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61-709: Its origins as a separate political entity can be traced back to the 17th century, when the Habsburg duchy of Carniola was divided into three administrative districts. This division was thoroughly described by the scholar Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in his 1689 work The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola . The districts were known in German as Kreise ( lit.   ' circles ' ; kresija in old Slovene). They were: Upper Carniola with its administrative seat in Ljubljana , comprising

122-635: A lesser extent, Inner Carniola) remained strong. To the north, Upper Carniola is delimited by the Austrian state of Carinthia , the historic Lower Styria ( Štajerska ) region to the east, and the Slovenian Littoral ( Primorska ) to the west. An 1809 atlas shows the border with Lower Carniola to the southeast generally following the line of the Sava , Ljubljanica , Iščica , and Želimeljščica rivers almost to Zidani Most . The border with Inner Carniola to

183-418: A long time. The Habsburgs divided up their territories within the family twice, according to the 1379 Treaty of Neuberg and again in 1564. Each time, the Duchy of Carinthia became part of Inner Austria and was ruled jointly with the adjacent duchies of Styria and Carniola . Empress Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II attempted to create a more unitary Habsburg state, and in 1804 Carinthia

244-496: A relatively high number of war deaths: thirty-seven for every 1,000 inhabitants. This was higher than in most other German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (except German South Moravia ). Following the end of the war and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain stipulated the Carinthian Canal Valley stretching from Tarvisio as far as Pontafel (187 square miles) go to Italy and that

305-647: Is the border between the Upper Carniola and Littoral region. The landscape is characterised by the mountains of the Southern Limestone Alps , predominantly by the Julian Alps and the Karawanks range at its northern rim. Historically, Ljubljana was part of Upper Carniola. However, in the 19th century it started to be considered a separate unit; already by the late 18th century, there are very few reference to

366-695: The Bohemian king Ottokar II Přemysl . In spite of being supported by the Habsburg king Rudolf I of Germany , who defeated Ottokar II at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278, Philip never gained actual power. The duchy was seized by Rudolph and Philip died a year later in 1279. Rudolf, after being elected King of the Romans and defeating King Ottokar II, at first gave Carinthia to Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol . In 1335, after

427-710: The Duchy of Austria for the Habsburgs in 1282. In 1482, Maximilian I acquired the Netherlands through marriage. Both realms passed to his grandson and successor, Charles V , who also inherited the Spanish throne and its colonial possessions , and thus came to rule the Habsburg empire at its greatest territorial extent. The abdication of Charles V in 1556 led to a division within the dynasty between his son Philip II of Spain and his brother Ferdinand I , who had served as his lieutenant and

488-861: The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza between 1814 and 1847. Also, the Second Mexican Empire , from 1863 to 1867, was headed by Maximilian I of Mexico , the brother of Emperor Franz Josef of Austria . The so-called "Habsburg monarchs" or "Habsburg emperors" held many different titles and ruled each kingdom separately through a personal union . The decline of the Habsburg Empire is given in Stefan Zweig's The World of Yesterday . Stefan Zweig, l'autore del più famoso libro sull'Impero asburgico, Die Welt von Gestern Duchy of Carinthia The Duchy of Carinthia ( Latin : Ducatus Carinthiae ; German : Herzogtum Kärnten ; Slovene : Vojvodina Koroška )

549-592: The First Hungarian Republic in late 1918. In historiography , the terms "Austria" or "Austrians" are frequently used as shorthand for the Habsburg monarchy since the 18th century. From 1438 to 1806, the rulers of the House of Habsburg almost continuously reigned as Holy Roman Emperors . However, the realms of the Holy Roman Empire were mostly self-governing and are thus not considered to have been part of

610-781: The German king Henry the Fowler . After Berthold became Duke of Bavaria in 938, both territories were ruled by him. Upon his death in 948 the Luitpoldings, though heirs of the royal Ottonian dynasty , were not able to retain their possessions, as King Otto I bought the loyalty of his younger brother Henry I with the Bavarian lands. Duke Henry's son Henry II "the Quarreller" from 974 onwards, revolted against his cousin Emperor Otto II , whereupon he

671-452: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany between 1765 and 1801, and again from 1814 to 1859. While exiled from Tuscany, this line ruled at Salzburg from 1803 to 1805, and in Grand Duchy of Würzburg from 1805 to 1814. The House of Austria-Este ruled the Duchy of Modena from 1814 to 1859, while Empress Marie Louise , Napoleon 's second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis I , ruled over

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732-642: The Habsburg monarchy and of the Austrian Empire , it remained a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until 1918. By the 1920 Carinthian plebiscite in October 1920, the main area of the duchy formed the Austrian state of Carinthia . In the seventh century the area was part of the Slavic principality of Carantania , which fell under the suzerainty of Duke Odilo of Bavaria in about 743. The Bavarian stem duchy

793-650: The House of Austria . Between 1438 and 1806, with few exceptions, the Habsburg Archduke of Austria was elected as Holy Roman Emperor . The Habsburgs grew to European prominence as a result of the dynastic policy pursued by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor . Maximilian married Mary of Burgundy , thus bringing the Burgundian Netherlands into the Habsburg possessions. Their son, Philip the Handsome , married Joanna

854-489: The House of Sponheim , who ruled as Henry IV, from 1122 to his early death the following year. The most outstanding of the Spanheim dukes was Bernhard , the first Carinthian duke who was actually described and honoured in documents as "prince of the land". The last Spanheim duke was Ulrich III ; he signed an inheritance treaty with his brother Archbishop Philip of Spanheim of Salzburg , who, however, could not prevail against

915-516: The Ottoman Turks , Archduke Ferdinand (who was his brother-in-law by virtue of an adoption treaty signed by Maximilian and Vladislaus II , Louis's father at the First Congress of Vienna ) was also elected the next king of Bohemia and Hungary in 1526. Bohemia and Hungary became hereditary Habsburg domains only in the 17th century: Following victory in the Battle of White Mountain (1620) over

976-672: The Rovte dialect group are spoken ( Poljane dialect , Škofja Loka dialect , Horjul dialect ). In the extreme south-eastern part of Upper Carniola the Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect is spoken, which belongs to the Styrian dialect group . Beginning in the 18th century, the Upper Carniolan dialect was partially incorporated into standard Slovene , together with the Lower Carniolan dialect and

1037-538: The Selca dialect , spoken in the mountainous Upper Carniolan villages of Železniki , Selca , Dražgoše and Davča . These two Upper Carniolan dialects are spoken in the vast majority of the region: this convergence of linguistic and geographical borders is quite exceptional in Slovenia, and it reinforces the cohesiveness of Upper Carniolan regional identity. Nevertheless, other dialects are spoken in Upper Carniola, as well: in

1098-489: The "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council". When Bosnia and Herzegovina was annexed (after 30 years of occupation and administration ), it was not incorporated into either half of the monarchy. Instead, it was governed by the joint Ministry of Finance. During the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , the Austrian territories collapsed under the weight of the various ethnic independence movements that came to

1159-631: The Bohemian rebels, Ferdinand II promulgated a Renewed Land Ordinance (1627/1628) that established hereditary succession over Bohemia. Following the Battle of Mohács (1687) , in which Leopold I reconquered almost all of Ottoman Hungary from the Turks, the emperor held a diet in Pressburg to establish hereditary succession in the Hungarian kingdom. Charles V divided the House in 1556 by ceding Austria along with

1220-634: The Carinthian March (later Styria) since about 1000, was vested with the duchy by the last Ottonian emperor Henry II , while the Istrian march was separated and given to Count Poppo of Weimar . Adalbero was removed from office in 1035 after he had fallen out of favour with the Salian Emperor Conrad II . In 1039 Carinthia was inherited by Emperor Henry III himself, who split off the Carniolan march

1281-737: The Habsburg monarchy. Hence, the Habsburg monarchy (of the Austrian branch) is often called "Austria" by metonymy . Around 1700, the Latin term monarchia austriaca came into use as a term of convenience. Within the empire alone, the vast possessions included the original Hereditary Lands, the Erblande , from before 1526; the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ; the formerly Spanish Austrian Netherlands from 1714 until 1794; and some fiefs in Imperial Italy . Outside

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1342-786: The Imperial crown to Ferdinand (as decided at the Imperial election, 1531 ), and the Spanish Empire to his son Philip . The Spanish branch (which also held the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Portugal between 1580 and 1640, and the Mezzogiorno of Italy) became extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which also ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary and Bohemia) was itself divided between different branches of

1403-568: The Low Countries, to govern his various realms. At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Emperor Charles V came to terms with his younger brother Ferdinand . According to the Habsburg compact of Worms (1521), confirmed a year later in Brussels , Ferdinand was made Archduke , as a regent of Charles V in the Austrian hereditary lands. Following the death of Louis II of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács against

1464-659: The Mad of Spain (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile ). Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , the son of Philip and Joanna, inherited the Habsburg Netherlands in 1506, Habsburg Spain and its territories in 1516, and Habsburg Austria in 1519. At this point, the Habsburg possessions were so vast that Charles V was constantly travelling throughout his dominions and therefore needed deputies and regents, such as Isabella of Portugal in Spain and Margaret of Austria in

1525-673: The Slovene-speaking areas of the Meža Valley, the Drava Valley area around Unterdrauburg , which was afterwards renamed Dravograd , and the Jezersko area (128 square miles of territory) be ceded to the new SHS State. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , however, was not satisfied with these parts of the former duchy and also occupied land north of the Karawanks mountain range, including

1586-620: The Upper Carniolan regional variety of Slovene. The poetic language of France Prešeren , the Slovenian national poet , also has many specific Upper Carniolan features, yet the spent most of his life in Ljubljana. Most of the Slovene literary production from that period (1780–1840) thus had recognizable Upper Carniolan linguistic features. In the 1840s and 1850s, many of these features were removed from

1647-450: The area that was ceded to Italy as a part of the claimed " Julian March " belongs to the autonomous region of Friuli–Venezia Giulia . Most of the area awarded to Yugoslavia (cf. Slovenian Carinthia ) now forms part of the larger Carinthia Statistical Region in Slovenia . Area: Population (1910 Census): According to the last Austrian Imperial census of 1910, the Duchy of Carinthia

1708-548: The capital city of Klagenfurt. The Entente powers decided on a two-stage referendum, of which the first stage, the Carinthian Plebiscite was held on 10 October 1920 to determine the fate of Carinthia. The outcome in favour of Austria did not change the borders as decided upon in the Treaty of Saint-Germain. The Austrian part of the former duchy today forms the federal state of Carinthia ( German : Land Kärnten ), while

1769-566: The centuries, the name 'Carinthia' ( Kärnten ) gradually replaced former 'Carantania'. The realm of the Carinthian dukes initially comprised a vast territory including the marches of Styria ( marchia Carantana ), Carniola and Istria ; they also ruled over the Italian March of Verona in the south. Nevertheless, Henry the Younger was the first and also the last Luitpolding duke; as he chose to join

1830-454: The course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule (some of these territories were secundogenitures , i.e. ruled by other lines of Habsburg dynasty): The boundaries of some of these territories varied over the period indicated, and others were ruled by a subordinate (secundogeniture) Habsburg line. The Habsburgs also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor between 1438 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806. Within

1891-496: The death of Henry , the last male of this line, Emperor Louis the Bavarian gave Carinthia and the southern part of the Tyrol as an imperial fief to the Habsburg family on 2 May in Linz . The Habsburgs would continue to rule Carinthia until 1918. As with the other component parts of the Habsburg monarchy , Carinthia remained a semi-autonomous state with its own constitutional structure for

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1952-589: The dialect of Ljubljana . During the late Enlightenment and early Romantic period, many of the most important Slovene authors and philologists came from the region: Jurij Japelj , Anton Tomaž Linhart , Jernej Kopitar , Matija Čop , and Janez Bleiweis . The poet and journalist Valentin Vodnik , who was born in Šiška , now a suburb of Ljubljana, also had influences of Upper Carniolan dialect. The first two Slovene-language newspapers, Lublanske novice (1797–1800) and Kmetijske in rokodelske novice were also published in

2013-734: The early 1860s, the famous Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary ("Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen.") was an equal sovereign with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting it to the other Habsburg lands. Although the non-Hungarian Habsburg lands were referred to as "Austria", received their own central parliament (the Reichsrat , or Imperial Council ) and ministries, as their official name –

2074-417: The early modern Habsburg monarchy, each entity was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid 17th century, not all of the provinces were even necessarily ruled by the same person—junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under Maria Theresa and especially her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in

2135-411: The elected king of Hungary , Croatia and Bohemia . The Spanish branch (which held all of Iberia , the Netherlands , and lands in Italy) became extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which ruled the Holy Roman Empire , Hungary, Bohemia and various other lands) was itself split into different branches in 1564 but reunited 101 years later. It became extinct in the male line in 1740, but continued through

2196-410: The empire, they encompassed all the Kingdom of Hungary as well as conquests made at the expense of the Ottoman Empire . The dynastic capital was Vienna , except from 1583 to 1611, when it was in Prague . The first Habsburg who can be reliably traced was Radbot of Klettgau , who was born in the late 10th century; the family name originated with Habsburg Castle , in present-day Switzerland , which

2257-433: The family from 1564 until 1665, but thereafter it remained a single personal union . It became extinct in the male line in 1740, but through the marriage of Queen Maria Theresa with Francis of Lorraine , the dynasty continued as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine . Names of some smaller territories: The territories ruled by the Austrian monarchy changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs: Over

2318-402: The female line as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine . The Habsburg monarchy was a union of crowns, with only partial shared laws and institutions other than the Habsburg court itself; the provinces were divided in three groups: the Archduchy proper, Inner Austria that included Styria and Carniola , and Further Austria with Tyrol and the Swabian lands. The territorial possessions of

2379-510: The following year and granted it to Margrave Poppo of Istria. In 1077, the duchy was given to Luitpold , again a member of the Eppensteiner family, which, however, became extinct with the death of Luitpold's younger brother Henry III of Carinthia in 1122. Upon his death the duchy was further reduced in area: a large part of the Eppenstein lands in what is today Upper Styria passed to Margrave Ottokar II of Styria . The remainder of Carinthia passed from Duke Henry III to his godchild Henry from

2440-508: The fore with its defeat in World War I. After its dissolution, the new republics of Austria (the German-Austrian territories of the Hereditary lands) and the First Hungarian Republic were created. In the peace settlement that followed, significant territories were ceded to Romania and Italy and the remainder of the monarchy's territory was shared out among the new states of Poland , the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and Czechoslovakia . A junior line ruled over

2501-557: The historical borders. For example, the Municipality of Jezersko had been part of the Duchy of Carinthia since the 11th century. In 1918, it was occupied by Slovene volunteers and annexed to Yugoslavia by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain . Now it is today generally considered an integral part of Upper Carniola, rather than Slovenian Carinthia (also because its inhabitants speak the Upper Carniolan dialect). The borders of Upper Carniola are only vaguely similar those of Slovenia's Upper Carniola Statistical Region . Traditionally, most of

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2562-407: The literary standard; nevertheless, a basic agreement was reached among Slovene philologist, according to which the vowel system in the standard language was taken from the Upper Carniolan dialect, and the consonant system from Lower Carniolan . In many ways, the folklore of Upper Carniola is considered the prototype of Slovene national folklore. The Upper Carniolan folk costume is frequently used as

2623-438: The mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the Metternichian period that followed. Another attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various revolutions of 1848 . For the first time, ministers tried to transform

2684-457: The monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary was placed under martial law , being divided into a series of military districts, the centralized neo-absolutism tried to as well to nullify Hungary's constitution and Diet . Following the Habsburg defeats in the Second Italian War of Independence (1859) and Austro-Prussian War (1866), these policies were step by step abandoned. After experimentation in

2745-412: The monarchy were thus united only by virtue of a common monarch. The Habsburg realms were unified in 1804 with the formation of the Austrian Empire and later split in two with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 . The monarchy began to fracture in the face of inevitable defeat during the final years of World War I and ultimately disbanded with the proclamation of the Republic of German-Austria and

2806-482: The northern areas of the duchy; Lower Carniola , comprising the east and south-east, with its administrative seat in Novo Mesto ; and Inner Carniola comprising the west and southwest of the duchy, with its administrative seat in Postojna . This division remained, in different arrangements, up to the 1860s, when the old administrative districts were abolished and Upper Carniola was subdivided into smaller districts of Kranj, Radovljica and Kamnik . Nevertheless,

2867-455: The people of Ljubljana as "Upper Carniolans" ( Gorenjci , Oberkrainer ): it was a general perception that Upper Carniola proper starts only north of Ljubljana, although Šentvid and Črnuče , a suburbs of Ljubljana, is sometimes considered to be a part of the Upper Carniola. Since the 19th century, Kranj , not Ljubljana, has been considered the unofficial capital of Upper Carniola. The modern notion of Upper Carniola does not fully correspond to

2928-439: The people of Upper Carniola have spoken the Upper Carniolan dialect ( gorenjsko narečje ), which is one of the geographically most extended and linguistically most compact Slovene dialects . It covers most of the province, except for some peripheral areas in south-western and north-western Upper Carniola, and it also extends to the northern suburbs of Ljubljana. It belongs to the Upper Carniolan dialect group , which also includes

2989-446: The regional identity remained strong also thereafter. Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I , Carniola was incorporated first into the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and then into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and it ceased to exist as a separate political and geographical unit. The Carniolan regional identity soon faded away, but the regional identification with its sub-units (Upper, Lower and, to

3050-646: The representation of the Slovene national costume. In the mid-19th century, during the Slovene national revival , the Slovene nationals took the national costume from Bled and transformed it in the Slovenian national costume. Upper Carniola is also important for Slovene folklore because of the music. In the 1950s, the folk musician Slavko Avsenik popularized a modernized version of the Upper Carniolan folk music. 46°17′11″N 14°11′47″E  /  46.28639°N 14.19639°E  / 46.28639; 14.19639 Habsburg monarchy The Habsburg monarchy , also known as Habsburg Empire , or Habsburg Realm ,

3111-408: The south generally follows the southern edge of the Ljubljana Marsh, and then cuts north (east of Log pri Brezovici and west of Polhov Gradec ) to the Gradaščica River , and then turns west between Soča and Sora river basins through the hills to Spodnja Idrija . The border then continues north over Porezen and Blegoš , and then over the Lower Bohinj mountain range and then towards Dolič. This

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3172-450: The unsuccessful War of the Three Henries against Emperor Otto II , he lost Carinthia two years later and was succeeded by the Emperor's nephew Otto I , a scion of the Salian dynasty . Though Henry once again managed to regain the ducal title in 985, Carinthia upon his death in 989 fell back to the Imperial Ottonian dynasty in Bavaria. Carinthia, however, remained a separate entity, and in 1012 Count Adalbero I of Eppenstein , Margrave of

3233-452: The village of Rateče , people speak the Gail Valley dialect , which belongs to the Carinthian dialect group . In the area around Kranjska Gora and Gozd Martuljek , a transitional dialect between the Carinthian and Upper Carniolan dialect group is spoken: this is known as the Kranjska Gora subdialect . In the mountainous areas of eastern Upper Carniola (mostly in the municipalities of Škofja Loka and Gorenja vas-Poljane ), dialects from

3294-475: The western part of Austria-Hungary (see History of Austria ). Over the centuries, the German language , which carried more prestige, expanded at the expense of Slovene , but the fact that in the 16th century the Estates of Carinthia could still point out that Carinthia was "a Windic Archduchy ", i.e. a sovereign Slovene principality, shows that the Carinthian people were aware of their ancient and pre-German roots. During World War I , Carinthia experienced

3355-419: Was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia . It was separated from the Duchy of Bavaria in 976, and was the first newly created Imperial State after the original German stem duchies . Carinthia remained a State of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806, though from 1335 it was ruled within the Austrian dominions of the Habsburg dynasty. A constituent part of

3416-407: Was built by Radbot. After 1279, the Habsburgs came to rule in the Duchy of Austria , which was part of the elective Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire . King Rudolf I of Germany of the Habsburg family assigned the Duchy of Austria to his sons at the Diet of Augsburg (1282), thus establishing the " Austrian hereditary lands ". From that moment, the Habsburg dynasty was also known as

3477-536: Was composed of the following linguistic communities: Total: 396,228 The Austrian censuses did not count ethnic groups , nor the mother tongue , but the "language of daily interaction" ( Umgangssprache ). Total: 396,228 Luitpoldings Salian dynasty Luitpoldings Ottonian dynasty Salian dynasty House of Eppenstein Salian dynasty Elder House of Welf Ezzonids House of Zähringen House of Eppenstein Přemyslid dynasty House of Habsburg Carinthia

3538-412: Was deposed as Duke of Bavaria in favour of Otto's nephew Duke Otto I of Swabia . At the same time Emperor Otto II created a sixth duchy in addition to the original stem duchies , the new Duchy of Carinthia. He reverted the possession of the territories to the Luitpoldings, when he split Carinthia from the Bavarian lands and installed the former Duke Berthold's son Henry the Younger as duke in 976. Over

3599-410: Was incorporated into the Carolingian Empire when Charlemagne deposed Odilo's son Duke Tassilo III in 788. In the 843 partition by the Treaty of Verdun , Carinthia became part of East Francia under King Louis the German . From 889 to 976 it was the Carinthian March of the renewed Bavarian duchy, though in 927 the local Count Berthold of the Luitpolding dynasty was vested with ducal rights by

3660-406: Was integrated into the newly established Austrian Empire under Francis II/I . According to the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn , the Upper Carinthian territories around Villach formed part of the short-lived Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces ; Carinthia as a whole remained a part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Illyria until its dissolution in 1849. In 1867, the duchy became a crown land of Cisleithania ,

3721-401: Was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg . From the 18th century it is also referred to as the Austrian monarchy ( Latin : Monarchia Austriaca ) or the Danubian monarchy . The history of the Habsburg monarchy can be traced back to the election of Rudolf I as King of Germany in 1273 and his acquisition of

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