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76-560: The joint rule of Corona regni Bohemiae was legally established by decree of King Charles IV issued on 7 April 1348, on the foundation of the original Czech lands ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty until 1306. By linking the territories, the interconnection of crown lands thus no more belonged to a king or a dynasty but to the Bohemian monarchy itself, symbolized by the Crown of Saint Wenceslas . During

152-464: A conspiracy against Charles and managed to persuade Otto V of Bavaria to join. After the repeal of the estate contract by margrave Otto, in early July 1371, Charles IV declared hostilities and invaded Margraviate of Brandenburg ; after two years of conflict, in 1373 Brandenburg became part of the Czech lands . This was when he gave the order to measure his new territory, its villages, people, and income. This

228-780: A convention of Bohemian nobles elected his brother-in-law, the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand I of Austria , as the new king of the Bohemian crown lands. Together with the Archduchy of Austria " hereditary lands " and the Hungarian kingdom , they formed the Habsburg monarchy , which in the following centuries grew out of the Holy Roman Empire into a separate European power. Attempts by the Bohemian Protestant Reformation estates to build up an autonomous confederation were dashed at

304-565: A diplomat, but his ultimate fate is unknown. Battle on the Marchfeld Mercenaries: Mercenaries: 6,000 cavalry The Battle on the Marchfeld ( i.e. Morava Field ; German : Schlacht auf dem Marchfeld ; Czech : Bitva na Moravském poli ; Hungarian : Második morvamezei csata / dürnkruti csata ); Polish : Bitwa pod Suchymi Krutami at Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen took place on 26 August 1278 and

380-442: A force of 5,000 Cuman horse archers . Surprised by Rudolph's maneuver, Ottokar quickly abandoned the siege at Laa, marched southwards, and on August 26 met the united German and Hungarian forces near Dürnkrut. When he arrived his enemies had already taken the opportunity to explore the topography of the future battleground. From the early morning, the left wing of the advancing Bohemian troops were embroiled in impetuous attacks by

456-428: A fresh heavy cavalry regiment he had concealed behind nearby hills and woods to attack the right flank of Ottokar's troops. Such ambushes were commonly regarded as dishonourable in medieval warfare and Rudolph's commander Ulrich von Kapellen apologized to his own men in advance. Nevertheless, the attack prevailed in splitting and stampeding the Bohemian troops. Ottokar became aware of the surprise attack and tried to lead

532-535: A grave crisis for the Holy Roman Empire , as in the following decades several nobles were elected as Rex Romanorum and Emperor-to-be, none of whom were able to gain actual governing power upon the Emperor's death in 1250. That same year, Ottokar II, son of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia , moved into the princeless Duchies of Austria and Styria . The last Babenberg duke Frederick II of Austria had been killed at

608-517: A peace between the Swabian League of Cities and some nobles in 1378. After dividing his lands between his three sons and his nephews, he died in November 1378 at Prague , where he was buried, and where a statue was erected to his memory in 1848. Charles IV suffered from gout (metabolic arthritis), a painful disease quite common in that time. The reign of Charles IV was characterized by

684-502: A remaining reserve contingent in the rear of von Kapellen's troops, a maneuver that was misinterpreted as a rout by the Bohemian forces. The resulting collapse led to a complete victory for Rudolph and his allies. Ottokar's camp was plundered, and he himself was found slain on the battlefield. Rudolph, to demonstrate his victory, had Ottokar's body displayed in Vienna. The "poor count" from Swabian Habsburg Castle assured his possession of

760-503: A significant role in the outcome of the battle. King Ottokar II of Bohemia expanded his territories considerably from 1250 to 1273, but suffered a devastating defeat in November 1276, when the newly elected German king Rudolph I of Habsburg imposed the Imperial ban on Ottokar, declaring him an outlaw and took over Ottokar's holdings in Austria , Carinthia , Carniola , and Styria . Ottokar

836-572: A string of possessions intended to link Bohemia with the Luxemburg territories in the Rhineland. The Bohemian estates, however, were not willing to support Charles in these ventures. When Charles sought to codify Bohemian law in the Maiestas Carolina of 1355, he met with sharp resistance. After that point, Charles found it expedient to scale back his efforts at centralization. In 1354, Charles crossed

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912-618: A transformation in the nature of the Empire and is remembered as the Golden Age of Bohemia. He promulgated the Golden Bull of 1356 whereby the succession to the imperial title was laid down, which held for the next four centuries. He also organized the states of the empire into peace-keeping confederations . In these, the Imperial cities figured prominently. The Swabian Landfriede confederation of 1370

988-450: Is likewise shortened to Böhmische Krone or Böhmische Kronländer . Native names include Silesian : Korōna Czeskigo Krōlestwa , Lower Sorbian : zemje Českeje krony , and Upper Sorbian : kraje Čěskeje Króny . The denotation Lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas ( země Koruny svatováclavské ) refers to the Crown of Saint Wenceslas , part of the regalia of the Bohemian monarchs. In

1064-595: The Grandes Chroniques de France . Castles built or established by Charles IV: Imperial genealogists invented early House of Luxembourg forefathers for Charles IV, extending back to Noah via Jupiter and Saturn . Charles was married four times. His first wife was Blanche of Valois (1316–1348), daughter of Charles , Count of Valois , and a half-sister of King Philip VI of France . They had three children: He secondly married Anna of Bavaria , (1329–1353), daughter of Rudolf II, Count Palatine of

1140-561: The Alps without an army, received the Lombard crown in St. Ambrose Basilica , Milan , on 6 January 1355, and was crowned emperor at Rome by a cardinal on April 5 of the same year. His sole object appears to have been to obtain the Imperial crown in peace, in accordance with a promise previously made to Pope Clement. He only remained in the city for a few hours, in spite of the expressed wishes of

1216-637: The Low Countries , such as: the Duchy of Brabant and Duchy of Limburg , acquired through marriage by Charles' younger half-brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg in 1355; as well as the Margraviate of Brandenburg, purchased in 1373. As both the king of Bohemia and the margrave of Brandenburg had been designated Prince-electors in the Golden Bull of 1356 , the Luxembourgs held two votes in the electoral college, securing

1292-740: The New Town ( Nové Město ). In 1348, he founded the Charles University in Prague , which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe . This served as a training ground for bureaucrats and lawyers. Soon Prague emerged as the intellectual and cultural center of Central Europe. Having made good use of the difficulties of his opponents, Charles was again elected in Frankfurt on 17 June 1349 and re-crowned at Aachen on 25 July 1349. He

1368-660: The Treaty of Olomouc , whereby the unity of the Bohemian crown lands was officially retained unchanged and the monarchs appointed each other as sole heir. Upon the death of King Matthias in 1490, Vladislas ruled the Bohemian crown lands and the Kingdom of Hungary in personal union. When Vladislas' only son Louis was killed at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, ending the Jagiellon dynasty rule in Bohemia,

1444-623: The Windic March in 1269 as well as the March of Friuli in 1272. His plans to turn Bohemia into the leading Imperial State were aborted by his Habsburg rival King Rudolph I of Germany , who seized his acquisitions and finally defeated him in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld . In 1306, the House of Luxembourg began producing Bohemian kings upon the extinction of the Přemyslids. They significantly enlarged

1520-528: The cathedral of Saint Vitus by Peter Parler were also built under his patronage. Finally, the first flowering of manuscript painting in Prague dates from Charles's reign. In the present Czech Republic , he is still regarded as Pater Patriae ( father of the country or otec vlasti ), a title first coined by Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio at his funeral. Charles also had strong ties to Nuremberg , staying within its city walls 52 times and thereby strengthening its reputation amongst German cities. Charles

1596-513: The county of Luxembourg into a duchy for another, Wenceslaus , he was unremitting in his efforts to secure other territories as compensation and to strengthen the Bohemian monarchy. To this end he purchased part of the Upper Palatinate in 1353, and in 1367 annexed Lower Lusatia to Bohemia and bought numerous estates in various parts of Germany. On the death of Meinhard, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count of Tyrol , in 1363, Upper Bavaria

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1672-618: The crusader states of Prussia and Livonia . In 2005 Charles IV ranked the first in the TV show Největší Čech , the Czech spin-off of the BBC Greatest Britons show . Prague became the capital of the Holy Roman Empire during the reign of Charles IV. The name of the royal founder and patron remains on many monuments and institutions, for example Charles University , Charles Bridge , Charles Square . High Gothic Prague Castle and part of

1748-1122: The dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy , these became the historic regions usually referred to as the Czech lands forming the Czech Republic . Austrian Silesia with the Hlučín Region is today known as Czech Silesia , with the exception of eastern Cieszyn Silesia which passed to the Second Polish Republic in 1920. Kraje of Kingdom of Bohemia Kraje of Margraviate of Moravia     Duchies of Silesia     Margraviate of Lusatia ЧСГФ 50°05′00″N 14°25′00″E  /  50.0833°N 14.4167°E  / 50.0833; 14.4167 Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV ( Czech : Karel IV. ; German : Karl IV. ; Latin : Carolus IV ; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378 ), also known as Charles of Luxembourg , born Wenceslaus ( Czech : Václav , German : Wenzel ),

1824-583: The "poor Swabian count" Rudolph of Habsburg King of the Romans on 29 September 1273. As the election had taken place in his absence, Ottokar did not acknowledge Rudolph as King. Rudolph himself had promised to regain the "alienated" territories which had to be conferred by the Imperial power with consent of the Prince-electors. He claimed the Austrian and Carinthian territories for the Empire and summoned Ottokar to

1900-560: The 10th and 11th century, the Duchy of Bohemia , together with Moravia (the Margraviate of Moravia from 1182 on), and Kłodzko Land were consolidated under the ruling Přemyslid dynasty . Duke Ottokar I of Bohemia gained the hereditary royal title to the Duchy of Bohemia in 1198, from the German (anti)−king Philip of Swabia , for his support. Along with the title, Philip also raised the duchy to

1976-510: The 1246 Battle of the Leitha River , in a border conflict he had picked with King Béla IV of Hungary . Ottokar II gained the support of the local nobility and was proclaimed Austrian and Styrian duke by the estates one year later. In 1253, Ottokar II became Bohemian king upon the death of his father; the concentration of power on the western Hungarian border was viewed with suspicion by King Béla IV, who campaigned against Austria and Styria but

2052-577: The 1275 Reichstag at Würzburg . By not appearing before the Diet, Ottokar set the events of his demise in motion. He was placed under the Imperial ban and had all his territorial rights revoked, including even his Bohemian inheritance. Meanwhile, Rudolph was gathering allies and preparing for battle. He achieved two of these alliances through the classic Habsburg style – marriage. First, he married his son Albert to Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol . In return, her father Count Meinhard II of Gorizia-Tyrol received

2128-707: The 1620 Battle of White Mountain , whereafter the administration was centralised at Vienna . Moreover, the Habsburg rulers lost the Lusatias to the Electorate of Saxony after the Thirty Years' War in the 1635 Peace of Prague , and also most of Silesia with Kladsko to the Kingdom of Prussia after the First Silesian War in the 1742 Treaty of Breslau . From 1599 to 1711, the border between modern Czech Republic and Slovakia

2204-584: The Austrian capital Vienna in 1276. Ottokar was forced to surrender and to renounce all his acquisitions, receiving only Bohemia and Moravia as a fief from King Rudolph. Heavily deprived by this, he was determined to regain his territories and contracted an alliance with the Ascanian Margraves of Brandenburg and the Polish princes. In 1278 he campaigned against Austria, supported by Duke Henry I of Lower Bavaria, who had switched sides. Ottokar first laid siege to

2280-642: The Bavarian. Worse still, Charles backed the wrong side in the Hundred Years' War , losing his father and many of his best knights at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346, with Charles himself escaping from the field wounded. Civil war in Germany was prevented, however, when Louis IV died on 11 October 1347, after suffering a stroke during a bear hunt. In January 1349, partisans from the House of Wittelsbach attempted to secure

2356-700: The Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty in Prague . His maternal grandfather was the Bohemian King Wenceslaus II . He chose the name Charles at his confirmation in honor of his uncle, King Charles IV of France , at whose court he was resident for seven years. Charles received French education and was literate and fluent in five languages: Latin , Czech , German , French , and Italian . In 1331, he gained some experience of warfare in Italy with his father. At

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2432-654: The Bohemian lands again, including when King John the Blind vassalized most Polish Piast dukes of Silesia . His suzerainty was acknowledged by the Polish king Casimir III the Great in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin . John also achieved the enfeoffment with the Upper Lusatian lands of Bautzen (1319) and Görlitz (1329), by the German king Louis IV . King John's eldest son Charles IV

2508-563: The Cuman forces, which the heavily armed knights could not ward off. Nevertheless, as the main armies collided and the battle wore on, Ottokar's outnumbering cavalry seemed to gain the upper hand, when even Rudolph's horse was stabbed under him and the 60-year-old narrowly escaped with his life, rescued by his liensmen. After three hours of continuous fighting on a hot summer day, Ottokar's knights in their heavy armour were suffering from heat exhaustion and were not able to move. At noon Rudolph ordered

2584-485: The Duchies of Austria and Styria, the heartland and foundation of the rise of the House of Habsburg . At the 1282 Diet of Augsburg , he installed his sons Albert and Rudolf II as Austrian dukes; their descendants held the ducal dignity until 1918. However, in Bohemia, Rudolph acted cautiously and reached an agreement with the nobility and Ottokar's widow Kunigunda of Slavonia on the succession of her son Wenceslaus II to

2660-490: The Duchy of Carinthia as a fief. Second, he established an — unstable — alliance with Duke Henry I of Lower Bavaria by offering Rudolph's daughter Katharina as wife for the Duke's son, Otto , in addition to the region of present-day Upper Austria as a pledge for her dowry. He also concluded an alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary , who intended to settle old scores with Ottokar. Rudolph, so strengthened, besieged Ottokar at

2736-480: The Holy Roman Empire. Several aspects of his legacy remain a contentious matter though. The image of Charles as a wise, pious, peace-loving king (partly constructed by Charles himself) has proved influential until this day, supported by several artistic or scholarly projects produced during Charles's reign or afterwards. Charles was born to John of Bohemia of the Luxembourg dynasty and Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia of

2812-682: The Kingdom of Bohemia rank. The regality was ultimately confirmed by Philip's nephew the German King Frederick II , later the Holy Roman Emperor (1220−1250), in the Golden Bull of Sicily issued in 1212. The Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia acquired the Duchy of Austria in 1251, the Duchy of Styria in 1261, the Egerland in 1266, the Duchy of Carinthia with the March of Carniola and

2888-523: The Přemyslid line included two saints. He was the eldest son and heir of John of Bohemia , King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg , who died at the Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346. His mother, Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia , was the sister of Wenceslaus III , King of Bohemia and Poland, the last of the male Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia . Charles inherited the County of Luxembourg from his father and

2964-449: The Rhine ; they had one son: His third wife was Anna von Schweidnitz , (1339–1362), daughter of Henry II, Duke of Świdnica and Katharina of Anjou (daughter of Charles I Robert, King of Hungary ), by whom he had three children: His fourth wife was Elizabeth of Pomerania , (1345 or 1347 – 1393), daughter of Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania and Elisabeth of Poland who was

3040-619: The Roman people. Having virtually abandoned all the Imperial rights in Italy, the emperor re-crossed the Alps, pursued by the scornful words of Petrarch, but laden with considerable wealth. On his return, Charles was occupied with the administration of the Empire, then just recovering from the Black Death , and in 1356, he promulgated the famous Golden Bull to regulate the election of the king. Having given Moravia to one brother, John Henry , and erected

3116-560: The allies near Dürnkrut, north of Vienna. Both armies were composed purely of cavalry and were divided into three divisions that attacked the enemy piecemeal. In the first phase of the battle, the Cuman horse archers in the Hungarian army outflanked and distracted the Bohemian left flank by launching arrows while the Hungarian light cavalry crashed into the Bohemians, driving them from the field. In

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3192-422: The beginning of 1333, Charles went to Lucca ( Tuscany ) to consolidate his rule there. In an effort to defend the city, Charles founded the nearby fortress and the town of Montecarlo (Charles' Mountain). From 1333, he administered the lands of the Bohemian Crown due to his father's frequent absence and deteriorating eyesight. In 1334, Charles was named Margrave of Moravia , the traditional title for heirs to

3268-447: The daughter of King Casimir III of Poland . They had six children: Charles had one illegitimate son, William, born in 1362 to an unknown woman. He was raised in Brabant and seems to have joined his father at the time of the latter's trip to France in 1377. He was acknowledged by his father, who sought a papal dispensation for him to marry within the fourth degree. It is unknown if he ever married. He served his Bohemian relatives as

3344-428: The economic and intellectual development of Bohemia, where he founded the university in 1348 and encouraged the early humanists . He corresponded with Petrarch and invited him to visit the royal residence in Prague, whilst the Italian hoped – to no avail – to see Charles move his residence to Rome and reawaken tradition of the Roman Empire . Charles's sister Bona married the eldest son of Philip VI of France ,

3420-415: The election of Günther von Schwarzburg as king, but he attracted few supporters and was defeated by Charles at the siege of Eltville in May. Thereafter, Charles faced no direct threat to his claim to the Imperial throne. Charles initially worked to secure his power base. Bohemia had remained untouched by the plague. Prague became his capital, and he rebuilt the city on the model of Paris, establishing

3496-440: The future John II of France , in 1335. Thus, Charles was the maternal uncle of Charles V of France , who solicited his relative's advice at Metz in 1356 during the Parisian Revolt . This family connection was celebrated publicly when Charles made a solemn visit to his nephew in 1378, just months before his death. A detailed account of the occasion, enriched by many splendid miniatures, can be found in Charles V's copy of

3572-430: The joint rule of the Bohemian Lands outlived the Hussite Wars and the extinction of the Luxembourg male line upon the death of Emperor Sigismund in 1437. Vladislas II of the Jagiellon dynasty , son of the Polish king Casimir IV , was designated king of Bohemia in 1471, while the crown lands of Moravia, Silesia, and the Lusatias were occupied by rivaling King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. In 1479, both kings signed

3648-436: The poet Petrarch and the citizens of Florence also implored his presence. Turning a deaf ear to these entreaties, Charles kept Cola in prison for a year, and then handed him as a prisoner to Clement at Avignon . Outside Prague, Charles attempted to expand the Bohemian crown lands, using his imperial authority to acquire fiefs in Silesia , the Upper Palatinate , and Franconia . The latter regions comprised "New Bohemia",

3724-444: The pope in 1347. Confirming the papacy in the possession of vast territories, he promised to annul the acts of Louis against Clement, to take no part in Italian affairs, and to defend and protect the church. Charles IV was in a very weak position in Germany. Owing to the terms of his election, he was derisively referred to as a "Priests' King" ( Pfaffenkönig ). Many bishops and nearly all of the Imperial cities remained loyal to Louis

3800-549: The rear. Assailed from two directions at once, Ottokar's army disintegrated into a rout, and Ottokar himself was killed in the confusion and slaughter. The Cumans pursued and killed the fleeing Bohemians with impunity. The battle marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the House of Habsburg in Austria and Central Europe. The influence of the Přemyslid kings of Bohemia was diminished and restricted to their inheritance in Bohemia and Moravia. The deposition of Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen by Pope Innocent IV in 1245 created

3876-451: The reign of King Ferdinand I from 1526, the lands of the Bohemian Crown became a constituent part of the Habsburg monarchy . A large part of Silesia was lost in the mid-18th century, but the rest of the Lands passed to the Austrian Empire and the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary . By the Czechoslovak declaration of independence in 1918, the remaining Czech lands became part of the First Czechoslovak Republic . The Bohemian Crown

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3952-430: The rise of nationalism in the 19th century, when it was viewed as the example of a traditional co-operation between the Habsburg dynasty (Austria) and the Kingdom of Hungary, from one side, and the traditional tension between the Habsburg dynasty and Bohemia, from the Czech side. The tragedy König Ottokars Glück und Ende written by Franz Grillparzer in 1823 is based on the rise and fall of king Ottokar II. The drama

4028-430: The same occasion he was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles . His second journey to Italy took place in 1368 when he had a meeting with Pope Urban V at Viterbo , was besieged in his palace at Siena , and left the country before the end of 1369. During his later years, the emperor took little part in German affairs beyond securing the election of his son Wenceslaus as king of the Romans in 1376, and negotiating

4104-425: The second phase, a great collision of knights and heavy cavalry took place in the center, with Rudolf's forces being driven back. Rudolf's third division, led by the king personally, attacked and halted Ottokar's charge. Rudolf was unhorsed in the melee and nearly killed. At a decisive moment, a German cavalry force of 200 riders, commanded by Ulrich von Kapellen, ambushed and attacked the Bohemian right flank from

4180-409: The succession of Charles's son Wenceslaus in 1376. With King Wenceslaus, the decline of the Luxembourg dynasty began. He himself was deposed as king of the Romans in 1400. The duchies of Brabant, Limburg (in 1406), and even Luxembourg itself (in 1411) were ceded to the French House of Valois-Burgundy ; while the Margraviate of Brandenburg passed to the House of Hohenzollern (in 1415). Nevertheless,

4256-416: The throne. On the same occasion he reconciled with the Brandenburg margraves, ceding them the guardianship over the minor heir apparent. King Ladislaus IV exerted himself in the christianization of the Cuman warriors, before he was assassinated in 1290. Ottokar's son, the young king Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, turned out to be a capable ruler. In 1291 he acquired the Polish Seniorate Province at Kraków and

4332-520: The throne. Two years later, he assumed the government of Tyrol on behalf of his brother, John Henry , and was soon actively involved in a struggle for the possession of this county. On 11 July 1346, in consequence of an alliance between his father and Pope Clement VI , relentless enemy of the emperor Louis IV , Charles was elected as Roman king in opposition to Louis by some of the prince-electors at Rhens . As he had previously promised to be subservient to Clement, he made extensive concessions to

4408-660: The towns of Drosendorf and Laa an der Thaya near the Austrian border, while Rudolph decided to leave Vienna and to face the Bohemian army in open battle in the Morava basin north of the capital, where the Cuman cavalry of King Ladislaus could easily join his forces. Ottakar fielded 6,000 cavalry, of which 1,000 were heavily armed and armored and 5,000 lightly equipped riders. Ottokar's heavy cavalry rode armored horses. About one third of Ottakar’s knights were Poles from Silesia, Greater Poland and Lesser Poland. Rudolf had 300 heavy cavalry and 4,000 light cavalry, of which an indeterminate number were Hungarians. Rudolf's force included

4484-453: Was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378. He was elected King of Germany ( King of the Romans ) in 1346 and became King of Bohemia (as Charles I ) that same year. He was a member of the House of Luxembourg from his father's side and the Bohemian House of Přemyslid from his mother's side; he emphasized the latter due to his lifelong affinity for the Bohemian side of his inheritance, and also because his direct ancestors in

4560-443: Was a decisive event for the history of Central Europe for the following centuries. The opponents were a Bohemian (Czech) army led by the Přemyslid king Ottokar II of Bohemia and the German army under the German king Rudolph I of Habsburg in alliance with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary . With 15,300 mounted troops, it was one of the largest cavalry battles in Central Europe during the Middle Ages . The Hungarian cavalry played

4636-467: Was claimed by the sons of the emperor Louis IV, and Tyrol by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria . Both claims were admitted by Charles on the understanding that if these families died out both territories should pass to the House of Luxembourg . At about the same time, he was promised the succession to the Margravate of Brandenburg , which he actually obtained for his son Wenceslaus in 1373. Casimir III of Poland and Louis I of Hungary entered

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4712-435: Was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1355. By his Imperial authority he decreed that the united Bohemian lands should endure regardless of dynastic developments, even if the Luxembourgs should die out. In 1367, he purchased Lower Lusatia from his stepson Margrave Otto V of Brandenburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg . Beside their home County of Luxembourg itself, the dynasty held further non-contiguous Imperial fiefs in

4788-411: Was crowned King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor. With his coronation as King of Burgundy in 1365, he became the personal ruler of all the kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire . Having played a key part in the political and cultural history of the Kingdom of Bohemia , he remains a popular historical figure in the Czech Republic . The Golden Bull of 1356 marked a structural change in the politics of

4864-406: Was crowned King of Poland in 1300. He was even able to secure the Hungarian crown for his son Wenceslaus III , still a minor, who nevertheless was murdered in 1306, one year after his father's death, whereby the Přemyslid dynasty became extinct. No exact data on casualties is available, but Ottokar's losses were considerably higher than Rudolf's. The battle was depicted in art especially during

4940-429: Was elected king of the Romans in 1346 and succeeded his father as king of Bohemia in the same year. In 1348, Charles IV introduced the concept of the Crown of Bohemia ( Corona regni Bohemiae in Latin), a term which designated the whole state hereditarily ruled by the kings of Bohemia, not only its core territory of Bohemia but also the incorporated provinces. The Luxembourg dynasty reached its high point, when Charles

5016-403: Was elected king of the Kingdom of Bohemia . On 2 September 1347, Charles was crowned King of Bohemia. On 11 July 1346 , the prince-electors chose him as King of the Romans ( rex Romanorum ) in opposition to Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor . Charles was crowned on 26 November 1346 in Bonn . After his opponent died, he was re-elected in 1349 and crowned King of the Romans. In 1355, he

5092-423: Was finally defeated at the 1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn . In 1268 Ottokar signed a contract of inheritance with Ulrich III , the last Carinthian duke of the House of Sponheim , and thus acquired Carinthia including the March of Carniola and the Windic March one year later. At the height of his power he aimed at the Imperial crown, but the Princes-Electors ( Kurfürsten ), distrustful of his steep rise, elected

5168-448: Was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania ). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed. In the modern era, the remaining crown lands of Bohemia , Moravia and Austrian Silesia became constituent parts of the Austrian Empire in 1804, and later the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary in 1867. After World War I and

5244-445: Was made up almost entirely of Imperial Cities . At the same time, the leagues were organized and led by the crown and its agents. As with the electors, the cities that served in these leagues were given privileges to aid in their efforts to keep the peace. He assured his dominance over the eastern borders of the Empire through succession treaties with the Habsburgs and the purchase of Brandenburg. He also claimed imperial lordship over

5320-424: Was neither a personal union nor a federation of equal members. Rather, the Kingdom of Bohemia had a higher status than the other incorporated constituent countries. There were only some common state institutions of the Bohemian Crown that did not survive the centralization of the Habsburg monarchy under Queen Maria Theresa in the 18th century. The most important of them was the Bohemian Court Chancellery which

5396-404: Was originally inspired by the life of Napoleon , but Grillparzer, fearing Metternich 's censorship, chose to write the play about Ottokar, in whose story he found many parallels. It nevertheless was immediately forbidden and could not be performed until 1825. Grillparzer perpetuated the legend of Ottokar's wife, Margaret of Babenberg , unsuccessfully trying to reconcile the opponents on the eve of

5472-536: Was recorded in the Landbuch of Charles IV , which was finished in 1375. Many villages were mentioned for the first time in this book, so it can provide information on how old they are. He also gained a considerable portion of Silesian territory, partly by inheritance through his third wife, Anna von Schweidnitz , daughter of Henry II, Duke of Świdnica and Catherine of Hungary . In 1365, Charles visited Pope Urban V at Avignon and undertook to escort him to Rome; on

5548-466: Was reduced to his possessions in Bohemia and Moravia , but was determined to regain his dominions, power, and influence. In 1278 he invaded Austria, where parts of the local population, especially in Vienna , resented Habsburg rule. Rudolf allied himself with King Ladislaus IV of Hungary and mustered forces for a decisive confrontation. Ottokar abandoned his siege of Laa an der Thaya and advanced to meet

5624-571: Was soon the undisputed ruler of the Empire. Gifts or promises had won the support of the Rhenish and Swabian towns; a marriage alliance secured the friendship of the Habsburgs; and an alliance with Rudolf II of Bavaria , Count Palatine of the Rhine , was obtained when Charles, who had become a widower in 1348, married Rudolph's daughter Anna . In 1350, the king was visited at Prague by the Roman tribune Cola di Rienzo , who urged him to go to Italy, where

5700-571: Was the patron of the Nuremberg Frauenkirche , built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely Peter Parler ), where the imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. Charles's imperial policy was focused on the dynastic sphere and abandoned the lofty ideal of the Empire as a universal monarchy of Christendom . In 1353, he granted the Duchy of Luxembourg to his half-brother, Wenceslaus . He concentrated his energies chiefly on

5776-540: Was united with the Austrian Chancellery in 1749. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown ( Latin : Corona regni Bohemiae, lit Crown of the Kingdom of Bohemia ) are called země Koruny české or simply Koruna česká ( Crown of Bohemia or Bohemian Crown ) and České země (i.e. Czech lands ), the Czech adjective český referring to both " Bohemian " and " Czech ". The German term Länder der Böhmischen Krone

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