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127-518: The Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program (UVVRP), commonly called number coding or color coding , is a road space rationing program in the Philippines that aims to reduce traffic congestion , in particular during peak hours, by restricting the use of major public roads by certain types of vehicles based on the final digit on their license plates . First implemented in 1995 in Metro Manila ,

254-449: A cause and effect relationship between the regulation that is implemented and the change in behavior it creates or general effect it has. Many factors could cause a change in the behavior of individuals affected by the regulation at hand. It could be the direct result of that regulation or the result of other existing regulations, and societal effects. Given that such programs are not usually implemented in isolation, singular conclusions on

381-564: A "community quarantine". Several LGUs has used the term "hard lockdown," which is an area under disease monitoring and mass testing for the virus. In May 2020, additional terms were coined by the government to categorize the community quarantine according to its risk assessment and those new terms are "modified enhanced community quarantine," "modified general community quarantine" and "new normal." A "total lockdown" measure, distinct from an ECQ, has been considered, which would prohibit people from leaving their places of residence and mandate

508-541: A "total lockdown." Further, Duterte recommended that local governments outside of the National Capital Region implement a community quarantine if, within a given level of local government, a minimum of two COVID-19 cases have been confirmed within a lower level of government within its jurisdictional area; for example, a province -wide quarantine should be implemented if there are at least two COVID-19 cases confirmed within different cities or municipalities in

635-520: A day, between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. for three days during the last week of December 2015. Local authorities introduced a special "anti-smog" all-day public transport ticket for €1.50 (~ US$ 1.65 ). Neighboring towns and municipalities in the Lombardy region, including Pavia , Cinisello Balsamo , Paderno Dugnano , and Sesto San Giovanni , also implemented the temporary driving restriction. Electric vehicles and carsharing cars are exempted from

762-555: A five-day pollution “red alert” due to a heavy pollution event. Among other measures, about half the cars were restricted through a temporary alternate-day travel scheme, and older and “dirty” high-emissions vehicles were forbidden to circulate. Public transport services in the city were increased, with about 3,600 buses on duty. The Ministry of Environmental Protection reported that 21 other cities across north and central China had also declared pollution red alerts, including Tianjin , Shijiazhuang , Taiyuan , and Zhengzhou . The red alert

889-462: A general community quarantine in the rest of the country, also overriding existing quarantine measures by local government units, starting May 1. In March 2021, the government introduced a new designation known as NCR Plus, which covers the Greater Manila Area , for the purpose of managing quarantine measures. This area covers Metro Manila , also known as the National Capital Region (NCR) and

1016-693: A half (23 December 2003 – 16 May 2016), but abandoned by Basuki due to a trick known as joki 3 in 1 . He said that joki 3 in 1 practice often exploited kids, just to fill the car to 3 people when passing checkpoints. Police authorities also admitted that control of 3-in-1 was harder than license plate checking, due to joki 3-in-1 hack. In 2018, license plate checking also applied on expressways bound to Jakarta suburban area ( Jabodetabek ). License plates are checked in toll booths Bekasi , Cibubur (border of Jakarta and Depok ) and Tangerang . Only overcrowded toll booths apply this ban. Existing Ganjil Genap in Jakarta

1143-653: A legal basis in Metro Manila law. Mayors, in particular Jejomar Binay of Makati, were leery of the program, accusing Maganto of circumventing the Metro Manila Council, which sets policy for the MMDA, and with Maganto even threatening to resign if mayors did not support the plan. This was compounded by the fact that Maganto's original scheme did not specify penalties for violations of the UVVRP since penalties could only be imposed by

1270-545: A legal petition was filed. A court had to decide whether it is discriminatory to allow women to drive around Delhi while some of males will be forced to leave their vehicles at home. On 16 December 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court banned the sale of new cars that have diesel engines and sport utility vehicles with an engine greater than 2000 cc until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in

1397-491: A main goal the reduction of air pollution, such as the cases of México City , and Santiago , Chile . São Paulo , with a fleet of 6 million vehicles in 2007, is the largest metropolis in the world with such a travel restriction, implemented first in 1996 as measured to mitigate air pollution, and thereafter made permanent in 1997 to relieve traffic congestion. More recent implementations in Costa Rica and Honduras have had

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1524-414: A percentage of vehicles every weekday during rush hours or for the entire day. When the restriction is based in two digits a theoretical 20% reduction of traffic is expected. Cities with serious air quality problems, such as México City and Santiago use more digits to achieve greater reductions in air pollution, and even the prohibition can be for more than one day a week. In Bogotá , Colombia from 2009

1651-413: A pre-established urban area for vehicles with license plate numbers ending in certain digits on pre-established days and during certain hours based on the last digit of the licence plate numbers. Initially the system restricted traffic between 7:00 and 9:00 a.m. and between 5:30 and 7:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, for two days for each registered vehicle. Then mayor Antanas Mockus extended

1778-412: A result of such schemes. It is important to better understand the effectiveness of the regulatory policies intended to reduce traffic congestion to improve their implementation in the future. Some factors that hinder the effective program evaluation of policies like road space rationing are that transportation demand management strategies are often implemented as a part of other broader policies. It

1905-517: A result of the rapid increase in the number of cases in Metro Manila, Albay 2nd district representative Joey Salceda put forward a week-long lockdown of the region In order to prevent the disease from spreading across the country. Salceda specifically proposed the closure of the Philippine expressway network and public transportation accessing the region, in addition to the suspension of classes and work. President Rodrigo Duterte initially rejected

2032-695: A single affected house. The granular lockdown strategy took a more prominent role when the alert level system (ALS) was introduced in September 2021 to mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic. The enhanced community quarantine in Luzon covers the island of Luzon and its outlying islands, or eight out of seventeen regions of the Philippines. An indefinite enhanced community quarantine, was imposed in Caraga , alternatively known as One Shield Caraga, started on April 7, and in

2159-589: A technical term that medical authorities could give meaning to, which would not cause public panic. When the "community quarantine" was applied to Luzon , Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo , said that the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) was equivalent to an "absolute lockdown or total lockdown." Secretary Eduardo Año of the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) also said that "enhanced community quarantine" should be considered as

2286-477: A third of the country's export earnings and about 9% of the country's GDP estimated for 2008. As the implemented scheme only reduced fuel consumption by 5%, the government decided to expand the restriction hours beginning in July 2008. The road space rationing was expanded to 13 hours for passenger cars and light-duty commercial vehicles, from 6 a.m. through 7 p.m. Heavy-duty commercial vehicles were included in

2413-404: A trial for an initial period of 15 days, from 1 to 15 January 2016. The restriction was in force from 8 a.m. till 8 p.m., and traffic was not restricted on Sundays. The scheme was expected to take more than a million private cars off the road every day. Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period. A total of 27 exemptions to the restriction were allowed by

2540-505: A twelve-hour ban on vehicles plying EDSA depending on the final digit of the vehicle's license plate. Originally imposed due to rehabilitation works on the Guadalupe Bridge, the start of three major road projects resulted in the ban being extended to September to reduce the number of vehicles using EDSA to go around affected roads in inner Manila, coexisting alongside the odd-even UVVRP which was implemented on all other roads. The program

2667-493: A week the longest and most intense winter pollution episode in 10 years. A driving restriction went into effect in Paris and 22 surrounding towns for four days, from Tuesday 6 to Friday 9, due to the persistence of pollution of fine particles and nitrogen dioxide. The restriction was extended for the first time in the cities of Villeurbanne and Lyon on Friday December 9. This was the fourth time in twenty years that alternating traffic

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2794-565: Is allowed to pass in "even days", but will be fined when they pass that road in "odd days". Drivers might get even/odd days information from social media to radio stations. The Ganjil Genap first time implemented in Sudirman Avenue on 27 July 2016. Ganjil Genap was implemented due to "3-in-1 policy" termination started from 16 May 2016 by former Jakarta Governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (or Ahok). 3-in-1 policy banned vehicles containing less than 3 passengers. 3-in-1 existed for 12 years and

2921-481: Is also unclear. Evaluations on the effectiveness of road space rationing regulations focus mainly on whether there is a decrease in the usage of the less sustainable vehicles for which the schemes were implemented in the first place. They do not focus on whether there is a change in the pattern in which such vehicles are used. For example, evaluations examine how many people stop using a polluting car. They do not evaluate how many people start riding bicycles or carpool as

3048-607: Is based on the last digit of the license plate. Two numbers are restricted to travel every day from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. from Monday through Friday. Vehicles exempted from the restriction include buses and other urban transportation vehicles, school buses , ambulances and other medical services vehicles, mail and fire cars and trucks, police and military vehicles, cash-in-transit armored vehicles, vehicles delivering perishable food products, properly registered vehicles for use by people with disabilities , and other public utility vehicles. In May 2014

3175-562: Is coupled with an exhaust monitoring program, known as "Verificación" in Spanish (verification), whereby a car's pollutant emissions are analyzed every six months. A colored sticker based on a vehicle's license plate number is affixed to each vehicle following an emissions test, indicating whether a vehicle is exempt from the program or not. Hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles are exempted. There are other restrictions that are applicable to non-local vehicles and foreigners. In June 2015,

3302-409: Is difficult to separate the effects of such methods from the other methods they are associated with. Most measures are taken at the beginning and during the implementation of a strategy. Not enough evaluation is conducted after strategy implementation. In developing countries , data insufficiency hinders the formation of generalizable conclusions on the effectiveness of a strategy. It is hard to outline

3429-538: Is equivalent to a total or complete lockdown in terms of security. Barangay governments can issue quarantine passes allowing residents to buy essential goods outside curfew hours and within the issuing barangays' jurisdiction. The Bayanihan to Heal as One Act which was effective in 2020 also provides measures related to the ECQ, such as: When ECQ was reintroduced in March 2021 in the Greater Manila Area (or NCR Plus as designated by

3556-494: Is implemented in the capital, but the first time it is maintained for several days in a row. In May 2016, the city of Paris launched a scheme called " Paris Respire " (literally "Paris breathes") as part of which certain areas of the city are closed to vehicular traffic on Sundays and public holidays. According to the World Health Organization , in 2014, New Delhi had the most polluted air of about 1,600 cities

3683-834: Is intended to improve the air quality of Mexico City. The restriction is based on the last digit of the license plate. Two numbers are restricted to travel every day from 5 a.m. to 10 p.m. The restrictions apply to the entire Mexico City metropolitan area, therefore, a similar coordinated program operates within the State of México , including the 18 neighboring municipalities which surrounds Mexico City on three sides: Atizapán de Zaragoza , Coacalco de Berriozabal , Cuautitlán , Cuautitlán Izcalli , Chalco , Chimalhuacan , Chicoloapan , Ecatepec de Morelos , Huixquilucan , Ixtapaluca , La Paz , Naucalpan de Juárez , Nezahualcóyotl , Nicolás Romero , Tecámac , Tlalnepantla de Baz , Tultitlán and Valle de Chalco Solidaridad . Hoy No Circula

3810-633: Is more lenient than an ECQ but stricter than a GCQ. Cebu City and Mandaue were placed under ECQ while the rest of the country was placed under GCQ. The measure became effective on May 16 with quarantine measures to be reassessed on May 31. The IATF-EID issued Resolution No. 41 to override prevailing quarantine measures in the country starting June 1. Measures in Metro Manila, Central Luzon and Central Visayas regions transitioned to general community quarantine (GCQ). GCQ remained in Cagayan Valley, Pangasinan (except Dagupan ), Zamboanga City and Davao City, while

3937-581: The Davao Region which took effect on April 4. Provinces that imposed an enhanced community quarantine include Iloilo (March 21), Antique (March 22), Negros Occidental (March 30), Cebu (March 30), and Negros Oriental (April 3). The independent cities of Bacolod (March 30), Iloilo City (March 21), and Cebu City (March 28) also imposed ECQ measures. Enhanced community quarantines (ECQs) were extended in Metro Manila , Central Luzon (excluding Aurora ), and Calabarzon regions as well as in

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4064-479: The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation ruled in favor a constitutional challenge, and ordered that passenger cars with model year older than 2007 shall be restricted based on their actual tailpipe emissions, and not on how old the car is. Taxis, buses, police cars, ambulances, fire trucks, commercial vehicles operating with liquid propane gas, and commercial vehicles transporting perishable goods are exempt. In 2008

4191-551: The cars' license plate numbers . Only cars with even-numbered license plates were allowed on the roads during the first day of the restriction. Electric cars are not subject to the driving restriction, as a government incentive to promote the use of cleaner vehicles . According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection , the combined effect of all the restrictions imposed reduced pollutant emissions in Beijing by 30% during day one of

4318-483: The government of the Philippines through its Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID). As of November 2021, under the original classification system that was enacted in 2020, there were four main quarantine tiers. In Metro Manila there is now an alert level system (ALS) which has been introduced in September 2021 and it is already in place. As of November 2021, all regions of

4445-682: The parity of the date and of the vehicle's registration plate, the vehicle type as well as the time of the week/month. There are three Dactylius areas: The Inner, the Outer and the Green, each one with its own policies. Then mayor Enrique Peñalosa , introduced in Bogotá , Colombia in 1998 a driving restriction program, "Pico y placa" (literally in Spanish : "peak and license plate") to reduce traffic congestion during rush hours . The system restricts traffic access into

4572-494: The rush hours , from 7:00 to 8:30   a.m. and 4:00-5:30 p.m. In June 2008 the restricted cordon area was expanded until San José's Boulevard Circunvalación peripheral ring. The expansion aim was to attain further reductions in oil consumption, as oil prices continued to rise and reached US$ 130 per barrel in June 2008. Government official estimated that at this price, oil imports will reach US$ 2.85 billion , representing about

4699-414: The 2014 episode, complementary measures were implemented including reduced speed limits in the city, free public transportation, free residential parking, and free short-term use for subscribers of bike and carsharing services. The restriction was implemented in Paris and 22 towns located in the administrative region of Île-de-France . In early December 2016, Paris and its surrounding region suffered for

4826-556: The City Council approved a law to exempt from the restriction plug-in electric vehicles , hybrid electric vehicles and fuel-cell vehicles with a license plate registered in the city. The benefits for electric-drive vehicles went into effect in September 2015. Temporary driving restrictions were imposed in Beijing from December 8 to 10, 2015, as part of the smog mitigation measures provided for in Beijing's red alert for hazardous smog,

4953-566: The Costa Rican economy. The program was implemented when the price of an oil barrel was at US$ 65 up from US$ 20 in early 2003. Fuel and oil imports represented in 2007 a 5.6% of the country's GDP , up from 2% ten years earlier. Initially the driving restriction was applied to enter the capital's central business district and the scheme is based on the last number of the license plate, restricting two numbers per day, Monday through Friday. The travel restrictions were issued initially only during

5080-508: The Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles than are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital. On July 20, 2008, Beijing implemented a temporary road space rationing scheme based on plate numbers in order to significantly improve air quality in the city during the 2008 Summer Olympics . Enforcement was carried out through an automated traffic surveillance network. The rationing

5207-400: The ECQ and GCQ. Additional measures have been imposed under an "extensive enhanced community quarantine" or "extreme enhanced community quarantine" (EECQ). An EECQ is generally stricter than an ECQ. Prior to the imposition of the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon , a more lenient measure, which includes a stay-at-home order and a curfew, was imposed in Metro Manila and was officially called

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5334-479: The IATF-EID approved the appeal of Mayor Lani Mercado-Revilla placing the city of Bacoor in the province of Cavite under modified enhanced community quarantine. The IATF-EID issued Resolution No. 37, overriding prior plans, placing Metro Manila, the cities of Angeles and Bacoor, as well as the provinces of Laguna, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, and Zambales under modified enhanced community quarantine, which

5461-646: The IATF-EID); new set of measures were observed. Unlike in 2020, ECQ measures as of 2021 had more lenient restrictions on transportation allowing for operations of public transportation at a limited capacity. However, with the ECQ period in March–April 2021 coinciding with the Holy Week and late release of guidelines of the Department of Transportation , this resulted in the virtual absence of public transportation in some areas. The general community quarantine (GCQ), which

5588-497: The MMC. Tensions came to a head on November 21, 1995, when Senator Vicente Sotto III had to appeal to Maganto and the mayors during a Senate hearing on the scheme to work together to resolve Metro Manila's traffic problems. This changed on November 23, 1995, when Chairman Prospero Oreta signed MMDA Regulation No. 95-001, codifying Maganto's scheme and mandating that strict implementation begin on December 1, 1995. The final version adopted by

5715-440: The MMDA combined elements of the original UVVRP and the partial ban implemented by Maganto for private vehicles, where vehicles with plate numbers ending in an odd number were to be barred from major streets in Metro Manila on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and vehicles with plate numbers ending in an even number were to barred on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. No total ban

5842-419: The MMDA was under pressure to resolve Metro Manila's worsening traffic problems. The worsening traffic on secondary roads forced Maganto to implement a blanket ban on private vehicles as well, with the ban being implemented during rush hour from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. and 5:00–7:00 p.m. The UVVRP, however, was still largely voluntary, and while it was implemented by Maganto's office, the program did not have

5969-489: The Metro Manila "community quarantine," he said that "they are afraid to call it a lockdown, but it is a lockdown." This statement left many confused. His cabinet secretary , Karlo Nograles, later made it clear that the proper term was "community quarantine" and that the president's comment meant that the event was "like a lockdown". Further to that, Nograles said the term "lockdown" would likely end up leading to different interpretations, while "community quarantine" would be

6096-522: The UVVRP, except for public utility vehicles, transportation network vehicle services, motorcycles, garbage trucks, fuel trucks, and vehicles carrying essential and perishable goods and physicians with valid ID are covered in the modified scheme from 5:00 to 8:00 p.m. on Mondays to Fridays, excluding holidays. Meanwhile, light trucks are prohibited from using EDSA between Magallanes , Makati and North Avenue , Quezon City , from 5:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. from Mondays to Fridays, excluding holidays. The scheme

6223-493: The adjacent provinces of Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna and Rizal. There are two main types of community quarantine measures in place, the enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) and the general community quarantine (GCQ). It is also important to note that there have been variations of ECQ and GCQ introduced over time, such as the modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ) and the modified general community quarantine (MGCQ) which are generally less strict than their standard counterparts. As

6350-410: The aim to reduced particulate matter emissions. As of March 2018, the restriction applies to all cars built before 2012. During critical air pollution events, classified as alert, pre-emergency or emergency, the number of cars restricted to travel are increased by adding additional last number plates. Beginning with pre-emergency state, the restriction might include vehicles with catalytic converter. As

6477-755: The alternate-day travel policy can have some impact. However, if used as a long term measure, inequality issues might arise, as wealthier people can afford to own two cars with opposite-parity number plates, to circumvent any restrictions, with the second vehicle being often older and therefore more polluting. Cities such as Tehran which have used such schemes are now looking to more sustainable methods of traffic and emissions control, such as low emission zone or traffic limited zones as used in Europe. Access regulations have often been found to be effective, in reducing congestion, traffic and pollution. The program's impact on moving behavior to more sustainable transport methods

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6604-527: The appeal of 40 medical societies led by the Philippine College of Physicians to place Metro Manila under ECQ again due to rising COVID-19 cases. The meeting later decided to place Metro Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal back under MECQ from August 4 to 18. The provinces of Batangas , Nueva Ecija , and Quezon in Luzon and Iloilo City in the Visayas were placed under GCQ again on August 16. While

6731-708: The ban. An alternate-day travel scheme was implemented in Rome to curb severe air pollution in the city, which has high concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide . The scheme was in force for several days during the last two weeks of December 2015. The driving restriction is based on the last digits of license plate numbers and was implemented for a total of nine hours, from 7:30 to 12:30 and 16:30 until 20:30. To promote ridership by public transportation, €1.50 (~ US$ 1.65 ) single-ride transit tickets became passes valid all day. Environmentally friendly vehicles , such as hybrids and natural gas vehicles are exempt from

6858-431: The behavior of the target audience. The third measure, outcome performance, analyzes the outcomes of the regulation. To collect information on these measures, direct observation , stated preferences surveys, and revealed preference surveys can be conducted. These methods can be conducted in isolation or simultaneously to procure rich data. The problems associated with these methods are observer bias in direct observation,

6985-403: The cities of Marawi and Butuan . On May 12, 2020, it was originally announced that community quarantine measures will be lifted in 41 provinces and 11 cities across the country due to their being low risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but were eventually upgraded to modified general community quarantine (MGCQ) after receiving petitions from LGUs starting May 16. On May 15, 2020,

7112-471: The cities of Cebu, Mandaue, Lapu-Lapu, and Talisay, and the municipalities of Minglanilla and Consolacion in the Cebu province remained under GCQ. Zamboanga City was placed under MGCQ. On August 17, on the recommendation of the IATF-EID, President Duterte announced that Metro Manila and its neighboring provinces of Bulacan , Cavite , Laguna , and Rizal will be downgraded to GCQ starting August 19. His speech

7239-648: The city between Monday and Friday. In 1992, Santiago reformed its program to adopt vintage-specific restrictions. These restrictions placed higher limits on old, more polluting cars and lower limits on new, less polluting cars. The 1992 reform led to a significant impact on the emissions created by local pollutants in Santiago. A price effect that favored less polluting car models was also seen. Households in localities facing restrictions owned more 1992 or older built vehicles without catalytic converter than households in localities that did not face restrictions. This reform highlights

7366-471: The city confirms more cases. On July 15, quarantine measures continued to ease as Cebu City shifted to MECQ. Metro Manila remains under GCQ for another two weeks. Other areas under GCQ includes the provinces of Agusan del Norte, Basilan, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, and Southern Leyte, as well as the cities of Butuan, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, Ormoc, and Zamboanga. The rest of the country shifts to MGCQ. Quarantine measures for August 1 to 15 were decided on July 30 and

7493-456: The city from 5:30 a.m. until midnight. Electric and hybrid cars , natural gas-powered vehicles and carpools with three or more passengers were exempted. Only once before this type of restriction had been implemented in the city for one day in 1997. The week before the traffic restriction was imposed, the government also reduced speed limits around Paris by 20 km (12 mi) per hour, provided all public transportation for free, and

7620-403: The city government to implement the scheme. The program was planned to apply only during the winter, when air pollution is at its worst. Winter follows the rainy season when thermal inversion , an atmospheric condition which traps smog and pollution close to the ground, increases air pollution noticeably. However, the program was made permanent at the end of the 1990 winter season. The program

7747-653: The city's air quality. As of June 2016 , another 11 Chinese cities have similar restriction schemes in place. Also, temporary driving restrictions to reduce cars on the streets by half during severe pollution events have been implemented in Paris and surrounding suburbs in March 2014, March 2015, and December 2016; in Beijing twice in December 2015, and one more time in December 2016; and also in Rome and Milan for several days in December 2015. A similar alternate-day travel temporary scheme

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7874-452: The city's first red alert for smog. Environmentalist from Beijing University of Technology estimated that without the measures, the density of PM 2.5 would have risen by 10% in that period. A second red alert for pollution was issued on December 18, 2015. Temporary driving restrictions were imposed for four days, beginning at 7 a.m. on December 19 and ending on the 23rd at midnight. On 16 December 2016, Beijing authorities declared

8001-414: The closure of all public establishments (including Supermarkets and Wet Markets). According to presidential spokesperson Harry Roque , this measure is considered as an option. A "granular lockdown" or "targeted lockdown" can be applied to single barangay, or a portion of it such as a certain road, with a high concentration or clustering of active cases of COVID-19. Granular lockdowns could also cover just

8128-541: The combinations of days and numbers every year, making it harder to circumvent the restriction by buying another car. Starting in February 2009, then mayor Samuel Moreno Rojas extended the restriction from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., Monday through Friday. This extension was issued as a temporary measure until public works related with the Transmilenio BRT were completed. In July 2012, then mayor Gustavo Petro reduced

8255-471: The construction of the Metro Rail Transit Line 3 (MRT-3) on Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), it initially targeted public utility vehicles , later expanding to all vehicles plying EDSA, where traffic congestion in Metro Manila was at its heaviest. Vehicles covered under the original UVVRP were banned from EDSA for the entire day based on the last digit of a vehicle's license plate, similar to

8382-605: The context of Paris' bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics which ended up being won by London. During the discussions regarding the proposal to introduce congestion pricing in New York , the commission created in 2007 by the New York State Legislature to evaluate other traffic relief options, considered road space rationing based on license plates as an alternative to congestion pricing . The proposal stalled in April 2008 as

8509-446: The country have been covered by the ALS system, which has become the national standard. In the original classification system, the strictest community quarantines is the "enhanced community quarantine" (ECQ), which effectively is a total lockdown . According to the ALS, there are five tiers of alert level, with alert level 1 being the most lenient and alert level 5 being the most strict. As

8636-453: The current UVVRP. On November 6, 1995, upon the urging of public transport groups, Maganto expanded the UVVRP to include all vehicles on most Metro Manila roads to prevent rat running , which caused private vehicular traffic to use secondary roads alongside jeepneys . By this time, of the estimated 1.1 million motor vehicles then plying city roads, around 70 per cent of those vehicles — which numbered around 800,000 — were private vehicles, and

8763-495: The economic impact of high oil prices. Since October 2012 hybrid electric vehicles and all-electric cars are exempted from the driving restriction as part of Costa Rica's government policy to promote the use of clean energy in the country. As a result of multiple legal challenges, traffic engineering authorities decided to conduct periodic effectiveness evaluations of the program. Traffic authorities announced in October 2014 that

8890-406: The effect of vintage-specific restrictions on fleet-composition. It does not provide information on how such a policy can be designed and how welfare is impacted by its implementation. It does not provide information on how such a policy can be designed and how welfare is impacted by its implementation. Initially the restriction applied only to passenger vehicles without a catalytic converter with

9017-400: The effectiveness of regulations impacting traffic congestion are difficult to form. Three methods can be employed to measure the effectiveness of regulatory policies. The first measure, administration evaluation, examines how road space rationing is delivered and enforced to the target audience . The second measure, behavioral evaluation, focuses on the extent to which the regulation changes

9144-426: The first such alert issued ever. The smog alert system was put in place in 2013, and a red alert should go into effect if there is a prediction that the air quality index will stay over 200 for more than 72 hours. On the evening of December 7 the index was 253 according to Beijing's authorities. Under a red alert half of the city's cars are ordered off the streets through a temporary alternate-day travel scheme based on

9271-451: The government announces new quarantine status under GCQ: GCQ with some restrictions and GCQ with heightened restrictions . The "New Normal" classification was introduced sometime in May 2020, but was never used since quarantine measures were first imposed. The classification of measures was intended to be a level under MGCQ. It was a proposed that an area needs to be placed under MGCQ prior to

9398-513: The government may change its guidelines from time to time, the exact measures per level may vary, but they are all aimed at ensuring the highest level of security to the public. The ECQ is the most stringent, and the MGCQ is the most lenient. Extreme enhanced community quarantine Localities under an enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) are generally ordered to stay at home , with its residents restricted from traveling to other cities or barangays. The ECQ

9525-481: The government, including all motorcycles, benefiting more than 5 million motorcyclists, all female drivers traveling alone, to ensure women's security, and several categories of official vehicles, including those of high-ranking officials. During the first day of the restriction there was acceptance by the general population. A petition was filed in the Delhi High Court against the government in order to stop

9652-469: The hours of the restriction from 14 to 7 hours per day, to restrict access only between 6:00 and 8:30 a.m. and between 3:00 and 7:30 p.m. In addition, five neighborhoods were released from the restriction, Usme , Rafael Uribe Uribe , Tunjuelito , San Cristóbal and Ciudad Bolívar . Also, under the modified scheme five ending numbers are restricted every day between Monday and Friday, license plated ending on odd-numbers are restricted on odd-days of

9779-456: The implementation of the restriction driving scheme. On 9 December 2015, the Court decided to put on hold the analysis of the petition until more details of the scheme are defined by the government, and considering that no official notification has been issued by a public agency. A hearing was scheduled for December 23 for further analysis. The most contested exemption is the one for female drivers, and

9906-591: The imposition of new normal measures. The use of the classification was deferred in mid-June 2020. As stated in the IATF Omnibus Guidelines on the Implementation of Community Quarantine in the Philippines, areas which are no longer under Community Quarantine will be transitioned to the New Normal. This classification was never used. The COVID-19 alert level system was introduced with pilot implementation of

10033-596: The imposition or extension of ECQ at a municipal or barangay level with the concurrence of their respective regional IATF-EID. The municipality of San Jose remained under ECQ while the rest of Occidental Mindoro downgraded to GCQ. Marinduque and Bacolod also remained under ECQ. Request to extend ECQs in the following areas were rejected by the IATF-EID: the provinces of Camarines Sur , La Union , Mountain Province , Isabela , Lanao del Norte , and Lanao del Sur , and

10160-557: The legislature decided not to vote the proposed plan. Rising traffic in Athens during the 1990s led to the development of the Dactylius ( Greek : Δακτύλιος , romanized :  Daktýlios , lit.   'ring') around central Athens. The Dactylius does not require drivers to pay in order to enter the areas subjected to the Dactylius' restrictions. Instead, the scheme depends on

10287-496: The measure also prohibited access to most vehicles coming from outside Beijing. Authorities decided to compensate car owners for the inconvenience, by exempting them from payment of vehicle taxes for three months. COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines were a series of stay-at-home orders and cordon sanitaire measures that were implemented by

10414-600: The month, and even-numbers on even-days. Since December 2014, exempted vehicles include passenger cars with three or more passengers including the driver; properly registered vehicles for use by people with disabilities ; all-electric vehicles ; emergency vehicles, such police cars, ambulances, and fire trucks; properly identified public utilities vehicles, traffic control and towing vehicles; school buses ; motorcycles; cash-in-transit armored vehicles; funeral vehicles ; and press, judiciary, diplomatic, presidential motorcade, and security escort vehicles. Similar schemes with

10541-560: The most pollution-related deaths in Europe in 2012. Over 84,000 people in the country died prematurely owing to bad air quality, according to the European Environment Agency (EEA). Milan was named as Europe's most polluted city in 2008 and remains among the worst on the continent. City officials have limited traffic on several occasions since 2007 to curb bad air quality. Due to record high air pollution levels, Milanese authorities ban cars, motorcycles and scooters for six hours

10668-659: The municipality of Catarman in Northern Samar. On April 24, 2020, it was clarified that local government units can no longer impose quarantine measures without the consent of the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID). Prior to that period, localities could impose such measures with coordination with the DILG. Duterte issued Executive Order 112, extending enhanced community quarantine in select localities until May 15 and imposing

10795-740: The national government in Visayas and Mindanao and relevant field offices of the Department of Health the power to lift or extend the lockdown period in their jurisdiction. The imposition of a "localized lockdown" involving measures at the barangay, situ and/or purok levels instead of removing all ECQs has been suggested as an alternative. On April 6, 2020, the following localities were under enhanced community quarantine: all regions of Luzon , Western Visayas , Caraga Region , Zamboanga Peninsula , Samar , Biliran , Cebu , Negros Oriental , Camiguin , Bukidnon , Sultan Kudarat , Lanao del Sur , Lanao del Norte , Cotabato , South Cotabato , Tawi-Tawi , and

10922-403: The national motorways. This was the first time ever Oslo implemented a ban of this type after the city council agreed on the use of such a measure in February 2016. The diesel ban went into effect from 6   a.m. until 10   p.m on 17 January 2017, and motorists violating the ban were fined 1,500 kroner (~ US$ 180 ). The temporary ban scheduled for 18 January was lifted after officials said

11049-422: The number of registered vehicles with the emission control device surpassed those without it, authorities decided in 2008 to increase the number of vehicles restricted to enter every day to the city, by increasing the restriction to the four last digits instead of the initial two. This scheme produces a theoretical reduction of 40% of vehicles entering the city on a work day. São Paulo is the largest metropolis in

11176-491: The number of vehicles on the road. Although it was first implemented in 1995, the UVVRP, in its current form, dates back to 1996. The original UVVRP was conceived by Col. Romeo Maganto, who served as the executive director of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority 's traffic management office. First implemented in October 1995 on an experimental basis to address the traffic congestion caused by

11303-497: The objective of reducing oil consumption, due to the high impact this import has on the economy of small countries, and considering the steep increases in oil prices that began in 2003. Bogotá , Quito , and La Paz , Bolivia also have similar driving restriction schemes in place. After a temporary implementation of road space rationing to reduce air pollution in Beijing during the 2008 Summer Olympics , local officials put in place several permanent rationing schemes to improve

11430-503: The organization tracked around the world. According to India's Central Pollution Control Board , the city's air pollution had been in the severe category on nearly three-quarter of the days in November 2015. The Delhi High Court asked the government to take action to curb air pollution on 30 November 2015. In an attempt to mitigate severe air pollution in New Delhi , which gets worst during

11557-406: The plate restriction was extended from peak periods to the whole day (from 06:00 to 20:00 hours) in the whole city. Bertrand Delanoë , the mayor of Paris, proposed to impose a complete ban on motor vehicles in the city's inner districts, with exemptions only for residents, businesses, and the disabled, as a three-part plan to implement during a seven-year period. This proposal was made in 2005, in

11684-641: The problem. The pollution index in Paris at 93 micrograms per cubic meter (mcg/m3) on Friday 20, 2015, due to increase amounts of pollutant PM10 . The accepted limit for PM10 is set at 50 mcg/m3, and the safe limit or alert threshold is set at 80 mcg/m3. As the pollution episode continued on Saturday 21 according to Airparif measurements, the central government imposed a driving restriction on Monday 23 affecting cars with even-numbered license plates and commercial vehicles over 3.5 tons. Taxis, ambulances, carpools with three or more passengers, electric cars and other environmentally friendly vehicles were exempted. As in

11811-402: The program has since been emulated in the cities of Baguio , Cabanatuan , and Dagupan , and the province of Cavite with slight variations. The Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program was the culmination of two plans devised in the mid-1990s to help resolve the issue of heavy traffic congestion in Metro Manila, which by then was the subject of many complaints among motorists by restricting

11938-465: The program resulted in heavy traffic jams all over the city, as traffic volumes within the restricted cordon area increased by 20% to 25%. The driving restriction scheme was restored one month later by an Executive Decree based on amendments included in the Traffic Law passed by Congress in 2008. Nevertheless, this time the program was justified on San José's worsening traffic congestion levels instead of

12065-486: The proposal claiming it would "hamper the flow of basic commodities". Health Secretary Francisco Duque , however, raised the possibility that if the reports of community-based transmissions are reported, it is possible that a lockdown could be implemented on certain cities or towns, rather than an entire region, as a precaution. On March 12, Duterte announced a partial lockdown covering Metro Manila , that began on March 15. At one point during Duterte's pronouncement about

12192-413: The provinces of Benguet , Pangasinan , Iloilo , Cebu , and the cities of Bacolod and Davao until May 15 as per President Duterte's Executive Order 112. All other areas were placed under general community quarantine (GCQ) unless otherwise approved by the IATF-EID. Albay and Zamboanga City were also included among local government units placed under ECQ. The IATF-EID allows local government units,

12319-469: The rest of Central Visayas, Zamboanga City and Davao City. On June 23, the IATF-EID temporarily removed the "new normal" classification which meant that all areas in the country will still be under varying levels of community quarantine after the June 16–30 measures. The GCQ were either reimposed or extended to the provinces of Benguet, Cavite, Leyte (except Tacloban), Rizal, Southern Leyte , and several parts of Cebu. Only Cebu City remained under ECQ as

12446-461: The rest of the country was placed under modified general community quarantine (MGCQ). However, Marc Brian Lim, the city mayor of Dagupan, suspended the implementation of GCQ measures in the city to MGCQ as directed by the IATF-EID. This followed Dagupan recording 14 additional COVID-19 cases on May 31, the day prior the city was supposed to transition to MGCQ. Lim appealed to the IATF-EID for the task force to allow his city to remain under GCQ. Due to

12573-468: The restriction for one hour in 2001. A complementary program called "El Pico y Placa Ambiental" (literally in Spanish : "environmental peak and license plate") was implemented by then mayor Luis Eduardo Garzón in 2006, expanding the restriction to public transportation vehicles, including both bus and taxi services. Four numbers were restricted every day for private use vehicles, and two for public transportation vehicles. Since 2002 Bogotá's scheme switched

12700-418: The restriction program but only during rush hours. The alternate-day driving program was suspended in June 2009 as a result of a Constitutional Court ruling in favor a constitutional challenge. The court ruled that the policy infringed the constitutional freedom of movement right, and also that the economic sanctions for this violation were not supported by the existing legal framework. The temporary end of

12827-577: The restriction. The most polluting vehicles, such as gasoline-powered cars compliant with Euro 0 and 1 standards , and diesel cars up to Euro 2, can not enter the city independently of the number plate. Rome authorities resorted to limit traffic in the city on several occasions during the fall of 2015 due to high air pollution. In January 2017 a combination of cold, still winter weather and poor air quality prompted Oslo city authorities to ban diesel-powered cars from municipal roads to combat rising air pollution for at least two days. The ban did not apply on

12954-503: The restrictions led to an increase in the total number of vehicles in circulation and the long-term impact of the scheme on CO levels has been a 13% rise. An alternate-day travel scheme was introduced in San José, Costa Rica , in August 2005. The goal of the restriction program was to reduced oil consumption with the purpose of mitigating the negative effects of high international oil prices in

13081-456: The results of six studies found that the alternate-day travel restriction reduced the number of vehicles entering downtown San José every working day between 14% and 16%. Driving restrictions were introduced in Santiago in 1986, as a measure to mitigate Chile 's capital high levels of air pollution. The scheme was based on the last number of the license plate. Two numbers are banned from entering

13208-624: The same name have been implemented in several Colombian cities, including Armenia , Barranquilla , Bucaramanga , Cali , Cartagena , Manizales , Medellín , and Pereira . The no-drive day in Jakarta is known as Ganjil Genap (even and odd [days] in Indonesian). This policy imitates what has been done in Beijing during the Olympics. Policeman checks license plate's last digit on the entrance of avenue or expressway. A car with even license plate (for example B 1000 LA, obsolete plate of Idris Sardi car)

13335-441: The same province, while a city/municipality-wide quarantine should be implemented if there are at least two COVID-19 cases confirmed within different barangays in the same city or municipality. Upon declaration of a disaster, local government units were also authorized to make use of their quick response funds under the aegis of a state of emergency . Local government units have been placed under enhanced community quarantine by

13462-526: The scheme from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. from Mondays to Fridays, excluding holidays. The following table shows which plate number endings are barred from travelling in Metro Manila: As of 2023, the UVVRP is currently implemented as follows: Road space rationing The practical implementation of this traffic restraint policy is common in Latin America, and in many cases, the road rationing has as

13589-504: The scheme in Mexico City was extended to limit driving into the city one Saturday every month, but only applies to cars that are more than 10-years old (sticker 2). Foreign-plated vehicles without emissions stickers are restricted all day every Saturday. Similar alternate-day travel restriction programs have been implemented in Pachuca , Puebla and Toluca . The driving restriction program

13716-525: The short-term subscriptions of the Vélib bikesharing program, and the first hour of the Autolib carsharing service were free. The measure was not extended to the following day due to the improvement of air quality. Another peak in air pollution affected Paris and Northern France in mid March 2015. The Mayor of Paris , Anne Hidalgo , requested the central government to implement a driving restriction to mitigate

13843-546: The spread of misinformation when respondents are untruthful, and excess time consumption. Road space rationing based on license numbers has been implemented in cities such as Athens (1982), Santiago , Chile (1986 and extended 2001), México City (1989), Metro Manila (1995), São Paulo (1997), Bogotá , Colombia (1998), La Paz , Bolivia (2003), San José , Costa Rica , (2005) countrywide in Honduras (2008), and Quito , Ecuador (2010). All these cities restrain

13970-464: The sudden increase number of community transmissions in the area, the IATF-EID recommended the reimposition of the enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) to Cebu City starting on June 16, the most stringent lockdown-measure tier with the neighboring Talisay being reimposed under the modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ). Meanwhile, GCQ was extended or reimposed in the areas of Metro Manila, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Occidental Mindoro,

14097-422: The system in Metro Manila beginning on September 16, 2021. The old quarantine system is still to be used outside Metro Manila pending the nationwide adoption of the ALS. The ALS was introduced to areas outside Metro Manila on October 20, 2021. The nationwide implementation was done in four phases and has been fully implemented since November 22, 2021. There are types of quarantine or lockdown measures aside from

14224-481: The time were considered a better environmental choice than gasoline-powered cars. On March 17, 2014, a partial driving restriction was imposed in Paris and its inner suburbs based on license plate numbers. The measure was issued by the city government in order to mitigate a peak in air pollution, caused by particulate matter (PM 10) attributable to vehicle emissions. Cars with even-numbered license plates and commercial vehicles over 3.5 tons were banned from entering

14351-514: The weather forecast indicated that higher altitude winds would clear the air. The restriction did not apply to heavy vehicles with Euro VI technology, gasoline-powered cars, electric cars and plug-in hybrid vehicles, emergency vehicles, goods transport, diplomatic vehicles, handicap transport, public service vehicles, and cars carrying a patient to a doctor appointment. The restriction angered some motorists, who were encouraged by Norwegian authorities in 2006 to opt for diesel vehicles, which at

14478-408: The winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered license plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 p.m., two hours later than the existing restriction. Almost 9 million vehicles are registered in Delhi. The driving restriction scheme went into effect as

14605-419: The world with a permanent alternate-day travel restriction ( Portuguese : rodízio veicular ). The scheme was first implemented in 1995 as a trial on a voluntary basis, and then as a mandatory restriction implemented in August 1996 to mitigate air pollution, and thereafter made permanent in June 1997 to relieve traffic congestion. The driving restriction applies to passenger cars and commercial vehicles, and it

14732-540: Was also extended, while the quarantine measures in Bacolod and Tacloban were upgraded to GCQ. The rest of the country were placed under MGCQ on September 1. Lanao del Sur and the city of Bacolod were also placed under MECQ from September 8 to 30, due to the sudden rise of COVID-19 cases linked to local transmissions within these areas. The cities of Koronadal and General Santos were also placed under GCQ from September 11 to 25 and September 13 to 27, respectively, while

14859-417: Was announced on July 31. Cebu City's MECQ has finally been downgraded to GCQ. Other places that are still under GCQ includes: the Metro Manila, the provinces of Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal, the cities of Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, Talisay, and Zamboanga, and the municipalities of Consolacion and Minglanilla in Cebu. The rest of the country are still under MGCQ. On August 2, the IATF-EID responded to

14986-417: Was broadcast from Davao City . On August 21, Catbalogan was placed under ECQ, following Samar Governor Reynolds Michael Tan signed an executive order amid a spike of cases. Tuguegarao was placed under MECQ for ten days, from August 26 to September 4. On August 31, President Duterte approved the recommendation of IATF-EID, to place Iligan under MECQ. The GCQ in Metro Manila , Batangas , and Bulacan

15113-440: Was extended from 6   am starts from 23 April 2018. Mexico City started in November 1989 its driving restriction program, "Hoy no Circula" (literally in Spanish : "today [your car] does not circulate", known as "No-drive days"), which consisted of prohibiting the circulation of 20% of vehicles from Monday to Friday depending on the last digit of their license plates. Record levels of ozone and other airborne pollutants led

15240-825: Was implemented in New Delhi as a two-week trial in January 2016. A temporary ban on diesel cars was implemented in Oslo on municipal roads in January 2017. The earliest known implementation of road space rationing took place in Ancient Rome , as carriages and carts pulled by horses created serious congestion problems in several Roman cities. In 45 B.C. Julius Caesar declared the center of Rome off-limits between 6 a.m. and 4 p.m. to all vehicles except for carriages transporting priests, officials, visitors, and high-ranking citizens. Schemes rationing access based on number plate have mixed results. If used infrequently or temporarily

15367-479: Was in effect for two months, between July 20 and September 20, as the Olympics were followed by the Paralympics from September 6 until 17. The restrictions on car use was implemented on alternate days depending on the plates ending in odd or even numbers . This measure was expected to take 45% of the 3.3 million car fleet off the streets. In addition, 300,000 heavy polluting vehicles were banned from July 1, and

15494-510: Was initially successful in reducing pollution levels, as carbon monoxide (CO) fell by 11%. Compliance with the program is near universal. However, as the restriction was made permanent residents began buying second cars to get around the ban, usually used and old polluting cars. A 2008 study from the University of Michigan found that there is no evidence that the restrictions have improved air quality. Evidence from additional sources indicates that

15621-579: Was introduced on May 1, is generally less stringent than ECQ. Public transportation is allowed at a reduced capacity and select businesses are allowed to operate at 50 to 100 percent of their regular capacity depending on their industry. Shopping malls are also allowed to operate, although only select stalls and stores are allowed to open. A level under GCQ, is called a modified general community quarantine (MGCQ). Sporting activities has been allowed in areas under GCQ since July 2020, although live spectators are not allowed for sports events. On June 28, 2021,

15748-511: Was later expanded to morning rush hours on August 15, 2022, from 7:00 to 10:00 a.m. from Mondays to Fridays, excluding holidays, under MMDA Resolution No. 22-14. The full number coding scheme in Makati was resumed on March 16, 2022, wherein all vehicles with banned motor vehicle plate endings under the UVVRP, except for vehicles that carry senior citizen BluCard holders and those traveling for an official business or medical emergency, are covered in

15875-502: Was lifted on 22 December 2016 as the winds cleared pollution away the night before. In December 2015, several Italian cities implemented temporary driving restrictions due to severe air pollution levels. The restrictions were issued in Rome , Milan and other cities in the Lombardy region, including Pavia , Buccinasco , Cesano Boscone , Cernusco sul Naviglio , Bresso , Cinisello Balsamo , Cormano , Corsico , Cusano Milanino , Paderno Dugnano and Sesto San Giovanni . Italy had

16002-488: Was mandated in the version passed by the MMC. This was the subject of much confusion and criticism on the first day of its implementation, with motorists claiming that the new scheme did not significantly reduce traffic congestion, unlike Maganto's original scheme. Although the UVVRP was implemented in the manner specified in MMDA Regulation 95-001, the original UVVRP was reimplemented in early 1996, with Maganto announcing

16129-551: Was suspended in Metro Manila from March 13, 2020, until November 30, 2021, during the community quarantines due to the COVID-19 pandemic . This was except in Makati , where a modified number coding scheme was implemented, except on vehicles carrying two or more passengers and during weekends and holidays . The suspension was lifted on December 1, 2021, implementing a modified scheme. All vehicles with banned motor vehicle plate endings under

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