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18-589: Its followers were generally known simply for the first portion of the name Fareynikte (פֿאַראײניקטע) - 'United'. Politically the party favored national personal autonomy for the Jewish community. The party upheld the ideas of building a secular Jewish community. Fareynikte was founded in June 1917 through the merger of two groups, the Zionist Socialist Workers Party (SSRP) ( Socialist-Territorialists ) and

36-402: Is one form of non-territorial autonomy that grew out of autonomy ideas developed by Austromarxist thinkers. One of these theorists was Otto Bauer who published his view of national personal autonomy in his 1907 book Die Nationalitätenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie (The Nationalities Question and Social Democracy) was seen by him a way of gathering the geographically divided members of

54-827: The Naye tsayt (New Time) in Kyiv September 1917-May 1919. Prior to the publishing of Naye tsayt , the party published Der yidisher proletarier from Kyiv. In Poland, dissidents from the Fareynikte party joined the Communist Party of Poland . The remainder of the party, which had taken the name Jewish Socialist Workers Party 'Ferajnigte' in Poland, merged into the Independent Socialist Labour Party in 1922. National personal autonomy National personal autonomy

72-711: The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (DAHR) after 1989. The whole concept was strongly opposed by the Bolsheviks . Stalin 's pamphlet Marxism and the National Question (1913) was their ideological reference on the matter, along with Lenin 's Critical Remarks on the National Question (December 1913), in particular in the chapter "Cultural-National Autonomy". (Stalin was later People's Commissar of Nationalities from 1917 - 1923.) Lenin's and Stalin's critiques of

90-622: The Jewish Socialist Workers Party (SERP). SERP's ideology was based particularly upon " autonomism ". Note that some of the leaders from those two parties did not join Fareynikte, but rather became "Folkists" ( Folkspartei ). Both SSRP and SERP had emerged from the Vozrozhdenie group. As of early 1918, Fareynikte was the largest Jewish autonomist political party in the independent Ukraine. The Faraynikte's program claimed "unity of

108-682: The League of Nations in 1925. Jewish Socialist Workers Party The Jewish Socialist Workers Party ( Russian : Социалистическая еврейская рабочая партия , 'SERP', which means ' sickle ' in Russian), often nicknamed Seymists , was a Jewish socialist political party in the Russian Empire . The party was founded in April 1906, emerging out of the Vozrozhdenie (Renaissance) circles. The Vozrozhdenie

126-740: The Bund's program), the Armenian social democrats , the Russian Constitutional Democratic Party ( Kadets ) at its June 1917's Ninth Congress, the first Ottoman then Greek Socialist Workers' Federation of Thessaloniki , the left-wing Zionists ( Hashomer Hatzair ) in favour of a binational solution in Palestine , the Jewish Folkspartei (inspired by Simon Dubnov , who had developed a concept of Jewish autonomy close to Bauer's), and

144-796: The Jewish national autonomy. In September 1917 Fareynikte petitioned to the Provisional Government to declare the equality of language. In the 1917 elections in Russia, the party obtained around 8% of the Jewish votes. Fareynikt Moishe Zilberfarb was Deputy-Secretary of Jewish Affairs in the General Secretariat of Ukraine , the main executive institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic from June 28, 1917 to January 22, 1918. Fareynikte ran some Yiddish newspapers in Ukraine. It published

162-455: The Jewish worker's class as an integral part of the 'extraterritorial' Jewish nation and international proletariat". The previous arguments in regard to the way of implementing the territorialists program have been declared as less important. The focal point of the party program a "national-individual autonomy". For a brief period the party acquired a major influence, particularly in Ukraine where it played an important role in an attempt to organize

180-482: The National Question). In his 1904 text, Medem exposed his version of the concept: Let us consider the case of a country composed of several national groups, e.g. Poles, Lithuanians and Jews. Each national group would create a separate movement. All citizens belonging to a given national group would join a special organisation that would hold cultural assemblies in each region and a general cultural assembly for

198-772: The SERP grassroots. Many local SERP branches wanted unity with the Marxist groups rather than the PSR. Through the link-up with PSR, SERP was included in the Second International . Just after the deal with PSR, SERP gained a consultative vote at the 1907 Stuttgart congress of the International. In 1911 SERP, Zionist Socialist Workers Party and Poalei Zion signed a joint appeal to the International Socialist Bureau , asking

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216-496: The general legislation of the state, but in their own areas of responsibility they would be autonomous and none of them would have the right to interfere in the affairs of the others. This principle was later adopted by various parties, among them the Jewish Socialist Workers Party from its foundation in 1906, the Jewish Labour Bund at its August 1912 Conference (when the motion "On National Cultural Autonomy" became part of

234-572: The idea of a Jewish National Assembly (a Seym). It envisaged a federation of nationalities in Russia, each led by an elected body of representatives with political powers inside their community. At a later stage, the Jews would seek territorial concentration. The party actively supported Yiddish language and culture. The party published the Yiddish-language newspaper Folks-shtime ('People's Voice') from Kiev and Vilna . The party also published

252-662: The national personal autonomy concept were later joined by the Catalan Andreu Nin in his article The Austrian School, National Emancipation Movements (1935). It was adopted as an official policy in the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920) and in the interwar Estonian Republic (1925 Law on Personal Autonomy), and it was included in the Declaration Concerning the Protection of Minorities in Lithuania by

270-450: The organ Vozrozhdenie . During the 1906 period, the party had 3,000 of its cadres organized in paramilitary self-defense units. However, about 400 of them were killed or wounded in fighting and 1,000 arrested. In 1907 a formal alliance between SERP and the PSR was signed, making SERP a sub-section of the PSR. The alliance was however mainly the product of the relations between Zhitlowsky and Mark Ratner, and did not have full support from

288-580: The same nation to "organize nations not in territorial bodies but in simple association of persons", thus radically disjoining the nation from the territory and making of the nation a non-territorial association . The other ideological founders of the concept were another Austromarxist, Karl Renner , in his 1899 essay Staat und Nation (State and Nation), and the Jewish Labour Bundist Vladimir Medem , in his 1904 essay Di sotsial-demokratie un di natsionale frage (Social Democracy and

306-497: The whole country. The assemblies would be given financial powers of their own: either each national group would be entitled to raise taxes on its members, or the state would allocate a proportion of its overall budget to each of them. Every citizen of the state would belong to one of the national groups, but the question of which national movement to join would be a matter of personal choice and no authority would have any control over his decision. The national movements would be subject to

324-498: Was a non- Marxist tendency which was led by the nonmarxist thinker and politician Chaim Zhitlowsky . Zhitlowsky became the theoretician of the new party that advocated with the same emphasis Jewish self-reliance and socialism. Leaders of the party included Avrom Rozin ( Ben-Adir ), Nokhem Shtif , Moyshe Zilberfarb and Mark Ratner. The party was close to the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (PSR). The party favored

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