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46-704: The Tomsk Governorate was located in the southeastern part of Western Siberia . To the north, north-west and west it bordered the Tobolsk Governorate , to the south-west the Semipalatinsk region , to the south and south-east Mongolia , and to the east and north-east the Yeniseisk Governorate . In terms of territory, it corresponded to the territories of the modern Altai Krai , the Republic of Altai , Kemerovo Oblast , Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast of

92-791: A fort and trading post named Ust-Kamennaya . It was established according to the order of the Russian Emperor Peter the Great , who sent a military expedition headed by major Ivan Vasilievich Likharev in the search of Yarkenda gold. Likharev's expedition directed up the Irtysh River to Zaysan Lake . There, at the confluence of the Ulba and the Irtysh rivers the new fortress was laid – the Ust-Kamennaya Fortress. The Ust-Kamennaya Fortress appeared on

138-514: A city with a lot of heavy industry, the atmosphere of the city holds the by-products of the heavy metals production: nitrogen dioxide , sulfur dioxide , Zn, Cd, Cl, As, C, Be, phenol , benzol , NaOH, NH3, radioactivity etc. in general there are about 170 polluting components found in the city. There are 3 impact points that are influenced in Oskemen. The atmosphere is hit most. With a poor urban ventilation (the average percentage of calm 48%), with

184-423: A large number of vehicles and stationary sources relevance of air pollution in Oskemen is not in doubt. The concentration of harmful substances in the air is increasing each year because of the nature of the companies which are looking for increases in the production and profits. As usual, the pollution is enhanced by the low quality of car fuels and an increase in the number of cars. As a result of all this, Oskemen

230-463: A result of large production of uranium and presence of other radioactive elements such thorium, radon or radioactive dust the radioactive background of the city is remarkable with the zones of radioactive anomaly which are spread around the city. Oskemen is known to be the leader in Kazakhstan by the number of people having respiratory problems and the diseases of immune system. The statistics show that

276-614: A result of the administrative reform under the project of Speransky , by the Decree of Alexander I "On the division of Siberia into two general governments", the Siberian General Governorate was divided into West-Siberian Governorate-General (Tobolsk Governorate, Tomsk Governorate and Tomsk Oblast) and East-Siberian Governorate-General . The Yeniseisk Governorate of the East-Siberian Governorate-General

322-404: A supply mechanism of last resort for IAEA member states. The LEU bank is a physical stock of 90 metric tons of LEU hexaflouride, enough uranium to power a large city for three years. The facility was wholly funded by IAEA member states and other contributions for a total of $ 150 million. This is expected to cover costs for 20 years. Responsibility for safety, security, and safeguarding falls under

368-449: Is Vostok Stadium . Oskemen hosted the national rink bandy championship in 2014 and the national amateur bandy championship in 2018. With ethnic Russians comprising the demographic majority of the population, Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religion of Oskemen. There are 32 religious unions, presenting 15 religious confessions, including Muslim , Christian , and non-traditional religions. There are 21 cultural buildings in

414-731: Is at the railway station, which is located by the Sports Palace on Novoshkolnaya Street. From this station, buses not only serve cities within Kazakhstan, but also Russian cities such as Krasnoyarsk. The route network at the second station covers a smaller area with 17 lines. Oskemen has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ). The coldest months are November through March. Record low temperatures range from −49 °C in January to 4 °C in July, and record highs range from 8 °C in January to 43 °C in July. As expected in

460-615: Is developed in the Bachatsky, Afoninsky and Kolchuginsky deposits, Sudzhenskaya and Anzherskaya mines of the Kuznetsk coal basin. The salt industry is poorly developed. Salt goes on sale in the Tobolsk and Yeniseisk Governorates, and Glauber's salt goes to soda and glass factories. In the 1840s steamboat traffic began along the rivers Ob , Tom , and Chulym . From 1901 to 1903, the Chuisky tract

506-652: Is due to the fact that the Tomsk Governorate was the main region of agrarian resettlement in Siberia. In 1905, the population of the province was 2,327,500 people, and the area was 847,328 km (327,155 sq mi). The ethnographic composition of the population of the province is diverse: there are Great Russians (majority), Aesti , Chuvash people , Zyryans , Ostyaks and Ostyak-Samoyeds , Chulym , Baraba , Kuznetsk , Black Tatars and Bukharians , Telengits or Teleuts , and former Kalmyks -Dvoedans. 90% of

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552-482: Is often recognized as one of the most polluted regional centers of Kazakhstan. The most polluted rivers of the Republic are those flowing through the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, where the highest index of surface water pollution is observed in the mining areas and enrichment of polymetallic ores. Mostly the water is affected through the industrial wastes and the storages of waste. Contamination of

598-590: Is the largest hydrocarbon ( petroleum and natural gas ) basin in the world covering an area of about 2.2 million km , and is also the largest oil and gas producing region in Russia. In medieval times , parts of the region were part of the Golden Horde . After its gradual decline during the 15th century, the Khanate of Sibir , centered on Tyumen , was formed within the area. In the late 16th century, most of Western Siberia

644-548: Is the largest city in the east of Kazakhstan and the administrative center of East Kazakhstan Region of Kazakhstan . The city has two official names. In the Kazakh language, its name is Өскемен/ Oskemen and in the Russian language it is known as Усть-Каменогорск. Both names appear on the seal of the city. The city was founded in 1720 at the confluence of the Irtysh and Ulba rivers as

690-715: The Ob River valley, and in the summer of 1877 Polyakov was sent by the academy to the Kuznetsk Ridge (Mariinsky Uezd) to find the corpse of a mammoth (which turned out to be pieces of asbestos). On May 16 (May 28), 1878, by order of the State Council of the Russian Empire , the first university in Siberia and Asia was founded in Tomsk . On June 6 (June 18), 1894, part of the volosts

736-711: The Russian Federation , Ust-Kamenogorsk and Semipalatinsk Oblast of Kazakhstan , the western lands of Krasnoyarsk Krai and the eastern lands of Omsk Oblast . During the 20th century, the territory of the province constantly diminished. On February 26 ( March 9 ), 1804, by decree of Emperor Alexander I , the Tobolsk Governorate was divided into two parts and the Tomsk Governorate was established. The governorate included eight uezds ( okrugs since 1898): Biysk Uezd, Yenisei Uezd, Kainskiy Uezd, Krasnoyarsky Uezd, Kuznetskiy Uezd, Narymsky Uezd, Tomsky Uezd, and Turukhansky Uezd . On January 26 ( February 7 ), 1822, as

782-680: The Ural region and the Yenisei River , which conventionally divides Siberia into two halves. Western Siberia covers an area of 2,500,000 square kilometers (970,000 sq mi), nearly 80% of which is located within the West Siberian Plain . The largest rivers of the region are the Irtysh and the Ob . All major rivers of Western Siberia belong to the Kara Sea basin. The West Siberian petroleum basin

828-483: The hazel grouse comes into trade. The cedar nut trade exists in the same areas where hunting is carried out. The nut is sold partly to Tomsk, partly to the Irbit , Ivanovo-Krestovsky and Ishimsky and other fairs, as well as abroad. The berry trade is important, especially lingonberries . In the governorate, grain, fish, salt, wine, lard, honey, wax, leather, pine nuts and furs were produced and delivered to other parts of

874-594: The ice hockey club HC Torpedo (officially Kazzinc-Torpedo, commonly referred to as Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk). Torpedo's men's representative team plays in the Supreme Hockey League (VHL), of which it was a founding member, and the women's representative team plays in the Kazakh Women's Ice Hockey League. The men's farm team , Altay-Torpedo , competes in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship and

920-767: The Kainsky uezd , the Novonikolaevsky uezd was formed. The Togur (Narym) uezd was re-formed. Soviet power on the territory of the Tomsk Uezd was established between December 1917 and March 1918. On January 1 (14), 1918 part of the Kainsky Uezd was included in the newly formed Tatar Uezd of the Akmola oblast. On April 21, 1918, by decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR ,

966-728: The Kuznetsk Okrug, the Tomsk Okrug, and partially the Achinsk Okrug of the Siberian Krai. The coat of arms of the Tomsk province was approved on July 5, 1878, by Alexander II . In a green shield is a silver horse with scarlet eyes and a tongue. The shield is surmounted by the Imperial crown and surrounded by golden oak leaves connected by the ribbon of St. Andrew. By the end of the 19th century,

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1012-674: The Kuznetsk Uezd and Shcheglovsky Uezd were merged into the Kolchuginsky Uezd. The same year, zoning was carried out in the districts of the Tomsk Governorate. By the beginning of 1925, the Tomsk Governorate included the Kolchuginsky, Mariinsky, Narymsky, and Tomsk Uezds. On May 25, 1925, the Tomsk Governorate was abolished by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; its territories became part of

1058-618: The Shcheglovsky Uezd was formed. Between July and August 1918, Tomsk Governorate came under the control of the White Army . On July 11, 1918, the Tomsk Governorate zemstvo council adopted a resolution on the formation of the Shcheglovsky uezd from January 1, 1919. In December 1919 – January 1920 it was under the control of the Red Army . The administrative center of the Tomsk Governorate

1104-492: The Tomsk Governorate was divided into seven uezds , which were in turn subdivided into volosts . In the period of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Tomsk Governorate included uezds (years in the Governorate are indicated in brackets): uezd town sq. verst (1897), people (area of both uezd ) uezd town From the beginning of the 19th century, Tomsk Governorate was a place of exile. A significant increase in population

1150-739: The UMW's beryllium production line in 1990 led to the diffusion of a highly toxic beryllium-containing "cloud" over the city. The health effects of this incident are not entirely known, partly because the incident was kept secret by the Soviet authorities. In 2017, the Ulba Metallurgical Plant was inaugurated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as the home of the Low Enriched Uranium (LEU) bank - which serves as

1196-563: The center of the Charyshsky okrug was transferred to the city of Biysk; the okrug was renamed Biysk okrug . In 1838, with the founding of the provincial gymnasium , public education began to develop. On April 6, 1838, when the Omsk Oblast was abolished, the cities of Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogorsk were transferred to the Biysk okrug of the Tomsk Governorate. In 1842, Pyotr Chikhachyov

1242-473: The city is very closely intertwined with the Soviet nuclear bomb project , and the city was therefore kept closed to outsiders. The number of enterprises in Oskemen is very high relative to the number of people living there. There are about 169 firms according to the data from 2002. Most of them are industrial firms, working in mining and processing of raw materials, mostly heavy metals . The highest lock in

1288-400: The city: among them Orthodox Christian churches and mosques . However, in 2017 a court fined and banned Oskemen's New Life Protestant Church for singing religious songs at a summer camp. The city has an international airport, Oskemen Airport . Oskemen's tram system has 4 lines. Intercity bus service is available at two bus stations. The most extensive network, with more than 35 lines,

1334-621: The country and abroad. Tomsk Governorate was the main producer of Siberian butter. The mining and metallurgical industry in the Altai mining district has been developed since the time of Demidov , the Dimidov mines and factories came under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet. Silver smelting is carried out at the Suzunsky plant. The gold industry and the factory business have recently (1901) fallen into decline. Coal

1380-418: The culture, life, and customs of various nomadic and settled tribes of this region, having made in 1845 a geographical and geological description of these regions. His book includes illustrations by the noted Russian artist E. Mayer who traveled with him and Ivan Aivazovskii, of the steep valleys, deep lakes, and wide rivers typical of the area through which Chikhachev traveled. On May 19 (May 31), 1854, part of

1426-505: The governorate: Western Siberia Western Siberia or West Siberia (Russian: Западная Сибирь , IPA: [ˈzapədnəjə sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ; Kazakh: Batys Sıbır , IPA: [bɑˈtə̥s sɘˈbɘr] ) is a region in North Asia . It is part of the wider region of Siberia that is mostly located in the Russian Federation , with a Southern part in Kazakhstan . It lies between

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1472-586: The map of the Russian Empire, the very southern end of the Irtysh line. In 1868 the city became the capital of the Semipalatinsk Oblast . It was the site of Georgy Malenkov 's 30-year internal exile , during which he managed a local hydroelectric plant. One of the main industrial enterprises, the Ulba Metal Works (UMW) which produced and still produces uranium products, was kept entirely secret despite it employing thousands of workers. An explosion at

1518-739: The men's under-20 team, Altay , plays in the Eastern Conference of the Junior Hockey League (MHL). Torpedo is the alma mater of NHL players Nik Antropov , Vitali Kolesnik , Evgeni Nabokov , Alexander Perezhogin , and Konstantin Pushkaryov . The football club FC Vostok Oskemen was a founding member of the Kazakhstan Premier League and currently plays in the Kazakhstan First Division . The team's home ground

1564-706: The peoples who previously lived here – the Chinese and that people, the monuments of which are numerous stone mounds , kurgan stelae (baba) , petroglyphs on rocks , etc., scattered throughout the Altai Mountains. In part, irrigation channels of later origin were built by the Kalmyks themselves as they increasingly began to move to agriculture. Animal husbandry developed. In the Biysk Uezd, deer (mountain deer, Cervus maral) are bred. Beekeeping played an important role, although it

1610-429: The population is Slavic . The main occupation of the population is agriculture. The main crops are wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, flax, and hemp. The system of field cultivation is fallow - fallow . In many areas of the Altai okrug , the cultivation of grain is possible only under the condition of artificial irrigation . In part, modern irrigation channels represent the restored irrigation structures of

1656-483: The responsibilities of local authorities in Osmeken. The city developed into a major mining and metallurgical center during the Soviet period. Processing of non-ferrous metals , especially uranium , beryllium , tantalum , copper , lead , silver and zinc remain important. It is a center for the construction industry producing manufactured housing and ferroconcrete articles. The post-war industrial history of

1702-657: The territory of the Tomsk Governorate with the cities of Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogorsk was transferred to the Semipalatinsk Oblast . On December 6 (December 18), 1856, the Kolyvan okrug was abolished and the new Kiysky okrug was formed. November 1 (November 23), 1857, the Kiysky okrug was renamed the Mariinsky okrug . 1876 the Imperial Academy of Sciences sent Polyakov Ivan Semenovich on scientific travels to research in

1748-417: The water with lead, selenium , cadmium, nitrates spreads on many kilometers as a consequence of which a few drinking water intakes in the Western part of the city are closed or to be closed. The soil close to the industry territories holds the solid wastes of the firms and becomes less suitable for planting. An increasing number of industrial waste requires a large area for the storage of waste. As

1794-399: The world is the Oskemen Lock and lies at Ablaketka where it allows river traffic to pass around a hydroelectric dam on the Irtysh river. It has a drop of more than 40m. The city has three cinemas (although during the Soviet era, there were a lot more), three museums, and a drama theater with Russian and Kazakh (since 2000) troupes. Boris Alexandrov Sports Palace serves as home arena to

1840-595: Was conquered by the Russian Empire , while its southern region became part of the Kazakh Khanate . The current international borders between Russia and Kazakhstan came into being in the late 20th century following the dissolution of the Soviet Union . The most populous city of Western Siberia is Novosibirsk . Other major cities include: Ust%27-Kamenogorsk Oskemen ( Kazakh : Өскемен , romanized :  Öskemen [ʉ̯ɵskʲeˈmʲen] ( listen ) ) or Ust-Kamenogorsk (Russian: Усть-Каменогорск , IPA: [ˌʊsʲtʲ kəmʲɪnɐˈgorsk] )

1886-476: Was built. Traffic is open on the railway lines that passed through the Tomsk province: Doctors in the governorate in 1898 numbered one hundred and twenty, with four female doctors and seven dentists. There were twenty-two pharmacies and one balneary. There were six children's shelters for orphans and the children of migrants. All educational institutions totaled 1350, including 90 in towns. There were 54,714 students in total, of which only 12,000 were girls. Born in

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1932-416: Was carried out very irrationally. Part of the bee products is sent to the Irbit Fair . In addition to apiary beekeeping , there is also honey hunting . Fisheries also developed. Fishing is the main occupation of inorodtsy and partly of Russians. Hunting and birding is in decline due to an increase in population, forest fires and the merciless extermination of animals and birds. Of the birds, mainly

1978-419: Was charged by Nicholas I with a scientific expedition mission to the Altai mountains . He reached the sources of the rivers Abakan , Chu , and Chulyshman . Traveling across the Southern Altai, Chikhachyov reached undiscovered territories. He investigated also the Sayan Mountains . In the Northern Altai he found the richest coal deposits in the world, which he called the Kuznetsk Coal Basin . He also studied

2024-408: Was moved to the city of Novonikolaevsk . In April 1920, the government was returned to Tomsk . On June 13, 1921, by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee , the southwestern lands of the Tomsk Governorate, Kainsky Uezd and Novonikolaevsk Uezd were ceded to the newly created Novonikolaevsk Governorate. On October 27, 1924, by decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee ,

2070-404: Was separated from the Biysk okrug with the formation of the Zmeinogorsk okrug . On June 2 (June 14), 1898, the okrugs were renamed uezds . On June 17 (June 30), 1917, by decree of the Russian Provisional Government , the Altai Governorate was separated from the southern part of the Tomsk Governorate on the basis of the uezds of Barnaul, Biysk and Zmeinogorsk. From the eastern volosts of

2116-593: Was separated from the Tomsk Governorate (the eastern territories of the Yeniseisk Uezd, the Krasnoyarsk Uezd, Turukhansk Uezd were separated) and the Omsk Oblast (the territories with the cities of Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogorsk , Kolyvan Uezd), Narym Uezd is included in Tomsk Uezd. The lands of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky (Altai) mining district became part of the Tomsk Governorate, and the uezds were renamed okrugs . In 1823 Tobolsk Governorate consisted of six okrugs : Barnaulsky, Kainsky, Kolyvansky, Kuznetsky, Tomsky, and Charyshsky. On September 17 (September 29), 1827,

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