 , ' histories ') zi ( 子 'master texts'), philosophical treatises usually associated with an individual and later systematized into schools of thought but also including works on agriculture, medicine , mathematics, astronomy , divination, art criticism, and other miscellaneous writings) and ji ( 集 'literary works') as well as

360-570: The Song dynasty to serve as general introduction to Confucian thought, and they were, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examinations. They are: The official curriculum of the imperial examination system from the Song dynasty onward are the Thirteen Classics . In total, these works total to more than 600,000 characters that must be memorized in order to pass

396-631: The Classics, especially the Documents and the Classic of Poetry , which would not have been possible if they had been burned, as reported. The Five Classics ( 五經 ; Wǔjīng ) are five pre-Qin texts that became part of the state-sponsored curriculum during the Western Han dynasty , which adopted Confucianism as its official ideology. It was during this period that the texts first began to be considered together as

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432-542: The Confucian Classics and their secondary literature; history; philosophy; and poetry. There are sub-categories within each branch, but due to the small number of pre-Qin works in the Classics, History and Poetry branches, the sub-categories are only reproduced for the Philosophy branch. The philosophical typology of individual pre-imperial texts has in every case been applied retroactively, rather than consciously within

468-486: The alleged Qin objective of strengthening Legalism, the traditional account is anachronistic in that Legalism was not yet a defined category of thought during the Qin period, and the "schools of thought" model is no longer considered to be an accurate portrayal of the intellectual history of pre-imperial China. Michael Nylan observes that despite its mythic significance, the " burning of books and burying of scholars " legend does not bear close scrutiny. Nylan suggests that

504-419: The ancient virtuous rulers. Li Si believed that if the people were to read these works they were likely to invoke the past and become dissatisfied with the present. The reason for opposing various schools of philosophy was that they advocated political ideas often incompatible with the totalitarian regime. Modern historians doubt the details of the story, which first appeared more than a century later. Regarding

540-455: The command of the emperor, Liu Xiang (77–6 BC ) compiled the first catalogue of the imperial library, the Abstracts ( 別錄 ; 别录 ; Bielu ), and is the first known editor of the Classic of Mountains and Seas , which was finished by his son. Liu also edited collections of stories and biographies, the Biographies of Exemplary Women . He has long erroneously been credited with compiling

576-509: The cultivation of jing , 'essence' in Chinese medicine. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Four Books and Five Classics were the subjects of mandatory study by those Confucian scholars who wished to take the imperial examination and needed to pass them in order to become scholar-officials . Any political discussion was full of references to this background, and one could not become part of

612-445: The entrance to Inner Seorak, Baekdamsa Temple oversees nearby hermitages like Bongjeongam Hermitage and Oseam Hermitage located in remote folds of the mountains. At Baekdamsa Temple, there are monuments and Dharma halls related to Han Yong-un, such as the statue and poetry stele of Manhae, Manhae Memorial Hall, and Manhae Educational Hall. Recently, Baekdamsa Temple was designated a Gibon Seonwon (Foundational Seon Temple) and established

648-413: The examination. Moreover, these works are accompanied by extensive commentary and annotation, containing approximately 300 million characters by some estimates. It is often difficult or impossible to precisely date pre-Qin works beyond their being "pre-Qin", a period of 1000 years. Information in ancient China was often by oral tradition and passed down from generations before so was rarely written down, so

684-749: The first emperor of China , unified China in 221 BC, his chancellor Li Si suggested suppressing intellectual discourse to unify thought and political opinion. This was alleged to have destroyed philosophical treatises of the Hundred Schools of Thought , with the goal of strengthening the official Qin governing philosophy of Legalism . According to the Shiji , three categories of books were viewed by Li Si to be most dangerous politically. These were poetry, history (especially historical records of other states than Qin), and philosophy. The ancient collection of poetry and historical records contained many stories concerning

720-434: The following year, he played an important role in the 3.1 Independence movement with Chae Lin, for which he was later imprisoned and served a three-year sentence. During his imprisonment, Han composed "Reasons for Korean Independence" ( Joseondoglib-i-yuseo ) as a response to the official investigation into his political engagement. He was later acquitted in 1922, at which time he began a nationwide lecture tour. The purpose of

756-584: The leading Confucian scholar of the time, regarded the Spring and Autumn Annals as being equally important as the semi-legendary chronicles of earlier periods. Up to the Western Han, authors would typically list the Classics in the order Poems-Documents-Rituals-Changes-Spring and Autumn. However, from the Eastern Han the default order instead became Changes-Documents-Poems-Rituals-Spring and Autumn. In 26 BCE, at

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792-603: The literati—or even a military officer in some periods—without having memorized them. Generally, children first memorized the Chinese characters of the Three Character Classic and Hundred Family Surnames and they then went on to memorize the other classics. The literate elite therefore shared a common culture and set of values. According to Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian , after Qin Shi Huang ,

828-539: The long Indian tradition of combining mysticism with eroticism. In 2007, he was listed by the Korean Poets' Association among the ten most important modern Korean poets. Chinese classics The Chinese classics or canonical texts are the works of Chinese literature authored prior to the establishment of the imperial Qin dynasty in 221 BC. Prominent examples include the Four Books and Five Classics in

864-687: The older the composition of the texts may not be in a chronological order as that which was arranged and presented by their attributed "authors". The below list is therefore organized in the order which is found in the Siku Quanshu ( Complete Library of the Four Treasuries ), the encyclopedic collation of the works found in the imperial library of the Qing dynasty under the Qianlong Emperor . The Siku Quanshu classifies all works into 4 top-level branches:

900-508: The poems included in Yusim , and novels such as Dark Wind ( Heukpung ), Regret ( Huhoe ), Misfortune ( Bakmyeong ), this collection remains the poet's most significant and enduring literary achievement. In it, love for his country plainly appears under the guise of longing for the loved one, as in the poem "I Do Not Know". Han's model for such rhapsodic, long-lined expressions of devotion was Rabindranath Tagore , whose work he knew, and behind Tagore

936-575: The reason Han dynasty scholars charged the Qin with destroying the Confucian Five Classics was partly to "slander" the state they defeated and partly because Han scholars misunderstood the nature of the texts, for it was only after the founding of the Han that Sima Qian labeled the Five Classics as Confucian. Nylan also points out that the Qin court appointed classical scholars who were specialists on

972-402: The right and Gaya-dong to the left. Farther up Gaya-dong Valley is another hermitage overseen by Baekdamsa Temple, called Oseam. A legend concerning this hermitage says that a five-year-old child monk was left alone here on this secluded, snow-covered mountain but survived the long, harsh winter thanks to the blessings of Avalokitêśvara. Both the story and the hermitage have become well known since

1008-557: The robes of the Jogye Order of monks and in 1908 he went to Japan and visited several temples to study Buddhism and Eastern philosophy for six months. In 1919 he was one of the patriot signatories to the Korean Declaration of Independence . As a social writer, Manhae called for the reform of Korean Buddhism . Manhae's poetry dealt with both nationalism and sexual love, often mingling the two. One of his more political collections

1044-509: The story was published as a children's book and an animated movie was made about it. It also offers temple stay programs where visitors can experience Buddhist culture. In particularly, The temple stay is held at national temples in celebration of the nation's largest holiday festival. Woljeongsa Temple, Baekdam Temple and Shinheung Temple in Gangwon Province conduct a special temple stay program for foreigners. The Buddhist temple will hold

1080-493: The temple as penance for their actions. Cultural Heritage of Baekdamsa and Nearby Tourist Attractions Baekdamsa Temple has one state-designated cultural item: a Wooden Seated Amitabha Buddha (Treasure No. 1182). Enshrined in the Paradise Hall (Geungnak-bojeon), the statue was produced in 1748 when the temple was relocated from nearby Hangyesa. It is considered an excellent example of early 18th century wood-carving. Bongjeongam,

1116-428: The then contemporary reality. The work sent tremors through the intellectual world. In this work, the author promulgated the principle of equality, self-discovery, the potential for Buddhism for safeguarding the world, and progress. His development as an activist and thinker resulted from his adherence to these very principles. In 1918, Han published "Whole Mind" ( Yusim ), a work that aimed to enlighten young people. In

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1152-518: The tour was to engage and inspire youth, an objective first established in Han's "Whole Mind". In 1924, he became the Chair of the Buddhist youth assembly. The poems published in Han's Nim-ui Chimmuk had been written at Baekdam Temple in the previous year. This book garnered much attention from literary critics and intellectuals at the time. Despite his many other publications, from Chinese poems to sijos and

1188-519: The versions edited down by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin. Michael Nylan has characterised the scope of the Liu pair's editing as having been so vast that it affects our understanding of China's pre-imperial period to the same degree as the Qin unification does. The Four Books ( 四書 ; Sìshū ) are texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism . They were selected by Zhu Xi (1130–1200) during

1224-484: Was Nimui Chimmuk (Lover's Silence, 님의 침묵), published in 1926. These works revolve around the ideas of equality and freedom and helped inspire the tendencies toward passive resistance and non-violence in the Korean independence movement . In 1913, Han Yongun published "The Restoration of Korean Buddhism ( Joseonbulgyo-yusimlon ), which criticized the anachronistic isolationist policy of Joseon Buddhism and its incongruence with

1260-521: Was established by Ven. Jajang Yulsa in 647 in Hangye-ri under the name Hangyesa (寒溪寺) Temple. After its founding, the name changed several times to Unheungsa, Samwonsa, Seongusa and Yeongchwisa. Finally in 1783, Choe Bung and Ven. Undam renamed it Baekdamsa Temple, the name still used today, literally meaning “Hundred Pool Temple.” This is because 100 natural pools are claimed to be near the temple fed by water from Daecheongbong Peak. In 1905, poet Han Yong-un

1296-509: Was ordained at the temple. Ven. Undam attained enlightenment and then he wrote such great works as Joseonbulgyo yusinnon (朝鮮佛敎維新論; Reformation of Joseon Buddhism), Siphyeondam juhae (十玄談註解; Commentary on the Ten Profound Verses) and a poetry collection titled Nimui chimmuk (Silence of My Beloved). Unlike Outer Seorak, which is relatively busy and crowded, Inner Seorak is quiet and has much unexplored terrain and primitive forests. Situated at

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