149-578: Tofalariya ( Russian : Тофалария ) is a small cultural and historical region in Irkutsk Oblast , Russian Federation . It is located in the southwestern part of Nizhneudinsky District . The main town is Alygdzher , with a population of 526 inhabitants. Other populated localities in Tofalariya include the towns of Verkhnyaya Gutara ( Russian : Верхняя Гутара ) and Nerkha ( Russian : Нерха ). Tofalars were originally divided into three groups. Those of
298-649: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in
447-510: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to
596-657: A 145-to-155 cm (57-to-61 in) wingspan, the adult black stork has mainly black plumage , with white underparts, long red legs and a long pointed red beak. A widespread but uncommon species, it breeds in scattered locations across Europe (predominantly in Portugal and Spain, and central and eastern parts), and east across the Palearctic to the Pacific Ocean. It is a long-distance migrant , with European populations wintering in tropical Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asian populations in
745-401: A clutch, there are two to five, or rarely even six large oval grey-white eggs, which become soiled during incubation. They can be 64–70 mm (2.5–2.8 in) long and 50–53 mm (2.0–2.1 in) wide, averaging about 68 mm (2.7 in) in length and 52 mm (2.0 in) in width. The eggs are laid with an interval of two days. Hatching is asynchronous, and takes place at
894-538: A criminal case against the Irkutsk gold mining company “Yangoz” for environmental destruction in Tofalariya and the Tofalariya Natural Federal Preserve. The company constructed several homes, a bathouse, and a road within the boundaries of the Tofalariya Natural Federal Preserve. Additionally, Yangoz engaged in illegal logging and fishing operations in the preserve. As a result of the company’s activity in
1043-573: A cultural village, where initially, many poorer Tofalar families were settled. Petri sought to move this village away from Russian settlements in order to limit contact between Tofalars and Russians. As a result of Petri’s expedition, the Tofalars were granted member status of the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North . There were several expeditions to Tofalariya in the 1990s organized by
1192-625: A dog can be found in every chum. Every year, Tofalariya holds the national holiday “Сылтысчык Тофа” (English: Star of Tofalariya). One of the main events of this holiday is a national children’s contest. The contest includes events like the performance of traditional dances, songs, and poems in the Tofalar language. The event is sponsored by the Regional Center of Folk Art and Leisure and the Alygdzhersky Rural House of Culture. The purpose of
1341-467: A forensic examination must be completed by a morgue in order for a death certificate to be issued. However, the nearest morgue is located approximately 300 km away in the town of Nizhneudinsk. Transporting a deceased person to Nizhneudinsk and back is very expensive: local residents would have to spend approximately 700,000 rubles to hire a helicopter for the purpose. As a result, many Tofalars are buried without documentation. According to Vladimir Lobchenko,
1490-487: A formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) Black stork Ardea nigra Linnaeus, 1758 The black stork ( Ciconia nigra ) is a large bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae . Measuring on average 95 to 100 cm (37 to 39 in) from beak tip to end of tail with
1639-530: A gene bank for the Tofalar reindeer. The first school in Tofalariya finished construction in 1923, following the Soviet Union’s forcible settlement of the Tofalars. The school was located in the town of Sasyrka. In 1926, a school opened in Alygdzher. At the time, education was conducted fully in Russian. The school in Alygdzher has experienced several floods over the course of its history. In 2019, floods forced
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#17328588926351788-485: A geological survey of the area, having received a license to explore land near the boundary of the Tofalariya Natural Federal Preserve in 2020. The company has agreed to pay a fine to cover the damages incurred due to its illegal fishing operations. The government has previously fined tourists for illegally visiting the Tofalariya Natural Federal Preserve. The Argamchiyri (Tofalar: Аргамчи Ыры) holiday celebrations are regularly held every year in Tofalariya. Traditionally,
1937-558: A hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate
2086-479: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but
2235-572: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between
2384-607: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it
2533-516: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in
2682-564: A total surface of 29,000 km (11,000 sq mi) which was disbanded in 1950. In 1948, gold mining was stopped in Tofalariya and the region became part of the Nizhneudinsky District . The indigenous people of this little mountainous region are the Tofalar , a much reduced, formerly nomadic people group speaking the Tofa language . Bernhard Eduardovich Petri organized an expedition to
2831-488: A wider range of calls than the white stork, its main call being a chee leee , which sounds like a loud inhalation. It makes a hissing call as a warning or threat. Displaying males produce a long series of wheezy raptor-like squealing calls rising in volume and then falling. It rarely indulges in mutual bill-clattering when adults meet at the nest. Adults will do so as part of their mating ritual or when angered. The young clatter their bills when aroused. The up-down display
2980-527: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,
3129-475: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under
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#17328588926353278-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of
3427-510: Is a large bird, measuring between 95 and 100 cm (37 and 39 in) in length with a 145-to-155 cm (57-to-61 in) wingspan, and weighing around 3 kg (6.6 lb). Standing as tall as 102 cm (40 in), it has long red legs, a long neck and a long, straight, pointed red beak . It bears some resemblance to Abdim's stork ( C. abdimii ), which can be distinguished by its much smaller build, predominantly green bill, legs and feet, and white rump and lower back. The plumage
3576-593: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this
3725-623: Is a rare vagrant to the British Isles , turning up in the warmer months—particularly in spring—generally in the south and east. Sightings have become more common since the 1970s as its breeding range moves northwards. It has been recorded in Scotland six times between 1946 and 1983, including from Shetland, Orkney and the Highlands, as well as the Scottish Borders ( Peebles ). It is not abundant in
3874-979: Is an efficient way of reducing brood size. This behaviour has only rarely been observed in the species, although the shyness of the species and difficulties in studying its nesting habits mean that it might not be an uncommon phenomenon. Ringing recovery studies in Europe suggests that nearly 20% of chicks reach the breeding stage, around 3 years, and about 10% live beyond 10 years and about 5% beyond 20 years. Captive individuals have lived for as long as 36 years. The black stork mainly eats fish , including small cyprinids , pikes , roaches, eels , budds, perches , burbots , sticklebacks and muddy loaches ( Misgurnus and Cobitis ). It may feed on amphibians , small reptiles , crabs , mammals and birds , and invertebrates such as snails , molluscs , earthworms , and insects like water beetles and their larvae . Foraging for food takes place mostly in fresh water, though
4023-485: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to
4172-433: Is black with a purplish green sheen, except for the white lower breast, belly, armpits, axillaries and undertail coverts . The breast feathers are long and shaggy, forming a ruff which is used in some courtship displays. The black stork has brown irises , and bare red skin around its eyes. The sexes are identical in appearance, except that males are larger than females on average. Moulting takes place in spring, with
4321-613: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There
4470-575: Is derived from the Old English word storc , thought to be related to the Old High German storah , meaning "stork", and the Old English stearc , meaning "stiff". The black stork is a member of the genus Ciconia , or typical storks, a group of seven extant species, characterised by straight bills and mainly black and white plumage . The black stork was long thought to be most closely related to
4619-520: Is found in shallow water in rivers or lakes, or swamps, but is occasionally encountered on dry land. After disappearing from Belgium before the onset of the 20th century, it has returned to breed in the Belgian Ardennes , Luxembourg and Burgundy , France, by 2000. It appears to be increasing in numbers in Spain and Portugal, where the population was estimated at 405 to 483 pairs in 2006. The black stork
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4768-575: Is home to eight endangered animal species, including the black stork , golden eagle , lesser white-fronted goose , osprey , white-tailed eagle , peregrine falcon , eurasian eagle-owl , and caribou . It is also home to seven endangered bird species. According to an inventory of fauna completed in 2012, Tofalariya has 123 vascular plant species, 5 species of lichen , and 20 species of Bryophyte . Two species of vascular plants – Cypripedium macranthos and Common butterwort – are endangered. Cedar and deciduous vegetation dominates plant life in
4917-429: Is involved in preserving traditional Tofalar music, legends, and language. The center’s efforts has resulted in the founding of a folkloric ensemble “Dyyrakibiler” (Tofalar: «Дыыракибилер»), which translates as “quick-footed reindeer”. The center also teaches Tofalar children traditional dances and crafts. It also hosts Tofalar language classes that give Tofalar native speakers the opportunity to learn reading and writing in
5066-563: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially
5215-584: Is not a rapid enough decline to warrant a vulnerable rating. Even so, the state of the population overall is unclear, and although it is widespread, it is not abundant anywhere. Black stork numbers have declined for many years in western Europe, and the species has been extirpated as a breeding bird from the northwestern edge of its range, including the Netherlands and Scandinavia (for example, small numbers used to breed in Denmark and Sweden, but none verified after
5364-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which
5513-729: Is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of the six official languages of the United Nations , as well as the fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has
5662-513: Is part of the curriculum of the elementary school in Alygdzher. Much of the education in the language is done through audio. In 2020, a special course was created to teach students the Tofa language using VR headsets . Students would learn new words in Tofa by being shown an object and its corresponding name in Russian, English, and Tofalar through the VR headset. Alygdzher’s ethno-cultural center hosts classes in
5811-617: Is rarely witnessed. The black stork breeds between April and May in the Northern Hemisphere, with eggs usually laid in late April. In southern Africa, breeding takes place in the months between September and March, possibly to take advantage of abundant water prey rendered easier to catch as the rivers dry up and recede—from April and May in Zimbabwe, Botswana and northern South Africa, and as late as July further south. Pairs in courtship have aerial displays that appear to be unique among
5960-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and
6109-498: Is seen singly or in pairs, usually in marshy areas, rivers or inland waters. It feeds on amphibians , small fish and insects , generally wading slowly in shallow water stalking its prey. Breeding pairs usually build nests in large forest trees—most commonly deciduous but also coniferous —which can be seen from long distances, as well as on large boulders, or under overhanging ledges in mountainous areas. The female lays two to five greyish-white eggs , which become soiled over time in
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6258-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to
6407-576: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in
6556-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using
6705-399: Is unknown, though they could prey on parasitic arthropods. Since 1998, the black stork has been rated as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species . This is because it has a large range—more than 20,000 km (7,700 mi )—and because its population is thought not to have declined by 30% over ten years or three generations and thus
6854-468: Is used for a number of interactions with other members of the species. Here a stork positions its body horizontally and quickly bobs its head up from down-facing to around 30 degrees above horizontal and back again, while displaying the white segments of its plumage prominently, and this is repeated several times. The display is used as a greeting between birds, and—more vigorously—as a threat display . The species' solitary nature means that this threat display
7003-461: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population
7152-966: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian
7301-750: The Carpathian Mountains it nests on cliffs, on large boulders, in caves and under overhanging ledges. The black stork's solitary nests are usually at least 1 km (0.6 mi) apart, even where the species is numerous. Although newly constructed nests may be significantly smaller, older nests can be 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) in diameter. In southern Africa, the black stork may occupy the nests of other bird species such as hamerkop ( Scopus umbretta ) or Verreaux's eagle ( Aquila verreauxi ) and commonly reuses them in successive years. They are repaired with earth and grass, and lined with leaves, moss , grass, animal fur, paper, clay and rags. In
7450-571: The Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It is the most spoken native language in Europe , the most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and the world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian
7599-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in
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#17328588926357748-455: The Eastern Sayan region from 1925-1928, where he documented the lives of the Tofalar people. Petri wrote detailed reports about the economy, living conditions, and relationships with neighboring peoples in Tofalariya. Petri supported the right of Tofalars to preserve their own culture and advocated for improved living conditions in the region. In his reports, Petri described the construction of
7897-665: The Indian subcontinent . When migrating between Europe and Africa, it avoids crossing broad expanses of the Mediterranean Sea and detours via the Levant in the east, the Strait of Sicily in the center, or the Strait of Gibraltar in the west. An isolated non-migratory population lives in Southern Africa. Unlike the closely related white stork , the black stork is a shy and wary species. It
8046-640: The Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is the native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova ,
8195-492: The Irkutsk Oblast . The Nizhneudinsk Air Squad operates flights to the region. Due to resource constraints, flights are only available once per week. The region often receives aid from the oblast government to cover the cost of additional flights. In 2023, the Irkutsk Oblast Parliament allocated 10 million additional rubles for the transport of food and other goods to Tofalariya “Russian state program “Development of
8344-849: The Kotto River basin in the Central African Republic, the Mbokou river basin in Chad and northeastern Nigeria. Black storks summering in western Asia migrate to northern and northeastern India, ranging mainly from Punjab south to Karnataka , and Africa. They are occasional visitors to Sri Lanka. Those summering further east in eastern Russia and China winter mainly in southern China , and occasionally in Hong Kong, Myanmar, northern Thailand , and Laos. They were first recorded in western Myanmar in 1998. The black stork prefers more wooded areas than
8493-526: The Krasnoyarsk Prosecutor's Office. The investigation determined that the Agul River watershed was heavily polluted with suspended solids and petroleum products. The company “Granul”, which was conducting gold mining operations in the area, was implicated in the pollution of the local watershed due to improper waste disposal and deforestation in the local ecosystem. This led to widespread fish death and
8642-575: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On
8791-625: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to
8940-633: The Ural Mountains , the black stork is patchily found in forested and mountainous areas up to 60° ‒ 63° N across Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. South of Siberia, it breeds in Xinjiang , northwestern China, northern Mongolia south to the Altai Mountains , and northeastern China south to the vicinity of Beijing. In the Korean Peninsula , the black stork is an uncommon summer visitor, no longer breeding in
9089-401: The white stork ( C. ciconia ). However, genetic analysis via DNA–DNA hybridization and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA by Beth Slikas in 1997 found that it was basal (an early offshoot) in the genus Ciconia . Fossil remains have been recovered from Miocene beds on Rusinga and Maboko Islands in Kenya, which are indistinguishable from the white and black storks. The black stork
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#17328588926359238-447: The 1950s). The population in India—a major wintering ground—is declining. Previously a regular winter visitor to the Mai Po Marshes , it is now seldom seen there, and appears to be in decline in China overall. Its habitat is changing rapidly in much of eastern Europe and Asia. Various conservation measures have been taken, including Wetlands International 's Conservation Action Plan for African black storks, which focuses on improving
9387-405: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as
9536-421: The Argamchiyri holiday had an economic function: the Tofalar people sold and purchased goods during the celebrations. Now, the central goal of this holiday is to preserve and celebrate Tofalar culture. Celebrations include sports competitions, traditional rituals, and cultural fairs. The festival opens with a shamanistic ritual, where a shaman beseeches the spirits of the taiga for good weather and happiness during
9685-412: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home
9834-503: The Calabrian pine ( Pinus brutia ), which had large side branches that allowed it to build the nest away from the trunk, as well as black pine ( Pinus nigra ) and to a lesser extent Turkey oak ( Quercus cerris ). It chose the largest trees in an area, generally on steeper ground and near streams. Trees chosen were on average over 90 years old. In the Iberian peninsula it nests in pine and cork oak ( Quercus suber ). In steeply mountainous areas such as parts of Spain, South Africa and
9983-409: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,
10132-469: The Iberian Peninsula. Various conservation measures have been taken for the black stork, like the Conservation Action Plan for African black storks by Wetlands International . It is also protected under the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora . On May 31, 1968, South Korea designated the species as natural monument 200. English naturalist Francis Willughby wrote about
10281-468: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this
10430-411: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of
10579-418: The Northwestern group were settled in Verkhnyaya Gutara, those of the Southeastern group were settled in Alygdzher, and those of the central group were settled in Nerkha. The name of the village Alygdzher, translated from the Tofalar language, means “wind”. Tofalariya is located in the Eastern Sayan mountains. The main river is the Uda . The reindeer is one of the main symbols of Tofalariya. Historically,
10728-519: The Regional Scientific and Methodological Center of Folk Art. Expeditions sought to record and photograph aspects of Tofalar culture, including Tofalar art, music, games, and traditional clothing. Researchers also sought to restart the Argamchiyri holiday tradition. Tofalariya has a land area of 27,000 square meters. The geography of the region is made up of two main features: approximately 90% of
10877-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated
11026-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from
11175-590: The Sierra Hornachuelos and Doñana National Park —where black storks stop over on the western migration route. Pesticide use has threatened birdlife in nearby Doñana. Further south, Lake Faguibine in Mali is another stopover point but it has been affected by drought in recent years. A wary species, the black stork avoids contact with people. It is generally found alone or in pairs, or in flocks of up to 100 birds when migrating or during winter. The black stork has
11324-556: The Sinai, as well as through Gibraltar. The trip is around 5,667 km (3,521 mi) via the western route and 7,000 km (4,300 mi) via the eastern route, with satellite tracking yielding an average travel time of 37 and 80 days respectively. The western route goes over the Rock of Gibraltar or over the Bay of Gibraltar , generally on a southwesterly track that takes them to the central part of
11473-454: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian
11622-422: The Tofa language for adults. During these classes, adults learn to read and write in the language. Due to the fact that a writing system for the language was only created in 1988, most native speakers are unable to read or write. Tofalariya has no roads. It has several nature trails. The region is not accessible by car. Locals use helicopters as their main form of transportation between Tofalariya and other parts of
11771-579: The Tofalar language. A similar ethno-cultural center also exists in the village of Nerkha. Tourism in Tofalariya is not well developed. There exist some organized tour guides in the region. Historically, there was an interest in creating a local Tofalar ethnic park. In 2020, Fodor’s Travel Guide named Tofalariya as one of the top 10 locations for ecotourism in Russia. The guide described Tofalariya as “a rainy, misty, impenetrable land of taiga forest, deep canyons, and fast-flowing rivers and creeks.” In 2019, flooding in Irkutsk resulted in significant damage to
11920-565: The Uda River. The project cost 81 million rubles, 64 million of which came from the budget of the federal government and 17 million of which came from the budget of the Irkutsk Oblast government. Construction of the dam was finished in October 2021. The Irkutsk Oblast project “People's Initiatives” (Russian: Народных инициатив) funds infrastructure improvement projects in Alygdzher, Nerkha, and Verkhnyaya Gutara. In 2018, 360,000 rubles were allocated to
12069-403: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of
12218-702: The better-known white stork, and breeds in large marshy wetlands with interspersed coniferous or broadleaved woodlands , but also inhabits hills and mountains with sufficient networks of creeks . It usually inhabits ponds, rivers, edges of lakes, estuaries and other freshwater wetlands. The black stork does inhabit more agricultural areas in the Caspian lowlands , but even here it avoids close contact with people. Its wintering habitat in India comprises reservoirs or rivers with nearby scrub or forest, which provide trees that black storks can roost in at night. In southern Africa it
12367-654: The black stork in the 17th century, having seen one in Frankfurt. He named it Ciconia nigra , from the Latin words for "stork" and "black" respectively. It was one of the many species originally described by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his Systema Naturae , where it was given the binomial name of Ardea nigra . It was moved to the new genus Ciconia by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson two years later. The word stork
12516-524: The black stork may look for food on dry land at times. The black stork wades patiently and slowly in shallow water, often alone or in a small group if food is plentiful. It has been observed shading the water with its wings while hunting. In India, it often forages in mixed species flocks with the white stork, woolly-necked stork ( Ciconia episcopus ), demoiselle crane ( Grus virgo ) and bar-headed goose ( Anser indicus ). The black stork also follows large mammals such as deer and livestock, presumably to eat
12665-580: The black storks that summer in Europe migrate to Africa, with those from western Germany and points west heading south via the Iberian Peninsula and the rest via Turkey and the Levant. Those flying via Spain spend winter in the Falémé River basin of eastern Senegal, Guinea, southern Mauritania, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone and western and central Mali, while those flying via the Sinai end up in northern Ethiopia,
12814-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter
12963-558: The canopy structure of the trees. Trees with nests averaged around 25.6 ± 5.2 metres (84 ± 17 ft) high and had a diameter at breast height of 66 ± 20 centimetres (26.0 ± 7.9 in). Furthermore, 90% of the trees chosen were at least 80 years old, highlighting the importance of conserving old-growth forests. A 2004 field study of nesting sites in Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park in north-eastern Greece found that it preferred
13112-539: The central-southwest region of the Iberian Peninsula ( Extremadura and surrounding provinces of Spain, plus Portugal). It is migratory , wintering in tropical Africa and Asia, although certain populations of black storks are sedentary or dispersive. An isolated population exists in Southern Africa , where the species is more numerous in the east, in eastern South Africa and Mozambique, and is also found in Zimbabwe, Eswatini, Botswana and less commonly Namibia. Most of
13261-562: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language
13410-466: The delivery of construction materials and the delivery of heavy machinery to Tofalariya in order to repair Tofalar homes and schools. Additionally, 137 Tofalar families received government certificates for the purchase of new housing. As a result of the flood, a dam was constructed on the Uda River. Russian language Russian is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of
13559-503: The destruction of the benthic zone in the Agul River Watershed. The investigation concluded that the company “Granul”’s gold mining operations in Tofalariya were illegal. The court ordered the company to stop its operations in Tofalariya and restore the area. In 2017, government investigators discovered unauthorized construction by poachers on the western border of the Tofalariya Natural Federal Preserve. The poachers first entered
13708-429: The end of May. Incubation takes 32 to 38 days, with both sexes sharing duties, which commence after the first or second egg is laid. The young start flying by the end of July. Fledging takes 60 to 71 days, after which the young joins the adults at their feeding grounds. However, for another two weeks, the young continue to return to the nest, to be fed and to roost at night. At least one adult remains in
13857-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,
14006-451: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or
14155-672: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to
14304-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and
14453-427: The head of the Alygdzher administration, as of 2019, 12 deceased Tofalars were not issued death certificates and were still registered to vote in elections. In Alygdzher, following a flood in 2019 that destroyed a significant amount of the town’s property, including its school, a dam was constructed to protect the town from future floods. The dam is 3.5 kilometers in length and protects the town against flooding from
14602-494: The high operating cost and low profit from herding. Many reindeer herders are supported by private enterprises. During the time of the Soviet Union, reindeer herding was a required subject in the region’s schools. Changes to local schools’ curricula that have excluded reindeer herding have prompted concerns over the possible loss of the practice in the region. This has led to several local cultural revitalization efforts in Tofalariya. There also exist state-sponsored programs to create
14751-571: The holiday celebration. Traditionally, “The Day of the Hunter and the Reindeer Herder" was held in Tofalariya in the spring following the end of the hunting season. It was recently revived and is still held annually in the region. During this holiday, Tofalars hold a variety of reindeer races. They also host several other sports competitions, including throwing tynzians at trochees, jumps over sledges, cross-country skiing , triple jump, ax throwing , and
14900-466: The holiday is to celebrate and familiarize young people with traditional Tofalar customs. Events during the celebration include the screening of films about the history of Tofalariya, round table discussions about topics relating to Tofalar culture, photo exhibitions, concerts, and masterclasses. Reindeer herding is a traditional form of subsistence in Tofalariya. According to local residents, over 600 reindeer were historically herded in Tofalariya. During
15049-402: The hunter’s biathlon. Other traditions include the construction of “ chums ", a traditional nomadic dwelling of the Tofalars. The chums are divided into two sides, the men’s side and the women’s side. The women’s side is decorated with cradles and sewing materials, while the men’s side is decorated with animal skins. Buhler and reindeer milk flatbread is served to guests to the chums. By tradition,
15198-590: The hunting of musk deer in the region. In 2022, it was reported that, for the first time ever, a couple of whooper swans stayed in the Tofalariya Natural Federal Preserve for the winter. In 2013, the Irkutsk Oblast Court prohibited gold mining at two mining sites located within the Tofalariya Natural Federal Preserve. The court’s decision came after a 2012 investigation completed by the West Baikal Environmental Prosecutor's Office and
15347-443: The invertebrates and small animals flushed by their presence. More than 12 species of parasitic helminth have been recorded from black storks with Cathaemasia hians and Dicheilonema ciconiae reported to be the most dominant. The juvenile black stork, although having a less diverse helminth population, is parasitized more frequently than the adult. A species of Corynebacterium — C. ciconiae —was isolated and described from
15496-441: The iridescent sheen brighter in new plumage. It walks slowly and steadily on the ground and like all storks, it flies with its neck outstretched. The juvenile resembles the adult in plumage, but the areas corresponding to the adult black feathers are browner and less glossy. The scapulars, wing and upper tail coverts have pale tips. The legs, bill and bare skin around the eyes are greyish green. It could possibly be confused with
15645-520: The juvenile yellow-billed stork , but the latter has paler wings and mantle, a longer bill and white under the wings. During the summer, the black stork is found from Eastern Asia ( Siberia and northern China) west to Central Europe , reaching Estonia in the north, Poland, Lower Saxony and Bavaria in Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy and Greece in the south, with an outlying population in
15794-493: The nest can be built far from the main trunk—generally in places far from human disturbance. For the most part, deciduous trees are chosen for nesting sites, though conifers are used as well. A 2003 field study in Estonia found that the black stork preferred oak ( Quercus robur ), European aspen ( Populus tremula ), and to a lesser extent Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ), and ignored Norway spruce ( Picea abies ), in part due to
15943-583: The nest for two to three weeks after hatching to protect the young. Both parents feed the young by regurgitating onto the floor of the nest. Black stork parents have been known to kill one of their fledglings, generally the weakest, in times of food shortage to reduce brood size and hence increase the chance of survival of the remaining nestlings. Stork nestlings do not attack each other, and their parents' method of feeding them (disgorging large amounts of food at once) means that stronger siblings cannot outcompete weaker ones for food directly, hence parental infanticide
16092-529: The nest. Incubation takes 32 to 38 days, with both sexes sharing duties, and fledging takes 60 to 71 days. The black stork is considered to be a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature , but its actual status is uncertain. Despite its large range, it is nowhere abundant, and it appears to be declining in parts of its range, such as in India, China and parts of Western Europe, though increasing in others such as
16241-513: The non-breeding areas. A broad-winged soaring bird, the black stork is assisted by thermals of hot air for long-distance flight, although is less dependent on them than is the white stork. Since thermals only form over land, the black stork, together with large raptors , must cross the Mediterranean at the narrowest points, and many black storks travel south through the Bosphorus and on through
16390-516: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of
16539-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to
16688-455: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,
16837-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held
16986-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or
17135-455: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian
17284-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in
17433-462: The power plant is 121.5 kilowatts. The local minister of housing, energy, and transport estimated that the power station will allow the region to save up to 50 tons of diesel fuel. A second power station, called ANGA-2, was constructed in 2021 in Verkhnyaya Gutara. The cost of construction was estimated to be approximately 131.4 million rubles. It was projected that completing the construction of
17582-435: The power station would reduce the demand for diesel fuel by 46%. Currently, the construction of another photovoltaic power station is planned to finish in late 2025. This power station will provide electricity to Nerkha, Alygdzher, and Verkhnyaya Gutara. Its estimated budget is 190 million rubles. The station itself will be powered by solar and diesel energy. Locals to Tofalariya report difficulty accessing medical care due to
17731-465: The power supply system in populated regions of Tofalariya. Officials also seek to reduce the volume of diesel fuel imported and consumed by the region. As of 2020, 230 tons of diesel fuel was purchased by the local government every year to power the generation of electricity in Tofalariya. The first photovoltaic power station was opened in Nerkha in 2017. It has a budget of 77.6 million rubles. The capacity of
17880-481: The preserve in 2014. They cut down twenty-three cedar trees in order to build log cabins, where they stayed while illegally hunting in the area. The poachers were arrested in February 2017 for illegally hunting the endangered Siberian Musk Deer in the boundaries of the federal preserve. Damages to the forest as a result of the illegal logging by the poachers totaled 500,000 rubles. In 2022, the Russian Federation opened
18029-592: The previous ones, which were built in the 1930s. The construction of the FAPs is sponsored by the Irkutsk Oblast and federal governments. In 2018, the Irkutsk Oblast government opened offices in the villages of Verkhnyaya Gutara and Alygdzher. The purpose of the offices was to reduce the burden of travel to Nizhneudinsk and reduce waiting times for the residents of Tofalariya for required government documents. The government also installed satellite dishes and payment terminals in
18178-475: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration
18327-466: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,
18476-404: The region, approximately 40,000 square kilometers of fertile soil was lost. There was also a significant loss of invertebrate habitats in the preserve. Additionally, in a police raid, more than 700 Thymallus tails were discovered in the company’s base. The total environmental damages to the preserve are estimated to be approximately 3.5 billion rubles . The company claims to have been conducting
18625-425: The region, including to the town of Alygdzher in Tofalariya. 193 residential buildings and properties in Alygdzher experienced the effects of the flood. 84 homes were completely destroyed, while 39 needed major renovation. In addition, the flood destroyed many residents’ vegetable plots. In response to the flooding, the Irkutsk government offered to evacuate Tofalars to Nizhneudisnk. The Irkutsk government also sponsored
18774-707: The region. Tofalariya has a continental climate . The region experiences precipitation in the form of snow throughout most of the year. Snow cover lasts approximately 180 days of the year. The Tofalariya Natural Federal Preserve was established on August 12, 1971. It is found in the Eastern Sayan Mountains in Southwestern Tofalariya. The nature preserve was formerly part of the Sayan Natural Federal Preserve. 129 vertebrate and 30 invertebrate species can be found in Tofalariya. The region
18923-494: The region. Squirrels and sables rely on pine cones from cedar trees as one of their main food sources. In 2018, the Tofalaria Natural Federal Preserve constructed 14 artificial nests in the region to combat habitat loss of the local osprey. Tofalariya is considered the best habitat for snow leopards . Snow leopard spoor has consistently been observed in the region. The local government has placed limits on
19072-604: The reindeer has been very important to the Tofalar people. Reindeer were used traditionally as a form of transportation, and also to make food and clothing. Other symbols of Tofalariya include the mountains and the cedar branch. In the 17th century, the Russian Empire annexed the territory of Tofalariya. In 1939, at the time of the USSR , Tofalariya was part of the Tofalar National Region, a Soviet administrative division with
19221-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed
19370-439: The scarcity of flights from the region to locations with working hospitals. Currently, in several villages, such as Verkhnyaya Gutara, there only exist feldsher - midwife points (FAPs), a preventive institution that provides pre-hospital primary health care in rural areas in Russia. In 2021, two new feldsher-midwife points opened in Tofalariya. They will serve the villages of Verkhnyaya Gutara and Nerkha. These new FAPs will replace
19519-579: The south since 1966. Birds have been seen in the northeast but it is not known whether they breed there. Similarly it has been seen in the summer in Afghanistan, but its breeding status is uncertain. Migration takes place from early August to October, with a major exodus in September. Some of the Iberian populations, and also those in southern Africa, are essentially non-migratory, though they may wander freely in
19668-572: The storks. Paired birds soared in parallel, usually over the nest territory early in the mornings or late afternoons with one bird splaying the white undertail coverts to the sides of the narrowed black tail and the pair calls to each other. These courtship flights are difficult to see due to the densely forested habitat in which they breed. The nest is large, constructed from sticks and twigs, and sometimes also large branches, at an elevation of 4–25 m (13–82 ft). The black stork prefers to construct its nest in forest trees with large canopies where
19817-506: The strait, from where they reach Morocco. Many birds then fly around the Sahara next to the coast. About 10% of the western storks choose the passage between Sicily (Italy) and Cap Bon (Tunisia), crossing the 145 km wide Strait of Sicily . Spain contains several important areas— Monfragüe National Park, Sierra de Gredos Regional Park , National Hunting Reserve in Cíjara , Natural Park of
19966-675: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In
20115-459: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to
20264-509: The temporary closure of the school, with water levels in parts of the building reaching up to 40 cm high. In 2024, the construction of a new boarding school in Alygdzher was completed. The construction of the school was financed in part by the government of Moscow. The Tofa language is spoken in the territory of Tofalariya. The Tofa language is critically endangered and currently has only 40 native speakers worldwide. All known speakers in Tofalariya are over 40 years of age. The Tofa language
20413-429: The territory belongs to the taiga and the other 10% is classified as alpine tundra . The territory has several large lakes. Agul'skoye Ozero is the third largest lake in the region, with a length of more than 10 kilometers. The 1.5 kilometer long Kusurgasheva glacier is also found in the region. The region has reserves of gold , lead , uranium , tantalum , and polymetals. Several industrial mining companies operate in
20562-439: The time of the Soviet Union, there was a reindeer herding state farm in the region. Following Perestroika , few reindeer remained in the region. In 2023, in the town of Verkhnyaya Gutara, according to local accounts, only one family still continued to herd reindeer. The family has approximately 60 reindeer. As of 2022, in Alygdzher, the local community maintains 300 reindeer. Local residents face challenges in herding reindeer due to
20711-446: The trachea of healthy black storks, and is thought to be part of the natural flora of the species. A herpes virus is known from black storks. Birdlice that have been recorded on the species include Neophilopterus tricolor, Colpocephalum nigrae, and Ardeicola maculatus. A diverse array of predatory mesostigmatid mites—particularly the genera Dendrolaelaps and Macrocheles —have been recovered from black stork nests. Their role
20860-531: The transport complex of the Irkutsk region”. Similarly, in 2018, the region received funds for diesel fuel for helicopters. Recent efforts have also sought to increase the amount of goods transported to Tofalariya. In the winter, people can travel to Tofalariya over the Uda River via an ice road . Due to the difficulty of traveling to Nizhneudinsk , local residents are often not able to acquire death certificates for relatives that have passed away. By Russian law,
21009-770: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature
21158-506: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to
21307-496: The villages for public works projects. Past projects funded by the initiative include the renovation of the local house of culture, the purchase of lamps for street lighting, the installation of benches on village streets, the renovation of wells, and the construction of a children’s playground. Several photovoltaic power stations for sustainable electricity generation have been constructed or are under construction in Tofalariya. These power stations are part of projects to reconstruct
21456-470: The villages. In 1994, local historian Mikhail Ivanovich Pugachev collected a variety of traditional Tofalar cultural objects for the founding of a museum in Alygdzher. The museum has a collection of 288 cultural Tofalar objects. The collection includes traditional clothing, hunting equipment, and shamanic objects. In 1991, an ethno-cultural center was founded in Alygdzher, Tofalariya, as part of local efforts to revive Tofalar culture. The ethno-cultural center
21605-823: The western parts of its distribution, but more densely inhabits eastern Transcaucasia . Further east, it has been recorded from locations across Iran, though little is known about its habits there; breeding has been recorded from near Aliabad in Fars province , Khabr National Park in Kerman province , Karun river in Khuzestan province , Qaranqu River in East Azarbaijan province, and Aliabad river in Razavi Khorasan province . The population has declined in Iran due to draining of wetlands. East of
21754-672: The wintering conditions of the birds which breed in Europe. It is protected by the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Hunters threaten the black stork in some countries of southern Europe and Asia, such as Pakistan, and breeding populations may have been eliminated there. The black stork vanished from
21903-405: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian
22052-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of
22201-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between
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