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32-817: Vetka Island is an island in the Sozh River near the Belarus town of Vetka . The island is known for a large Old Believers community which lived there in the 18th and 19th centuries. After that time the community was destroyed by the Russian state, however, and the Old Believers had to move further to the West, into Moldova , Romania and Austria , to avoid interference from the Russian authorities. 52°13′40″N 32°22′36″E  /  52.22778°N 32.37667°E  / 52.22778; 32.37667 This Belarus location article

64-750: A common predecessor spoken in Kievan Rus' from the 9th to 13th centuries, which later evolved into Ruthenian , the chancery language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Dnieper river valley, and into medieval Russian in the Volga river valley, the language of the Russian principalities including the Grand Duchy of Moscow . All these languages use the Cyrillic script , but with particular modifications. Belarusian and Ukrainian , which are descendants of Ruthenian , have

96-486: A duality between the Church Slavonic language used as some kind of 'higher' register (not only) in religious texts and the popular tongue used as a 'lower' register for secular texts. It has been suggested to describe this situation as diglossia , although there do exist mixed texts where it is sometimes very hard to determine why a given author used a popular or a Church Slavonic form in a given context. Church Slavonic

128-512: A forest prepared for plowing,' which has parallels to other place names. The Sozh rises in Russia and is mostly snow fed. The river freezes over between November and early January. The ice thaws from late March or April. The Vikhra and Pronia , on the right, and the Ostyor , Besed , Iput and Uts on the left are its main tributaries. It is one of the six tributaries longer than 500 km that join

160-712: A tradition of using Latin-based alphabets —the Belarusian Łacinka and the Ukrainian Latynka alphabets, respectively (also Rusyn uses Latin in some regions, e.g. in Slovakia ). The Latin alphabet is traditionally more common in Belarus, while the usage of the Cyrillic script in Russia and Ukraine could never be compared to any other alphabet. Modern East Slavic languages include Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian. The Rusyn language

192-457: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sozh River The Sozh ( Belarusian : Сож , romanized :  Sož , IPA: [sɔʐ] ; Russian : Сож ; Ukrainian : Сож ) is a river flowing in Russia , Belarus , and Ukraine . It is a left bank tributary of the Dnieper . The Sozh passes through Gomel , the second largest city in Belarus. The river is crossed by

224-476: Is located in an area radioactively polluted as a result of the Chernobyl disaster that occurred on 26 April 1986. High radiation levels due to iodine-131 (20,000 kBq/m ) and strontium-90 (137 kBq/m ) were measured in the soil in the entire Vetka district after the accident. This disaster also resulted in a large-scale relocation of population. A Folk Art Museum, founded in 1987, has exhibits depicting

256-690: Is mostly pronounced as /i/ (identical with the Ukrainian І), while in Ukrainian it's mostly pronounced as /ɪ/ (very similar to the Russian Ы). Other examples: B. ваўчыца (vaŭčyca) U. вовчиця (vovčyc’a) ”female wolf” B. яшчэ /jaˈʂt͡ʂe/ U. ще /ʃt͡ʃe/ “yet” /u̯/ (at the end of a closed syllable) B. стэп /stɛp/, U. степ /stɛp/ "steppe" B. Вікторыя (Viktoryja) U. кобзар (kobzár (nominative case) кобзаря (kobzar’á (genetive case) R. кровь (krov’), кровавый (krovávyj) B. кроў (kroŭ), крывавы (kryvávy) U. кров (krov), кривавий (kryvávyj) ”blood, bloody” B. скажа (skáža) U. скаже (skáže) ”(he/she) will say” After

288-548: Is one of the most important written sources of the Ruthenian language. Due to the influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over many centuries, Belarusian and Ukrainian have been influenced in several respects by Polish, a Lechitic West Slavic language. As a result of the long Polish-Lithuanian rule, these languages had been less exposed to Church Slavonic , featuring therefore less Church Slavonicisms than

320-526: Is sometimes considered the fourth living language of the group, its status as an independent language being the subject of scientific debate. The East Slavic territory exhibits a linguistic continuum with many transitional dialects. Between Belarusian and Ukrainian there is the Polesian dialect , which shares features from both languages. East Polesian is a transitional variety between Belarusian and Ukrainian on one hand, and between South Russian and Ukrainian on

352-610: The Dnieper – the third longest river in Europe at 2,201 km. The Sozh has navigational locks in its upper reaches where it is navigable from Krychaw . Timber is floated along the river. The mouth of the river is 150m broad and swampy. The catchment area of the river is 42,140 square kilometres (16,270 sq mi) along its 648 kilometres (403 mi) length, 21,700 square kilometres (8,400 sq mi) and 493 kilometres (306 mi) within Belarus. The mean discharge recorded at Gomel, 100 kilometres (62 mi) upstream from

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384-611: The Rumyantsevs and the Paskeviches who were statesmen and military commanders of the Russian Empire. The town is now an important industrial center with a population of about half million. Located in the region of the Chernobyl disaster , Gomel and its surrounding area still suffers from subsisting levels of radiation. Vetka is a small town, 22 kilometres (14 mi) northeast of Gomel, surrounded by forest and marshy land. It

416-524: The Turkic and Uralic languages. For example: What's more, all three languages do also have false friends , that sometimes can lead to (big) misunderstandings. For example, Ukrainian орати ( oraty ) — "to plow" and Russian орать ( orat́ ) — "to scream", or Ukrainian помітити ( pomityty ) — "to notice" and Russian пометить ( pometit́ ) — "to mark". The alphabets of the East Slavic languages are all written in

448-400: The Cyrillic script, however each of them has their own letters and pronunciations. Russian and Ukrainian have 33 letters, while Belarusian has 32. Additionally, Belarusian and Ukrainian use the apostrophe (') for the hard sign , which has the same function as the letter Ъ in Russian. Some letters, that are not included in the alphabet of a language, can be written as digraphs . For example,

480-513: The Museum of Ancient Belarusian Culture. The remains of pantheist temples were excavated in the mounds of Tushemlia and Haradok on the Sozh River and dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries. These temples have been inferred as temples erected by Balts for worship of gods and goddesses. Through the end of the 14th century, during the Grand Duchy of Lithuania period, pantheistic religion was prevalent in

512-493: The Sozh Floating Bridge at Karma and an elegant steel arch at Gomel, which is featured on a Rbls  300 national stamp. The original name was Sozh' ( Russian : Сожь ), from Old East Slavic Съжь. With the previously suggested Baltic and Finnic etymologies considered unsatisfactory, Vadim Andreevich Zhuchkevich proposed that the name is derived from Old Russian/Old Belarusian sozhzh' (сожжь) 'burned parts of

544-546: The ancestor of modern Belarusian and Ukrainian, was the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as "Chancery Slavonic" until the end of the 17th century when it was gradually replaced by the Polish language. It was also the native language of the Cossack Hetmanate until the end of the 18th century, when the Ukrainian state completely became part of the Russian Empire in 1764. The Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk from 1710

576-498: The ancient artefacts, carved wooden entrance doors, manuscripts, traditional costumes and woven rushniki . Anthropomorphized forms of Russian myths include tales of rivalry between the Sozh, described as wild and turbulent, and the Dnieper, which is described as quiet and leisurely. Excavations have unearthed a Palaeolithic boat in the soils of the Sozh River, which has been preserved in

608-626: The border between Khislavichsky and Shumyachsky District of Smolensk Oblast in the east, and Mogilev Region of Belarus in the west. Many of the cities and towns located in the river valley are part of the river's history of events. Several centuries ago, the East Slavic Radimichi tribal people lived in the Sozh River basin and established the Gomel town. The They were involved in agricultural practices, rearing cattle, fishing and honey collection. They were craftsmen, and they were good tradesman as

640-411: The consonant /tsʲ/ does not exist in the Russian language, while in Ukrainian and especially Belarusian, on the contrary, it is relatively common (Ukrainian ць etymologically corresponds to Russian and Belarusian ц; Belarusian ць etymologically corresponds to Russian and Ukrainian ть). Moreover, the letter Щ in standard Russian is always pronounced softly ( palatalization ). Standard Ukrainian, unlike all

672-585: The conversion of the East Slavic region to Christianity the people used service books borrowed from Bulgaria , which were written in Old Church Slavonic (a South Slavic language ). The Church Slavonic language was strictly used only in text, while the colloquial language of the Bulgarians was communicated in its spoken form. Throughout the Middle Ages (and in some way up to the present day) there existed

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704-436: The hands of the large Jewish population. Main tributaries: Vihra , Oster , Pronya, Besed , Iput , Khmara, Peschanka . East Slavic languages The common consensus is that Belarusian , Russian and Ukrainian are the extant East Slavic languages. Some linguists also consider Rusyn a separate language, although it is sometimes considered a dialect of Ukrainian. The modern East Slavic languages descend from

736-400: The modern Russian language, for example: Additionally, the original East Slavic phonetic form was kept in many words in Ukrainian and Belarusian, for example: In general, Ukrainian and Belarusian are also closer to other Western European languages, especially to German (via Polish). At the same time Russian was being heavily influenced by Church Slavonic (South Slavic language), but also by

768-489: The mouth, is 207 m /s. Important historical towns on the banks of the main river and its tributaries are: Krychaw , Cherykaw , Slawharad , Gomel and Vietka . In Russia, the Sozh has its source in Smolensky District and flows through Pochinkovsky and Khislavichsky Districts of Smolensk Oblast. The urban-type settlement of Khislavichi is located on the banks of the Sozh. It flows further south, making

800-452: The other Slavic languages (excl. Serbo-Croatian ), does not exhibit final devoicing . Nevertheless, this rule is not that clear when listening to colloquial Ukrainian. It's one of the typical deviations that occur in the Ukrainian spoken language. Besides the differences of the alphabets, some letters represent different sounds depending on the language. For example, the letter И (romanized as I for Russian and Y for Ukrainian) in Russian

832-601: The other hand. At the same time, Belarusian and Southern Russian form a continuous area , making it virtually impossible to draw a line between the two languages. Central or Middle Russian (with its Moscow sub-dialect), the transitional step between the North and the South, became a base for the Russian literary standard. Northern Russian with its predecessor, the Old Novgorod dialect , has many original and archaic features. Ruthenian,

864-530: The region. Another Palaeolithic site, discovered by Konstantin Mikhailovich Polikarpovich , is located on the hill above the bank of Sozh river, in Berdizh village. Remains of woolly mammoth have also been found along the Sozh River. Sozh River deposits that extend into Smolensk Oblast providing a supply of ground phosphate to Krychaw and Klimavichy rock plants. Phosphorite is found along

896-471: The river between Mstislavl and Krichev. Many other construction materials, such as chalk, clay, sand, and gravel are also distributed in the river region as are many mineral water springs. The Sozh is one of the two chief rivers of Mogilev in the Smolensk Oblast where the trade in the early part of the 20th century, involving primarily paper, oil, wire nails, flour, glass, and matches, was predominantly in

928-491: The river provided navigation to the northwestern and southeastern parts of Europe . Gomel, a river port and a railhead, is also known as Homyel or Homiel. It is situated to the southeast of Belarus, and is the capital (administrative centre) of the Gomel Region . It is located on the western bank of the Sozh River, about 300 km from Minsk , and close to the border with Russia and Ukraine. The earliest reported occupation of

960-467: The sound values of the letter Ё, which doesn't exist in the Ukrainian alphabet, can be written as ЙО (ЬО before and after consonants), while the letter Щ in Russian and Ukrainian corresponds to ШЧ in Belarusian (compare Belarusian плошча and Ukrainian площа ("area")). There are also different rules of usage for certain letters, e.g. the soft sign (Ь) cannot be written after the letter Ц in Russian, because

992-451: The town was in 1142, under Kievan Rus. This was followed by Lithuanian control in 1537, then Polish under the Truce of Andrusovo , and later under Russia in 1772. Embankments were built on the banks of the Sozh River . As a result, "a unique nature-architecture ensemble grew on the high picturesque bank of the Sozh River right in the historical center of Gomel." These monuments are credited to

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1024-565: Was gutted twice by invading Tsarist forces in 1735 and 1764 which forced the residents to resettle in Eastern Russia. It was renowned for the unique icon style paintings and also wood carvings. It was annexed by the Russian Empire , in 1852. Ships were manufactured here from 1840. During World War II , the town was occupied by the Nazis who killed many of the residents. Vetka, on the Sozh River,

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