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15-569: The fortress of Bikatunskaya ( Бикатунская ), or Bikatunsky Ostrog ( Бикатунский острог ), was founded in 1708-1709: it was constructed near the confluence of Biya and Katun Rivers (hence the name) in 1709 by the order the Russian Tsar Peter the Great signed in 1708. Yet, in 1710, after a three-day battle, the ostrog was destroyed by the Dzungar people . The Bikatunskaya fortress was re-built at

30-480: A prisoner exchange . Prisoners serving a full life or indefinite sentence may never be released. Released prisoners may suffer from issues including psychiatric disorders, criminalized behaviours and access to basic needs. Some criminals, particularly criminals convicted of serious crimes ( felonies or indictable offenses ,) are given restrictions after release, including bans from buying firearms or jury duty exclusion. Post release resources may be provided by

45-695: A drama theater (founded in 1943), a museum of local lore, and other facilities. The city is called "the gates to the Altai Mountains " , because of its position comparatively not far from this range. Chuysky Highway begins in Biysk and then goes through the Altai Republic to Russia's border with Mongolia . Biysk has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with frigid, rather dry winters and very warm, damp summers. Ostrog (fortress) Ostrog (Russian: острог , IPA: [ɐˈstrok] )

60-451: A new place (20 kilometers (12 mi) up the Biya, on the right bank of the river) in 1718 and renamed Biyskaya ( Бийская ) in 1732. Gradually, Biysk lost its role as a military base, but became an important center of trade, and was granted town status in 1782. In 1797, the town was abolished, but in 1804 it was restored as an uyezd town of Tomsk Governorate and granted the coat of arms which

75-412: Is a tort called false imprisonment . In England and Wales, a much larger proportion of the black population is imprisoned than of the white. When a prisoner completes serving their sentence, start probation, or is given a compassionate release they are no longer considered prisoners and are released to the outside world. A prisoner of war may be released as a result of the end of hostilities or

90-480: Is a Russian term for a small fort , typically wooden and often non-permanently staffed. Ostrogs were encircled by 4–6 metres high palisade walls made from sharpened trunks. The name derives from the Russian word строгать (strogat'), "to shave the wood". Ostrogs were smaller and exclusively military forts, compared to larger kremlins that were the cores of Russian cities. Ostrogs were often built in remote areas or within

105-419: Is still in use. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Biysk serves as the administrative center of Biysky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with four rural localities , incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Biysk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division ,

120-570: Is the restraint of a person's liberty . The 17th century book Termes de la Ley contains the following definition: Imprisonment is no other thing than the restraint of a man's liberty, whether it be in the open field, or in the stocks, or in the cage in the streets or in a man's own house, as well as in the common gaols; and in all the places the party so restrained is said to be a prisoner so long as he hath not his liberty freely to go at all times to all places whither he will without bail or mainprise or otherwise. Imprisonment without lawful cause

135-562: The 18th and 19th centuries the word ostrog often meant prison . Imprisonment Imprisonment or incarceration is the restraint of a person's liberty for any cause whatsoever, whether by authority of the government, or by a person acting without such authority. In the latter case it is considered " false imprisonment ". Imprisonment does not necessarily imply a place of confinement with bolts and bars, but may be exercised by any use or display of force (such as placing one in handcuffs ), lawfully or unlawfully, wherever displayed, even in

150-453: The city of krai significance of Biysk is incorporated as Biysk Urban Okrug . The city's industry grew rapidly, especially after some factories were evacuated there from the west of the Soviet Union during World War II . Later the city was an important center of arms development (including solid-fuel rocket engines) and production and still remains an industrial center. Evalar , one of

165-614: The fortification lines, such as the Great Abatis Line . From the 17th century, after the start of the Russian conquest of Siberia , the word ostrog was used to designate the forts founded in Siberia by Russian explorers . Many of these forts later transformed into large Siberian cities. When later Siberia became a favourite destination for criminals sent there to serve katorga , Siberian ostrogs became associated with imprisonment , and in

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180-516: The largest pharmaceutical companies in Russia, is headquartered in Biysk. Biysk has a railway station, a port on the Biya, and is served by the Biysk Airport . The route of federal importance Novosibirsk -Biysk-Tashanta (Chuysky Highway) passes through the city. Biysk is a center of education and culture, and a home to an academy of education , a technical institute and other educational institutions,

195-495: The open street. People become prisoners, wherever they may be, by the mere word or touch of a duly authorized officer directed to that end. Usually, however, imprisonment is understood to imply actual confinement against one's will in a prison employed for the purpose according to the provisions of the law. Generally gender imbalances occur in imprisonment rates , with incarceration of males proportionately more likely than incarceration of females. Before colonisation, imprisonment

210-656: Was introduced through colonization . As noted by scholar Thalia Anthony, the Australian settler colonial state has engaged in carceral tactics of containment and segregation against Aboriginal Australians since colonizers first arrived, "whether that be for Christian , civilizing , protectionist, welfare, or penal purposes." When settlers arrived, they invented courts and passed laws without consent of Indigenous peoples that stated that they had jurisdiction over them and their lands. When Indigenous peoples challenged these laws, they were imprisoned. In English law, imprisonment

225-475: Was used in sub-Saharan Africa for pre-trial detention, to secure compensation and as a last resort but not generally as punishment, except in the Songhai Empire (1464–1591) and in connection with the slave trade. In the colonial period, imprisonment provided a source of labor and a means of suppression. The use of imprisonment has continued to the present day. Incarceration in what became known as Australia

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