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24-429: It was formed on territory of the historical lands of Vyatka ( Latin : Veticiae ). Vyatka Governorate was bordered with Vologda Governorate (to the north), Perm Governorate (to the east), Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan governorates (to the south), and Kostroma Governorate (to the west). Its area was approximately 169,629 km (65,494 sq mi). The governorate was divided into 11 uyezds: According to

48-534: A veche in Vyatka in surviving sources, and historians' opinions on its existence differ. Nikolay Kostomarov and some post-Soviet historians believed that it was the highest authority in Vyatka while Soviet historians argued that there is no proof of its existence. Jonah of Moscow Jonah of Moscow ( Russian : Иона , romanized :  Iona ; died 31 March 1461) was Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' from 1448 until his death in 1461. After Isidore

72-516: A council of Russian bishops as the new metropolitan at the end of 1432. However, due to a succession crisis and civil strife in Moscow, he did not hurry to Constantinople to receive his ordination and did not decide to go to Constantinople until the middle of 1435. Meanwhile, at the request of the Lithuanian grand duke Švitrigaila , the bishop Gerasim  [ ru ] was appointed as metropolitan, but

96-637: A large degree of independence until it was annexed by the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1489. Udmurts inhabited Vyatka Land before the arrival of Slavic settlers. According to the Legend of the Vyatka Land , they came from Novgorod in 1174, conquered Kotelnich and Nikulitsyn with the supernatural help of saints Boris and Gleb and founded Khlynov (now Kirov), which became the main settlement of Vyatka Land (often called Vyatka as well). This account

120-407: A promise not to help Moscow against Kazan. When Ivan III gathered forces to attack Kazan in the following year, Vyatka refused to join the army, citing the promise to Ibrahim. In 1485, only a show of force made Vyatka join another Muscovite campaign against Kazan. The vyatchane raided both Tatar and Russian lands: in 1471, they looted Sarai , and in the 1480s, they twice attacked Muscovite lands on

144-662: Is a historical region in the basin of the Vyatka River , approximately corresponding to modern-day Kirov Oblast in Russia. While the Permians were its original inhabitants, it was gradually settled by Slavic settlers whose arrival is traditionally dated to the late 12th century. Vyatka Land, being geographically isolated from the rest of the Russian lands, sometimes accepted the suzerainty of other Russian and Tatar states but de facto enjoyed

168-467: Is nothing in Russian history more obscure than the fortunes of Viatka and its region". Vyatka Land was self-governed to a large degree; however, the nature of its government is not known for sure. The local leaders, known as voivodes ( Russian : земские воеводы , romanized :  zemskiye voyevody ), were apparently elected and sometimes they are identified with atamans who headed military campaigns and raids. There are no explicit mentions of

192-525: The Muscovite Civil War . Jonah , the metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' , accused the people of Vyatka ( vyatchane ) of cruelty, destroying churches and selling captives into slavery in 1452. By that time the war had ended in victory for Vasily II and he subsequently organised several campaigns to subdue Vyatka. The first two were unsuccessful – the Muscovite generals were reportedly bribed off – and only

216-480: The Northern Dvina . Ivan III subjugated the lands of Perm in 1472, annexed Novgorod in 1478, and installed a pro-Russian khan after capturing Kazan in 1487. Ivan then sent an army to subdue Vyatka in 1489, under the command of Daniil Shchenya . Kotelnich and Orlov were taken without resistance. Khlynov was besieged on August 16. Khlynov notables presented gifts to the Muscovite generals and offered obedience to

240-656: The Slavonic language . However, only five months later, in September 1437, he left Moscow to participate to the Council of Florence for the unification of the Churches of Rome and Constantinople. Isidore brought the news of the Council to Moscow in 1441, and according to Russian sources, Vasily II along with a council of Russian bishops condemned the Council in order to protect the purity of

264-526: The 1897 census, the population of the Vyatka Governorate was 3,030,831. Russian people composed 77.4% of the population; Udmurt people – 12.5%; Mari people – 4.8%, and Tatar people – 4.1%. According to 1958 data, the population was 2,123,904; according 1910 data it was 3,747,000. 58°36′00″N 49°39′00″E  /  58.6000°N 49.6500°E  / 58.6000; 49.6500 Vyatka Land Vyatka Land ( Russian : Вятская земля )

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288-693: The approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , as had been the norm, which marked the beginning of autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church . He is recognised as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church. From the late 1420s, Jonah had been living in the Simonov Monastery in Moscow and was close to Metropolitan Photius , who made him a bishop of Ryazan and Murom . Despite sporadic Russian attempts to pressure

312-559: The areas lost to the Uniate church, and he was able to add Lithuania and Kiev to his title, but he was unable to gain Galicia . From 1451, Jonah purged the regions of Isidore's influence, but in 1458, Lithuania was separated from his jurisdiction. The influence of Catholicism increased in those regions until Casimir 's inclination toward Orthodoxy was repressed and he accepted the demands of Pope Callixtus III . As soon as Vasily II heard about

336-407: The faith. Isidore escaped alive, while the metropolitan throne sat vacant for seven years, as no replacement had been sent by Constantinople. Vasily II convened a council in 1448 as a result. Jonah was elected as metropolitan by a majority of Russian bishops in Moscow on 15 December 1448, without the consent of the patriarch of Constantinople. Although not all Russian clergy supported Jonah,

360-540: The grand prince. The generals demanded they hand over three atamans . This was debated for two days in the city and ultimately the vyatchane refused the demand. The Muscovite army started siege preparations, which caused Khlynov to surrender. The three atamans were beheaded in Moscow, the Vyatka nobles were resettled on the southern border of Muscovy and the merchants were resettled in Dmitrov . The scarcity of information on Vyatka led Nikolay Kostomarov to remark that "there

384-532: The late 14th and early 15th centuries. Some time in the first half of the 15th century, Vasily I , the grand prince of Moscow , took Vyatka Land from the Suzdalian line of princes and handed it to his brother Yury together with Galich . Yury lived in the latter and sent a deputy to Vyatka. He fortified Khlynov (Vyatka), Kotelnich and Orlov and thereafter they were considered towns ( goroda ). Vyatka supported Yury and his son Dmitry Shemyaka against Vasily II in

408-525: The latter did not come to Moscow and remained metropolitan only in Lithuania. Soon, Švitrigaila suspected Gerasim of treason and executed him in 1435. When Jonah finally arrived to Constantinople in 1436, the patriarch had already chosen the Greek bishop Isidore and appointed the latter as the new metropolitan. Isidore came to Moscow in 1437 and made a good impression there with his diplomatic skills and knowledge of

432-405: The move was subsequently justified in the Russian point of view following the fall of Constantinople in 1453, which was interpreted as divine punishment. While it is possible that the failure to obtain the blessing from Constantinople was not intentional, nevertheless, this marked the beginning of autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church . Jonah's first effort as metropolitan was to recover

456-687: The ordination of Gregory as metropolitan of the newly established metropolis of Kiev , he sent a delegation to the Polish ruler warning him to not accept Gregory. Jonah also tasked Vassian of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius and Kassian of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery with the goal of persuading local Russian feudal princes and nobles who resided in Lithuania to continue to side with Orthodoxy, but this attempt failed. The Polish–Lithuanian rulers of those lands ultimately supported Gregory. As

480-421: The patriarch of Constantinople into choosing a metropolitan from Russia's native population, most appointees remained Greeks. After Photius's death in 1431, Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow nominated Jonah for the post of metropolitan, but Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople chose Isidore to become the metropolitan. After the death of Photius in 1431, Jonah was chosen by the grand prince of Moscow and

504-571: The settlement on the site of future Vyatka burned down their sanctuary and migrated east to the Cheptsa river. The Tatar prince Bektut conquered Vyatka Land in the 1390s. Some of the inhabitants were killed and others were captured. Ten years later, the prince Simeon Dmitrievich  [ ru ] of Suzdal ruled in Vyatka, possibly as a vassal of the Golden Horde . There was a rivalry between Vyatka and Ustyug which led to several battles fought in

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528-526: The third one launched in 1459 succeeded. The Muscovite army took Kotelnich and Orlov and besieged Vyatka until it surrendered. It accepted the suzerainty of Moscow and was forced to pay tribute. Vyatka remained semi-independent even after formally accepting the suzerainty of the grand prince of Moscow. They fought together with other Muscovite forces against the Kazan Khanate in 1468; however, then khan Ibrahim of Kazan sent his troops to Vyatka and extracted

552-536: Was condemned for supporting the Union of Florence , Jonah was appointed as metropolitan by a council of Russian bishops at the behest of Vasily II of Moscow . Like his immediate predecessors, he permanently resided in Moscow , and was the last Moscow-based primate of the metropolis to keep the traditional title with reference to the metropolitan city of Kiev . He was also the first metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without

576-517: Was disputed by some historians who consider the Legend to be a much later and unreliable source. The settlement appears in the archeological record of the 11th–13th centuries and intensifies after the Mongol conquest of Rus' . The first undisputed mention of Vyatka in Russian chronicles dates to 1374 when a band of ushkuyniks from Vyatka raided Sarai . According to an Udmurt legend, the Udmurts who lived in

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