60-659: Hyochang Park ( Korean : 효창공원 ) is a park in Yongsan District , Seoul , South Korea. The park is near Exit 1 of the Hyochang Park station of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway . Popular for leisure and exercise, the park has walking paths, sports facilities, forests, and cherry blossom trees . In 1989, the park was designated a Historic Site of South Korea , and contains the Kim Koo Museum . The name of
120-625: A foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from
180-518: A significant flood occurred [ ko ] in the surrounding region that led to the deaths of hundreds of people. In the aftermath of the flood, a temporary relief camp was made in the area. In the late 1920s, Japanese residents of Seoul petitioned the colonial government and the government of Seoul into forcing the owners of the land, the Office of the Yi Dynasty , to surrender their ownership. In
240-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
300-477: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
360-541: A later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of the Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations ,
420-462: A memorial location for independence activists was highly symbolic. Of course they chose this spot. On July 9, 1946, a national funeral was held for the reinterment of the remains of Lee Bong-chang, Baek Jeong-gi, and Yun Bong-gil in the park. In September 1948, the remains of Yi Dong-nyeong, Cha Ri-seok, and Cho Seong-hwan were buried in the park. Kim Ku was buried in the park on July 5, 1949, after his assassination. The two Kims originally intended for
480-416: A nearby hotel. The last Crown Prince of Korea Yi Un played at the course, although a significant majority of the players were Japanese. The golf course was closed in 1924. In June 1924 the area was made into a park, with a recorded size of 81,460 pyeong (0.2693 km). In August, a road was paved in the park and the first public toilets were installed, which improved access for the general public. In 1925,
540-562: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
600-455: A tomb close by. Royal Consort Sugui Park and Princess Yeongon were also buried in the same area. In 1870, King Gojong renamed the area to "Hyochangwon" ( 효창원 ; 孝昌園 ). During the late Joseon and Korean Empire period, the surrounding area was called Aegirŭng ( 애기릉 ). During the Japanese colonial period, the name of the area was changed to Kuyongsan'goji ( 구용산고지 ; 舊龍山高地 ). At
660-621: Is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean
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#1732847957858720-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
780-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
840-498: Is located inside of the park. A statue of Lee Bong-chang stands in front of the museum. Also in the park is the hanok -style temple Uiyeolsa ( 의열사 ; 義烈祠 ), where seven independence activists are enshrined. In addition, the gate Changyeolmun ( 창열문 ; 彰烈門 ) is also at the park. Each year around the anniversary of the March First Movement , trees next to the park are decorated with South Korean flags . According to
900-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
960-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
1020-532: Is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during
1080-716: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
1140-523: The yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By
1200-501: The Annals of King Jeongjo [ ko ] , Crown Prince Munhyo , the four-year-old first son of King Jeongjo , was buried at the area during the Joseon period on July 19, 1786. Jeongjo wanted the location of the grave to be auspicious and close to the palace. He, some servants, and experts in feng shui searched for a suitable location. Jeongjo reportedly visited the eventual location of
1260-664: The Korean Provisional Government (KPG) had just returned from their exile in China, and were searching for adequate places to bury the remains of independence activists who died in exile. They decided on the park for the location. Hong So-yeon ( 홍소연 ), director of the Simsan Kim Chang-sook Memorial Hall, evaluated their motivation for the location as follows: The choice to use the area where Japan forcefully requisitioned and dominated Korean royal tombs as
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#17328479578581320-570: The Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and
1380-571: The Seoul Metropolitan Government , the sculpture is supposed to symbolize the communication between people and the source of life: water. Also in the park is a statue of the Silla -era intellectual Wonhyo . It is a popular spot for exercise. The park contains such amenities as children's playgrounds, badminton courts, and a senior citizens' association ( 대한노인회 ). The park is an 8 to 10 minute walk from Exit 1 of Hyochang Park Station on
1440-570: The Seoul Subway Line 6 and the Gyeongui–Jungang Line . The park is surrounded by a dense urban environment. Also in the area are Hyochang Children's Park and the first stadium constructed after the founding of South Korea: Hyochang Stadium . To its east is Sookmyung Women's University . Eight prominent Korean independence activists are buried in the park. The graves of Lee Bong-chang , Yun Bong-gil , and Baek Jeong-gi are known as
1500-557: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
1560-473: The 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as
1620-814: The 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
1680-593: The 1980s, the identity of the park was moved back towards that of a cemetery and historical site. The temple Uiyeolsa and gate Changyeolmun were constructed in November 1988. On June 8, 1989, the park was designated Historic Site of South Korea No. 330. In 2002, the Kim Koo Museum was constructed in place of a tennis court during the Kim Dae-jung administration. However, its construction was met with some pushback due to
1740-514: The Graves of the Three Martyrs ( 삼의사묘 ; 三義士墓 ). On the barrier wall beneath the graves is written the text " 遺芳百世 " ( 유방백세 ), which can be translated as "[They] paved a path of beauty for future generations". A temporary grave for An Jung-geun is also located right next to these three, but it lies empty as of 2021, as his remains have yet to be recovered. Kim Ku is also buried in the park. In
1800-454: The Seoul city government to move the graves of the independence activists elsewhere, and construct a stadium and circuit roadway in the area instead. The government provided the pretense of the activists' graves being disrespected by children playing in the area. This was met with pushback from living independence activists and related people. Kim Chang-sook laid down in front of a bulldozer to prevent
1860-511: The area has changed several times over its history. The area was originally called " Hyochangmyo ", and later " Hyochangwon " in 1870. It was first used in 1786 as the burial ground for Crown Prince Munhyo and his mother Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong . During the early Japanese colonial period , it was called " Kuyongsan'goji ". In 1921, the Japanese turned it into the first golf course in Korea, with
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1920-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
1980-592: The end, the Office leased more than half of the land in the area for free. In the 1930s, it was turned into an amusement park. Children's rides were installed and various cherry blossom and Platanus trees were planted. On March 12, 1940, the colonial government gave the park its current name: "Hyochang Park". The tomb of the royal consort was moved to the Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty in Goyang , Gyeonggi . Her son's tomb
2040-520: The experts rejected the move. The overall plan is set to be finished by 2024. Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It
2100-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
2160-448: The graves directly on the course. It was first designated a park in 1924. It received its current name in 1940, and the graves were subsequently moved out of the park. After the liberation of Korea , the remains of eight significant Korean independence activists were buried in the park. Since the 1940s, there has been a conflict over whether the park should be treated like a park or a memorial. The park currently functions as both, although
2220-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
2280-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
2340-570: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
2400-451: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
2460-441: The majority of people may mostly know the park as a leisure space. The area of the park is 12.3307 hectares (30.47 acres). A large pine forest is present on the grounds. The park also has cherry blossom trees . In total, there are over 100,000 trees of at least 70 species in the park. A variety of swing benches are located in the park. In the park is a blue pillar that rises from a small lake. According to an article published by
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2520-474: The movement of the tombs "atrocities". However, a 2021 paper by Hyun-Chul Youn and Seong-Lyong Ryoo claimed that it is not known with certainty whether the Japanese were responsible for the moved graves, as relevant records from this period are lost. Korea gained independence from Japan in 1945 at the end of World War II. Around that time, around 50,000 pyeong (0.17 km) of the park was empty. Kim Ku, Kim Chang-sook [ ko ] , and other members of
2580-399: The opposition of sports-related organizations. In 2005, President Roh Moo-hyun announced a plan to demolish the stadium and make the park more of a memorial park, but the plans faced too much pushback and stalled. According to Noh Hyeong-seok, the park's identity (and even public awareness of the graves in the park) has continued to be uncertain. The majority of people currently seem to view
2640-451: The park as a space for leisure. In 2018, The Hankyoreh interviewed the leader of an organization called "People Who Love Hyochangwon" ( 효창원을 사랑하는 사람들 ) that advocates for greater emphasis on its memorial function. On February 9, 2015, President Moon Jae-in advocated for more of a memorial identity for the park. On August 15, 2017, Moon participated in a memorial ceremony dedicated to the KPG at
2700-520: The park to become a quiet sanctuary to honor the independence movement. Noh Hyeong-seok of The Hankyoreh speculated that the park might have eventually become a national cemetery if not for Kim Ku's assassination, the Korean War, and the tense relationship between Kim and the first president of South Korea, Syngman Rhee . Rhee had even placed police in the park to block mourners in the aftermath of Kim's death. Noh alleged that, in 1956, Rhee conspired with
2760-602: The park. In 2018, it was reported that the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs was considering a plan to demolish the stadium. In 2019, the park was set to be reorganized and renewed as part of the 100th anniversary celebration of the establishment of the KPG. As part of the plan, they controversially sought to move Uiyeolsa to a different location in the park. As the park is a protected historical site, they conducted written interviews with experts in history, architecture, and feng shui between October and December 2020. A majority of
2820-459: The population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by
2880-644: The removal of the graves. He composed a poem that was then published in The Dong-A Ilbo entitled "Weeping Over Hyochang Park" ( 효창공원을 통곡함 ). The relocation was eventually blocked by a unanimous resolution from the National Assembly . The resolution was introduced by Kim Du-han , the son of independence activist Kim Chwa-chin . Despite the relocation being blocked, the Rhee administration still pushed to construct what eventually became Hyochang Stadium . After Seoul
2940-660: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
3000-531: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Kim Koo Museum The Kim Koo Museum ( Korean : 백범김구기념관 ; lit. Paekpŏm Kim Ku Memorial Hall) is a museum in located within Hyochang Park , Hyochang-dong , Yongsan District , Seoul , South Korea. It commemorates the life and work of Kim Ku (also spelled "Kim Koo"), a Korean independence activist during the Japanese occupation of Korea . It opened on October 22, 2002. It also contains
3060-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
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#17328479578583120-456: The time, it was the largest green space in Seoul. In 1915, the Yongsan police department held a ceremony for their new chief in the area. In June 1921, the Japanese colonial government established the first golf course in Korea around the graves. Fences were erected around the tombs, which were directly in the line of play. It was a nine-hole golf course designed by a British person and operated by
3180-456: The tomb thrice, then decided that he was pleased with the sunny hill, forest, and view of the Han River at the site. The area was then called "Hyochangmyo" ( 효창묘 ; 孝昌墓 ; lit. Hyochang Cemetery), where "Hyochang" means "filial and prosperous" ( "효성스럽고 번성하다" ). The crown prince's mother, Royal Noble Consort Uibin Seong , died five months later on September 14, and was buried in
3240-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
3300-399: The valley were the graves of independence activists. Sports facilities, food and drink stands, and the community center for the elderly were constructed. A monument for anti-communists who fought against North Korea ( 북한 반공투사 위령탑 ) was also constructed in 1969, and still stands today. The Wonhyo statue was installed in 1969 as well. Park also installed a statue of his wife, Yuk Young-soo , who
3360-668: The vicinity of these graves are a number of Hibiscus syriacus plants (the national flower of South Korea) that are dedicated to each of these figures. The sign for Lee's indicates that Lee had played in the park in his youth. Yun's was planted at the same time (11:40 am) and on the anniversary of the 1932 Hongkou Park Incident that he participated in. Other activists are buried in the park too, including Yi Dong-nyeong , Cha Ri-seok [ ko ] , Cho Seong-hwan [ ko ] . Memorial services for these figures are held annually. The Kim Koo Museum , which opened in October 2002,
3420-457: Was also moved in 1944, along with the majority of other tombs. After their relocation, the tombs of the royal consort and the crown prince were placed more than 100 paces from each other (2 km), which violated the wishes of King Jeongjo. In their place, a memorial to victims of wars of aggression was made. In an article for The Hankyoreh , Noh Hyeong-seok described the memorial as hypocritical, given Japan's wars to colonize Korea, and called
3480-487: Was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to the fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of
3540-459: Was killed in 1974. However, he did install a statue of Kim Ku in addition to this. The Hyochang Park Martyr Memorial Society ( 효창공원 순국선열추모위원회 ) was established on March 10, 1978. Beginning in that year, the organization has held an annual memorial ceremony for independence activists on April 13, the anniversary of the establishment of the KPG. Beginning with the Chun Doo-hwan administration in
3600-469: Was selected to host the 1970 Asian Games in June 1959, the estate of Kim Ku allowed for the stadium and roadway to be constructed nearby without the relocation of the graves. The Park Chung Hee administration took similar steps to move the identity of the park away from that of a cemetery or memorial park for the independence movement. A golf course was again constructed, this time in a valley. On either side of
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