120-890: (Redirected from Tk ) [REDACTED] Look up .tk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. TK may refer to: People [ edit ] Ted Kaczynski (1942-2023), American domestic terrorist Tony Kanaan (born 1974), Brazilian racing driver Tony Khan (born 1982), American businessman Theodore K. Lawless (1892–1971), American dermatologist and philanthropist T. K. Oommen (born 1937), Indian sociologist, author, and professor Places [ edit ] Tehsil or taluk, an administrative division in several South Asian countries Tokelau (ISO 3166-1 country code) TK (South Korea) (Taegu–Kyŏngbuk), two administrative regions Arts and media [ edit ] Music [ edit ] TK (Peruvian rock band) TK Records ,
240-472: A psychiatrist but changed his mind in the waiting room and discussed other things instead, without disclosing his original reason for making the appointment. Afterwards, enraged, he considered killing the psychiatrist and other people whom he hated. Kaczynski described this episode as a "major turning point" in his life. He recalled: "I felt disgusted about what my uncontrolled sexual cravings had almost led me to do. And I felt humiliated, and I violently hated
360-443: A simple life with little money and without electricity or running water, working odd jobs and receiving significant financial support from his family. Kaczynski's original goal was to become self-sufficient so he could live autonomously. He used an old bicycle to get to town, and a volunteer at the local library said he visited frequently to read classic works in their original languages. Other Lincoln residents said later that such
480-440: A "kook ideology" and Nazism as "evil". Kaczynski never tried to align himself with the far-right at any point before or after his arrest. He also criticized conservatives , describing them as "fools who whine about the decay of traditional values, yet... enthusiastically support technological progress and economic growth"—things he argues have led to this decay. James Q. Wilson , in a 1998 New York Times op-ed, wrote: "If it
600-674: A Private Bill (the Protection of Traditional Knowledge Bill, 2016 ) codifying the "protection, preservation and promotion" of traditional knowledge system in India. However the bill was criticised for failing to address the real concern of traditional knowledge. How, if at all, to include indigenous knowledge in education and in relation to science has been controversial. It has been argued that indigenous knowledge can be complementary to science and includes empirical information, even encoded in myths, and that it holds equal educational value to science like
720-459: A Russian semi-automatic pistol Other uses [ edit ] Bangladeshi taka , a currency Takate kote , a form of Box tie in Japanese bondage Tekken , a 2015 fighting game Telekinesis , an alleged psychic ability To come (publishing) , commonly abbreviated as "TK" Traditional knowledge Turkmen language (ISO 639-1 language code) Transitional kindergarten , part of
840-575: A bomb disguised as a piece of lumber injured Gary Wright in the parking lot of a computer store in Salt Lake City , Utah; nerves in Wright's left arm were severed, and at least 200 pieces of shrapnel entered his body. Kaczynski was spotted while planting the Salt Lake City bomb. This led to a widely distributed sketch of the suspect as a hooded man with a mustache and aviator sunglasses . In 1993, after
960-468: A cultural complex that encompasses language, naming and classification systems, resource use practices, ritual, spirituality and worldview. Traditional knowledge typically distinguishes one community from another. In some communities, traditional knowledge takes on personal and spiritual meanings. Traditional knowledge can also reflect a community's interests. Some communities depend on their traditional knowledge for survival. Traditional knowledge regarding
1080-633: A fact-finding mission in 1999. Considering the issues involved with biodiversity and the broader issues in TRIPs (involving all forms of cultural expressions, not just those associated with biodiversity – including traditional designs, music, songs, stories, etc.), WIPO established the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC-GRTKF). WIPO Lex provides support for collections of laws concerning Traditional Knowledge. The period of
1200-411: A family meeting without Kaczynski later that year to map out their future. On October 2, 1990, Kaczynski's father shot and killed himself in his home. Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski mailed or hand-delivered a series of increasingly sophisticated bombs that cumulatively killed three people and injured 23 others. Sixteen bombs were attributed to Kaczynski. While the bombing devices varied widely through
1320-494: A fellow alumnus at Harvard University , wrote in 2000 for The Atlantic that "it is true that many believed Kaczynski was insane because they needed to believe it. But the truly disturbing aspect of Kaczynski and his ideas is not that they are so foreign but that they are so familiar." He argued: "We need to see Kaczynski as exceptional—madman or genius—because the alternative is so much more frightening." University of Michigan–Dearborn philosophy professor David Skrbina wrote
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#17328474564381440-565: A form of cultural heritage. The second looks at protection of traditional knowledge as a collective human right. The third, taken by the WTO and WIPO, investigates the use of existing or novel sui generis measures to protect traditional knowledge. Currently, only a few nations offer explicit sui generis protection for traditional knowledge. However, a number of countries are still undecided as to whether law should give traditional knowledge deference. Indigenous peoples have shown ambivalence about
1560-406: A form of intellectual property law, as they are sufficiently original to be regarded as "new" upon publication. Copyright protection is normally temporary. When a work has existed for a long enough period (often for the rest of the author's life plus an additional 50 to 70 years), the legal ability of the creator to prevent other people from reprinting, modifying, or using the property lapses, and
1680-719: A given place". As an example of a society with a wealth of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), the South American Kayapo people , have developed an extensive classification system of ecological zones of the Amazonian tropical savannah (i.e., campo / cerrado ) to better manage the land. Some social scientists conceptualise knowledge within a naturalistic framework and emphasize the gradation of recent knowledge into knowledge acquired over many generations. These accounts use terms like adaptively acquired knowledge , socially constructed knowledge , and other terms that emphasize
1800-477: A greater public and governmental recognition of indigenous land and resource rights, and the need to address the issue of collective human rights, as distinct from the individual rights of existing human rights law. The collective human rights of indigenous and local communities has been increasingly recognized – such as in the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169 (1989) and
1920-417: A lifestyle was typical in the area. Kaczynski's cabin was described by a census taker in the 1990 census as containing a bed, two chairs, storage trunks , a gas stove, and lots of books. Starting in 1975, Kaczynski performed acts of sabotage including arson and booby trapping against developments near his cabin. He also dedicated himself to reading about sociology and political philosophy , including
2040-455: A living and identifiable creator, or creators. Such contemporary works may include a new interpretation, arrangement, adaptation or collection of pre-existing cultural heritage that is in the public domain. Traditional culture or folklore may also be "repackaged" in digital formats , or restoration and colorization . Contemporary and tradition based expressions and works of traditional culture are generally protected under existing copyright law,
2160-505: A mail bomb addressed to previous president William Dennison, who had retired. Geneticist Phillip Sharp at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology received a threatening letter shortly afterwards. Active Defunct Publications Works In 1995, Kaczynski mailed several letters to media outlets outlining his goals and demanding a major newspaper print his 35,000-word essay Industrial Society and Its Future (dubbed
2280-461: A member of his dissertation committee , said, "I would guess that maybe 10 or 12 men in the country understood or appreciated it." In late 1967, the 25-year-old Kaczynski became an acting assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught mathematics. He assumed the position as the youngest assistant professor in the history of the university. By September 1968, Kaczynski
2400-404: A middle ground between dualism and monism regarding the material and spiritual, noting their correlativity. Epistemological dualism , where the epistemic subject and epistemic object are separated, is absent from African epistemology, and the epistemic subject "experiences the epistemic object in a sensuous, emotive, intuitive, abstractive understanding, rather than through abstraction alone, as
2520-486: A professor of materials engineering at Northwestern University . On May 25, 1978, a package bearing Crist's return address was found in a parking lot at the University of Illinois at Chicago . The package was "returned" to Crist, who was suspicious because he had not sent it, so he contacted campus police. Officer Terry Marker opened the package, which exploded and caused minor injuries. Kaczynski had returned to Chicago for
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#17328474564382640-475: A record label Tetsuya Komuro (born 1958), also known as TK, Japanese musician and producer Toru Kitajima (born 1982), also known as TK from Ling Tosite Sigure, Japanese musician Television [ edit ] Takeru "T.K." Takaishi , a character from Digimon anime TK, a character in Angel Beats! Other media [ edit ] TK, a identification prefix for Imperial stormtroopers in
2760-649: A reliable/truthful person. Truth is considered relativist , and relies on what is meant or understood, which is not always translatable between individuals or cultures owing to differing paradigms and linguistical conventions. Thus knowledge is viewed as a societal convention rather than an objectivist phenomenon. Universal justifiers of epistemological claims are: linguistic-conceptual schemes, human nature, socio-cultural values and interests, and customs and habits, which commonly instil confidence. International attention has turned to intellectual property laws to preserve, protect, and promote traditional knowledge. In 1992,
2880-460: A right to use the knowledge (of indigenous people)... traditional cultural expressions are not in the public domain because indigenous peoples have failed to take the steps necessary to protect the knowledge in the Western intellectual property system, but from a failure of governments and citizens to recognise and respect the customary laws regulating their use". Equally, however, the idea of restricting
3000-446: A six-year break, Kaczynski mailed a bomb to the home of Charles Epstein from the University of California, San Francisco . Epstein lost several fingers upon opening the package. In the same weekend, Kaczynski mailed a bomb to David Gelernter , a computer science professor at Yale University . Gelernter lost sight in one eye, hearing in one ear, and a portion of his right hand. In 1994, Burson-Marsteller executive Thomas J. Mosser
3120-409: A study led by Harvard psychologist Henry Murray . Subjects were told they would debate personal philosophy with a fellow student and were asked to write essays detailing their personal beliefs and aspirations. The essays were given to an anonymous individual who would confront and belittle the subject in what Murray himself called "vehement, sweeping, and personally abusive" attacks, using the content of
3240-400: A teaching post. At Michigan, Kaczynski specialized in complex analysis , specifically geometric function theory . Professor Peter Duren said of Kaczynski, "He was an unusual person. He was not like the other graduate students. He was much more focused about his work. He had a drive to discover mathematical truth." George Piranian , another of his Michigan mathematics professors, said, "It
3360-505: Is a concept that has developed out of a predominantly western legal tradition, and has most recently been promoted by the World Intellectual Property Organization , as part of a more general United Nations push to see the diverse wealth of the world's indigenous, intangible cultural heritage better valued and better protected against probable, ongoing misappropriation and misuse. In the lead-up to and during
3480-475: Is conceived in a holistic view in which personalism is expressed in concrete consubstantiation of spirit. While Western epistemology follows analytical reason, African epistemology follows emotional and intuitive reason where experience is foundational to knowledge, and reason and experience combine to produce a complete knowledge. Fundamentally, there is thought to be more to the realm of experience than what can be unearthed via empirical enquiry. This contrasts
3600-407: Is definitively used to address human societal challenges. Criticisms come from African neo-positivists , who argue that African epistemology must have a basic method of testing knowledge claims to be truly valid. A response is that Africans don't prioritise separation of knowledge and belief, but prioritise whether it is true or false, often seeking a third party's opinion or further evidence from
3720-621: Is holistic, and cannot be meaningfully separated from the lands and resources available to them. Chamberlin (2003) writes of a Gitksan elder from British Columbia confronted by a government land-claim: "If this is your land," he asked, "where are your stories?" Indigenous and local communities often do not have strong traditions of ownership over knowledge that resemble the modern forms of private ownership . Many have clear traditions of custodianship over knowledge, and customary law may guide who may use different kinds of knowledge at particular times and places, and specify obligations that accompany
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3840-409: Is likely this issue would be decided within the next 40 to 100 years. He stated that the task of those who oppose industrial society is to promote stress within and upon the society and to propagate an anti-technology ideology, one that offers the counter-ideal of nature. Kaczynski added that a revolution would be possible only when industrial society is sufficiently unstable. A significant portion of
3960-521: Is locked in time". African epistemology is rooted in African ontology which is unitary and communal, and as such does not divide knowledge into rational, empirical, mythological etc. If epistemology concerns knowledge and non-knowledge, African epistemology considers awareness of what is and can be known, and what isn't and can't be known, contending that human knowledge is, and always will be, humility-inducingly limited and dwarfed by what isn't known. In
4080-565: Is not enough to say he was smart." Professor Allen Shields wrote about Kaczynski in a grade evaluation that he was the "best man I have seen". Kaczynski received one F, five B's and twelve A's in his eighteen courses at the university. In 2006, he said he had unpleasant memories of Michigan and felt the university had low standards for grading, considering his relatively high grades. For a period of several weeks in 1966, Kaczynski experienced intense sexual fantasies of being female and decided to undergo gender transition . He arranged to meet with
4200-415: Is the case in Western epistemology". Thus, oral traditions , music , folklore , myths , proverbs and the like are utilized in the preservation and transmission of knowledge. African epistemology is the endeavour of the individual, not the community, and holders of knowledge are considered moral agents that treat knowledge as a tool to moralise/humanise themselves and the society as a whole, thus knowledge
4320-425: Is the work of a madman, then the writings of many political philosophers— Jean Jacques Rousseau , Thomas Paine , Karl Marx —are scarcely more sane." He added: "The Unabomber does not like socialization, technology, leftist political causes or conservative attitudes. Apart from his call for an (unspecified) revolution, his paper resembles something that a very good graduate student might have written." Alston Chase,
4440-517: Is used by WIPO to refer to "any form of artistic and literary expression in which traditional culture and knowledge are embodied. They are transmitted from one generation to the next, and include handmade textiles, paintings, stories, legends, ceremonies, music, songs, rhythms and dance." WIPO negotiates international legal protection of traditional cultural expressions through the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore (IGC). During
4560-524: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) sets out certain conditions under which certain biological materials or intellectual innovations may be excluded from patenting. The Article also contains a requirement that Article 27 be reviewed. In the TRIPs-related Doha Declaration of 2001, Paragraph 19 expanded the review to a review of Article 27 and the rest of
4680-458: The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) recognized the value of traditional knowledge in protecting species, ecosystems and landscapes, and incorporated language regulating access to it and its use (discussed below). It was soon urged that implementing these provisions would require revision of international intellectual property agreements. This became even more pressing with the adoption of
4800-549: The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007). The Rio Declaration (1992), endorsed by the presidents and ministers of the majority of the countries of the world, recognized indigenous and local communities as distinct groups with special concerns that should be addressed by states. Initial concern was over the territorial rights and traditional resource rights of these communities. Indigenous peoples soon showed concern for
4920-478: The Eugene O'Neill one-dollar stamps often used as postage on his boxes. He sent one bomb embedded in a copy of Sloan Wilson 's novel Ice Brothers . The FBI theorized that Kaczynski's crimes involved a theme of nature, trees and wood. He often included bits of a tree branch and bark in his bombs; his selected targets included Percy Wood and Leroy Wood. The crime writer Robert Graysmith noted his "obsession with wood"
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5040-643: The Government of India set up the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) as repository of 1200 formulations of various systems of Indian medicine, such as Ayurveda , Unani and Siddha and 1500 Yoga postures ( asanas ), translated into five languages – English, German, French, Spanish and Japanese. India has also signed agreements with the European Patent Office (EPO), United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO) and
5160-474: The International Council for Science (ICSU) Study Group on Science and Traditional Knowledge characterises traditional knowledge as: a cumulative body of knowledge, know-how, practices and representations maintained and developed by peoples with extended histories of interaction with the natural environment. These sophisticated sets of understandings, interpretations and meanings are part and parcel of
5280-503: The Unabomber ( / ˈ j uː n ə b ɒ m ər / YOO -nə-bom-ər ), was an American mathematician and domestic terrorist . He was a mathematics prodigy , but abandoned his academic career in 1969 to pursue a reclusive primitive lifestyle . Kaczynski murdered three people and injured 23 others between 1978 and 1995 in a nationwide mail bombing campaign against people he believed to be advancing modern technology and
5400-668: The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to prevent the grant of invalid patents by giving patent examiners at International Patent Offices access to the TKDL database for patent search and examination. Some of the legislative measures to protect TK are The Biological Diversity Act (2002), The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act (2001) and The Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration And Protection) Act, 1999. The Intellectual Property Rights Policy for Kerala released in 2008 proposes adoption of
5520-632: The World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), which established rules for creating and protecting intellectual property that could be interpreted to conflict with the agreements made under the CBD. In response, the states who had ratified the CBD requested the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to investigate the relationship between intellectual property rights, biodiversity and traditional knowledge. WIPO began this work with
5640-399: The arts and humanities . Proponents also argue that its inclusion combats disillusionment among indigenous groups with the education system and helps to preserve their cultural identity. Studies indicate that if the introduction of TK into educational curriculums is to succeed, it would need to taught from the perspective of the relevant worldview, involve community participation, and have
5760-402: The intellectual property approach. Some have been willing to investigate how existing intellectual property mechanisms (primarily: patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets) can protect traditional knowledge. Others believe that an intellectual property approach may work, but will require more radical and novel forms of intellectual property law ("sui generis rights"). Others believe that
5880-505: The "Unabomber manifesto" by the FBI) verbatim. He stated he would "desist from terrorism" if this demand was met. There was controversy as to whether the essay should be published, but Attorney General Janet Reno and FBI Director Louis Freeh recommended its publication out of concern for public safety and in the hope that a reader could identify the author. Bob Guccione of Penthouse volunteered to publish it. Kaczynski replied Penthouse
6000-456: The "briefcase boys" due to their penchant for carrying briefcases. Throughout high school, Kaczynski was ahead of his classmates academically. Placed in a more advanced mathematics class, he soon mastered the material. He skipped the eleventh grade, and, by attending summer school, he graduated at age 15. Kaczynski was one of his school's five National Merit finalists and was encouraged to apply to Harvard University . While still at age 15, he
6120-426: The "power process" in which people strive to be independent and to achieve power over themselves. He predicted that technological advances would lead to extensive and ultimately oppressive forms of human control, including genetic engineering , and that human beings would be adjusted to meet the needs of social systems rather than vice versa . Kaczynski stated that technological progress can be stopped, in contrast to
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#17328474564386240-456: The 1960s, as most of its conjectures had been proven. According to mathematician Donald Rung, if Kaczynski had continued to work in mathematics, he "probably would have gone on to some other area". After resigning from Berkeley, Kaczynski moved to his parents' home in Lombard, Illinois . Two years later, in 1971, he moved to a remote cabin he had built outside Lincoln, Montana , where he could live
6360-545: The California public school system Ταχυδρομικός Κώδικας , Postal codes in Greece See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "tK" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles containing Tk KT (disambiguation) T (disambiguation) K (disambiguation) TKS (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
6480-710: The European arm of TJ Maxx Science and technology [ edit ] .tk , the Internet top-level domain for Tokelau Tk (software) , a GUI toolkit Telecine , a process of transferring motion picture film to video Thymidine kinase , a protein Transketolase , an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway and in the Calvin cycle Type 94 tankette , a vehicle of the Imperial Japanese Army Korovin pistol ,
6600-451: The Kaczynski family as "civic-minded folks", one recalling the parents "sacrificed everything they had for their children". Both Ted and David were intelligent, but Ted was exceptionally bright. Neighbors described him as a smart but lonely individual. Kaczynski attended Evergreen Park Community High School , where he excelled academically. He played the trombone in the marching band and
6720-479: The May 1978 bombing and stayed there for a time to work with his father and brother at a foam rubber factory. In August 1978, his brother fired him for writing insulting limericks about a female supervisor Ted had courted briefly. The supervisor later recalled Kaczynski as intelligent and quiet but remembered little of their acquaintanceship and firmly denied they had had any romantic relationship. Kaczynski's second bomb
6840-531: The TRIPs agreement to include the relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the protection of traditional knowledge and folklore. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1993, was the first international environmental convention to develop measures for
6960-523: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). While often used synonymously, the term "traditional knowledge (TK)" is most associated with traditional medicine and botany , while "indigenous knowledge (IK)" is most associated with cultural issues and sustainable development , and "local knowledge (LK)" with environmental issues. The phrase "traditional cultural expressions"
7080-570: The United Nations International Year for the World's Indigenous People (1993), and then during the following UN Decade of the World's Indigenous People (1995–2004), a number of conferences of both indigenous and non-indigenous specialists were held in different parts of the world, resulting in a number of declarations and statements identifying, explaining, refining, and defining "indigenous intellectual property". Article 27. 3(b) of
7200-629: The University of California, Berkeley. The first, in July 1982, caused serious injuries to engineering professor Diogenes Angelakos . Nearly three years later, in May 1985, John Hauser, a graduate student and captain in the United States Air Force , lost four fingers and the vision in one eye. Kaczynski handcrafted the bomb from wooden parts. A bomb sent to the Boeing Company in Auburn, Washington ,
7320-472: The bombs and the investigation into the lives of the victims proved of little use in identifying the suspect, who built the bombs primarily from scrap materials available almost anywhere. Investigators later learned that the victims were chosen indiscriminately from library research. Traditional knowledge Traditional knowledge ( TK ), indigenous knowledge ( IK ), folk knowledge , and local knowledge generally refers to knowledge systems embedded in
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#17328474564387440-569: The case identifier UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber) before his identity was known, resulting in the media naming him the "Unabomber". In 1995, Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times promising to "desist from terrorism" if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto, in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary in attracting attention to the erosion of human freedom and dignity by modern technologies. The FBI and U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno pushed for
7560-535: The classic era of the Star Wars universe TK, the protagonist of the game Driver: Parallel Lines " Tk'tk'tk ", a science-fiction short story by David D. Levine Tidens Krav , a newspaper published in Kristiansund, Norway Tom Kent (active 1970s–2000s), American radio DJ Businesses [ edit ] ThyssenKrupp , a German industrial conglomerate Turkish Airlines (IATA code TK) TK Maxx ,
7680-538: The committee's sessions, representatives of indigenous and local communities host panels relating to the preservation of traditional knowledge. Leading international authority on Indigenous cultural and intellectual property, Australian lawyer Terri Janke , says that within Australian Indigenous communities (comprising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples ), "the use of the word 'traditional' tends not to be preferred as it implies that Indigenous culture
7800-479: The concepts ' knowledge commons ' and 'commons licence' for the protection of traditional knowledge. The policy, largely created by Prabhat Patnaik and R.S. Praveen Raj, seeks to put all traditional knowledge into the realm of "knowledge commons", distinguishing this from the public domain. Raj has argued that TKDL cannot at the same time be kept confidential and treated as prior art. In 2016, Shashi Tharoor , Member of Parliament from Thiruvananthapuram introduced
7920-738: The conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices... Article 10. Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate: (a)... (c) Protect and encourage customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements The interpretation of these provisions has been elaborated through decisions by
8040-517: The course of [his] life". In 1962, Kaczynski enrolled at the University of Michigan , where he earned his master's and doctoral degrees in mathematics in 1964 and 1967, respectively. Michigan was not his first choice for postgraduate education ; he had applied to the University of California, Berkeley , and the University of Chicago , both of which accepted him but offered him no teaching position or financial aid. Michigan offered him an annual grant of $ 2,310 (equivalent to $ 23,268 in 2023) and
8160-522: The cultural traditions of regional , indigenous , or local communities . Traditional knowledge includes types of knowledge about traditional technologies of areas such as subsistence (e.g. tools and techniques for hunting or agriculture ), midwifery , ethnobotany and ecological knowledge , traditional medicine , celestial navigation , craft skills, ethnoastronomy , climate, and others. These systems of knowledge are generally based on accumulations of empirical observation of and interaction with
8280-483: The destruction of the natural environment . He authored Industrial Society and Its Future , a 35,000-word manifesto and social critique which opposes all forms of technology , rejecting leftism , and advocating a nature-centered form of anarchism . In 1971, Kaczynski moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water near Lincoln, Montana , where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills to become self-sufficient . After witnessing
8400-471: The destruction of the wilderness surrounding his cabin, he concluded that living in nature was becoming impossible and resolved to fight industrialization and its destruction of nature through terrorism. In 1979, Kaczynski became the subject of what was, by the time of his arrest in 1996, the longest and most expensive investigation in the history of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The FBI used
8520-526: The document is dedicated to discussing political leftism as a manifestation of related psychological types, with Kaczynski attributing the prevalence and intensity of leftism in society as both a negative symptom of psychological pressures induced by technological conditions as well as an obstacle to the formation of an effective anti-tech revolution. He defined leftists as "mainly socialists , collectivists , ' politically correct ' types, feminists , gay and disability activists , animal rights activists and
8640-458: The dynamics of revolutionary movements. According to a 2021 study, Kaczynski's manifesto "is a synthesis of ideas from three well-known academics: French philosopher Jacques Ellul , British zoologist Desmond Morris , and American psychologist Martin Seligman ". Because of the material used to make the mail bombs, U.S. postal inspectors , who initially had responsibility for the case, labeled
8760-595: The early 1990s to the Millennium was also characterized by the rapid rise in global civil society . The high-level Brundtland Report (1987) recommended a change in development policy that allowed for direct community participation and respected local rights and aspirations. Indigenous peoples and others had successfully petitioned the United Nations to establish a Working Group on Indigenous Populations that made two early surveys on treaty rights and land rights. These led to
8880-399: The edge of it you find these ravines that cut very steeply in to cliff-like drop-offs and there was even a waterfall there. It was about a two days' hike from my cabin. That was the best spot until the summer of 1983. That summer there were too many people around my cabin so I decided I needed some peace. I went back to the plateau and when I got there I found they had put a road right through
9000-694: The elimination of modern technology". Although Kaczynski and his manifesto has been embraced by ecofascists , he rejected fascism, including those whom he referred to as "the 'ecofascists'", describing ecofascism as "an aberrant branch of leftism". In "Ecofascism: An Aberrant Branch of Leftism", he wrote: "The true anti-tech movement rejects every form of racism or ethnocentrism. This has nothing to do with ' tolerance ,' 'diversity,' ' pluralism ,' ' multiculturalism ,' 'equality,' or ' social justice .' The rejection of racism and ethnocentrism is – purely and simply – a cardinal point of strategy." Kaczynski wrote that he considered fascism
9120-577: The environment, transmitted orally across generations. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the United Nations (UN) include traditional cultural expressions ( TCE ) in their respective definitions of indigenous knowledge. Traditional knowledge systems and cultural expressions exist in the forms of culture , stories , legends , folklore , rituals , songs , and laws , languages , songlines , dance, games, mythology , designs, visual art and architecture . A report of
9240-413: The environment, such as taboos, proverbs and cosmological knowledge systems, may provide a conservation ethos for biodiversity preservation. This is particularly true of traditional environmental knowledge, which refers to a "particular form of place-based knowledge of the diversity and interactions among plant and animal species, landforms, watercourses, and other qualities of the biophysical environment in
9360-463: The erosion of human freedom is a natural product of an industrial society because, in his words, "the system has to regulate human behavior closely in order to function", and that reform of the system is impossible. He said that the system has not yet fully achieved control over all human behavior and is in the midst of a struggle to gain that control. Kaczynski predicted that the system would break down if it cannot achieve significant control, and that it
9480-518: The essay on September 19, 1995. Kaczynski used a typewriter to write his manuscript, capitalizing entire words for emphasis, in lieu of italics. He always referred to himself as either "we" or "FC" ("Freedom Club"), though there is no evidence that he worked with others. Donald Wayne Foster analyzed the writing at the request of Kaczynski's defense team in 1996 and noted that it contained irregular spelling and hyphenation, along with other linguistic idiosyncrasies. This led him to conclude that Kaczynski
9600-524: The essays as ammunition. Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study. Kaczynski's lawyers later attributed his hostility towards mind control techniques to his participation in Murray's study. Kaczynski stated he resented Murray and his co-workers, primarily because of the invasion of his privacy he perceived as a result of their experiments. Nevertheless, he said he was "quite confident that [his] experiences with Professor Murray had no significant effect on
9720-442: The fundamental tenet of Western culture where science is the main determiner of what is and is not real, and anything unconfirmed by science is viewed as metaphysical fantasy or superstition. This informs what is termed the "colonial myth on Africa", and African scholars have defended "African rational, logical and analytic consciousness and thought patterns", pointing to the cultural embeddings of knowledge. African philosophy seeks
9840-542: The intellectual property system uses concepts and terms that are incompatible with traditional cultural concepts, and favors the commercialization of their traditions, which they generally resist. Many have argued that the form of protection should refer to collective human rights to protect their distinct identities, religions and cultural heritage. Literary and artistic works based upon, derived from or inspired by traditional culture or folklore may incorporate new elements or expressions. Hence these works may be "new" works with
9960-467: The introduction to Kaczynski's 2010 anthology Technological Slavery , which includes the original manifesto, letters from Kaczynski to Skrbina, and other essays. Two further editions have been published since 2010, one in 2019 and another in 2022. Kaczynski also wrote a second book in 2016 titled, Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How , that does not include the manifesto, but delves deeply into an analysis of why technological society cannot be reformed and
10080-430: The like". He believed that over- socialization and feelings of inferiority are primary drivers of leftism, and derided it as "one of the most widespread manifestations of the craziness of our world". Kaczynski added that the type of movement he envisioned must be anti-leftist and refrain from collaboration with leftists as, in his view, "leftism is in the long run inconsistent with wild nature, with human freedom and with
10200-586: The mathematics department, to Kaczynski's doctoral advisor Shields, Addison referred to the resignation as "quite out of the blue". He added that "Kaczynski seemed almost pathologically shy", and that, as far as he knew, Kaczynski made no close friends in the department, noting that efforts to bring him more into the "swing of things" had failed. In 1996, reporters for the Los Angeles Times interviewed mathematicians about Kaczynski's work and concluded that Kaczynski's subfield effectively ceased to exist after
10320-457: The middle of it ... You just can't imagine how upset I was. It was from that point on I decided that, rather than trying to acquire further wilderness skills, I would work on getting back at the system. Revenge. Kaczynski was visited multiple times in Montana by his father, who was impressed by Ted's wilderness skills. Kaczynski's father was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer in 1990 and held
10440-474: The misappropriation and misuse of their "intangible" knowledge and cultural heritage. Indigenous peoples and local communities have resisted, among other things: the use of traditional symbols and designs as mascots, derivative arts and crafts; the use or modification of traditional songs; the patenting of traditional uses of medicinal plants; and the copyrighting and distribution of traditional stories. Indigenous peoples and local communities have sought to prevent
10560-661: The parties (ratifiers of the Convention) (see the Convention on Biological Diversity Handbook, available free in digital format from the Secretariat). Nevertheless, the provisions regarding Access and Benefit Sharing contained in the Convention on Biological Diversity never achieved consensus and soon the authority over these questions fell back to WIPO. At the Convention on Biological Diversity meeting, in Buenos Aires, in 1996, emphasis
10680-558: The patenting of traditional knowledge and resources where they have not given express consent. They have sought for greater protection and control over traditional knowledge and resources. Certain communities have also sought to ensure that their traditional knowledge is used equitably - according to restrictions set by their traditions, or requiring benefit sharing for its use according to benefits which they define. Three broad approaches to protect traditional knowledge have been developed. The first emphasizes protecting traditional knowledge as
10800-501: The pilots to carry out an emergency landing . Authorities said it had enough power to "obliterate the plane" had it exploded. "Kaczynski had used a barometer-triggered device, and it had succeeded only in setting some mailbags on fire and forcing an emergency landing; in a letter written years later, the Unabomber expressed relief that the airline bomb had failed, since its target had been too indiscriminate." Kaczynski sent his next bomb to
10920-435: The president of United Airlines , Percy Wood . Wood received cuts and burns over most of his body. Kaczynski left false clues in most bombs, which he intentionally made hard to find to make them appear more legitimate. Clues included metal plates stamped with the initials "FC" hidden somewhere (usually in the pipe end cap) in bombs, a note left in a bomb that did not detonate reading "Wu—It works! I told you it would—RV," and
11040-457: The psychiatrist. Just then there came a major turning point in my life. Like a Phoenix , I burst from the ashes of my despair to a glorious new hope." In 1967, Kaczynski's dissertation, Boundary Functions , won the Sumner B. Myers Prize for Michigan's best mathematics dissertation of the year. Allen Shields , his doctoral advisor , called it "the best I have ever directed", and Maxwell Reade,
11160-603: The publication of the essay, which appeared in The Washington Post in September 1995. Upon reading it, Kaczynski's brother, David , recognized the prose style and reported his suspicions to the FBI. After his arrest in 1996, Kaczynski—maintaining that he was sane—tried and failed to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wished him to plead insanity to avoid the death penalty . He pleaded guilty to all charges in 1998 and
11280-463: The rights of indigenous and local communities to control access to and derive benefits from the use of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. In September 2020, the government of Queensland introduced the Biodiscovery and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2020, which introduced protections for accessing and using First Nations peoples' traditional knowledge in biodiscovery. In 2001,
11400-419: The same scrutiny as other knowledge-claims. This has particular significance for environmental management because the spiritual component of "traditional knowledge" can justify any activity, including the unsustainable harvesting of resources. Traditional Knowledge (TK) and Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCE) are both types of Indigenous Knowledge (IK), according to the definitions and terminology used in
11520-416: The search for a comprehensive knowledge, approximation is considered desirable Ancestral spirits, i.e. spirits of individuals that once inhabited the physical world, are central to traditional African thought. It is believed they are still capable of actions which have consequences in the physical world, and having knowledge of their intentions provides grounds for understanding physical occurrences. Reality
11640-541: The social aspects of knowledge. Local knowledge and traditional knowledge may be thought of as distinguished by the length of time they have existed, from decades to centuries or millennia. On the other hand, indigenous and local communities themselves may perceive traditional knowledge very differently. The knowledge of indigenous and local communities is often embedded in a cosmology , and any distinction between "intangible" knowledge and physical things can become blurred. Indigenous peoples often say that indigenous knowledge
11760-525: The suspect the "Junkyard Bomber". FBI Inspector Terry D. Turchie was appointed to run the UNABOM (University and Airline Bomber) investigation. In 1979, an FBI-led task force that included 125 agents from the FBI, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), and the U.S. Postal Inspection Service was formed. The task force grew to more than 150 full-time personnel, but minute analysis of recovered components of
11880-623: The title TK . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TK&oldid=1217609012 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Greek-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski ( / k ə ˈ z ɪ n s k i / kə- ZIN -skee ; May 22, 1942 – June 10, 2023), also known as
12000-796: The use and protection of traditional knowledge, related to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. By 2006, 188 had ratified the Convention and agreed to be bound by its provisions, the largest number of nations to accede to any existing treaty (the United States is one of the few countries that has signed, but not ratified, the CBD). Significant provisions include: Article 8. In-situ Conservation Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate: (a)... (j) Subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for
12120-608: The use of knowledge. For example, a hunter might be permitted to kill an animal only to feed the community, and not to feed himself. From an indigenous perspective, misappropriation and misuse of knowledge may be offensive to traditions, and may have spiritual and physical repercussions in indigenous cosmological systems. Consequently, indigenous and local communities argue that others' use of their traditional knowledge warrants respect and sensitivity. Critics of traditional knowledge, however, see such demands for "respect" as an attempt to prevent unsubstantiated beliefs from being subjected to
12240-425: The use of publicly available information without clear notice and justification is regarded by many in developed nations as unethical as well as impractical. Indigenous intellectual property is an umbrella legal term used in national and international forums to identify indigenous peoples ' special rights to claim (from within their own laws) all that their indigenous groups know now, have known, or will know. It
12360-479: The viewpoint of people who he said understand technology's negative effects yet passively accept technology as inevitable. He called for a revolution to force the collapse of the worldwide technological system, and held a life close to nature, in particular primitivist lifestyles, as an ultimate ideal. Kaczynski's critiques of civilization bore some similarities to anarcho-primitivism , but he rejected and criticized anarcho-primitivist views. Kaczynski argued that
12480-490: The work is said to enter the public domain . Copyright protection also does not extend to folk songs and other works that developed over time, with no identifiable creators. Having an idea, story, or other work legally protected only for a limited period of time is not accepted by some indigenous peoples. On this point the Tulalip Tribes of Washington state has commented that "open sharing does not automatically confer
12600-493: The works of Jacques Ellul . Kaczynski's brother David later stated that Ellul's book The Technological Society "became Ted's Bible". Kaczynski recounted in 1998, "When I read the book for the first time, I was delighted, because I thought, 'Here is someone who is saying what I have already been thinking.'" In an interview after his arrest, Kaczynski recalled being shocked on a hike to one of his favorite wild spots: It's kind of rolling country, not flat, and when you get to
12720-418: The years, many contained the initials "FC", which Kaczynski later said stood for "Freedom Club", inscribed on parts inside. He purposely left misleading clues in the devices and took extreme care in preparing them to avoid leaving fingerprints ; fingerprints found on some of the devices did not match those found on letters attributed to Kaczynski. Kaczynski's first mail bomb was directed at Buckley Crist,
12840-608: Was "a large factor" in the bombings. In 1981, a package bearing the return address of a Brigham Young University professor of electrical engineering, LeRoy Wood Bearnson, was discovered in a hallway at the University of Utah . It was brought to the campus police and was defused by a bomb squad . In May of the following year, a bomb was sent to Patrick C. Fischer , a professor of computer science at Vanderbilt University . The package exploded when Fischer's secretary, Janet Smith, opened it, and Smith received injuries to her face and arms. Kaczynski's next two bombs targeted people at
12960-469: Was a member of the mathematics, biology, coin, and German clubs. In 1996, a former classmate said: "He was never really seen as a person, as an individual personality ... He was always regarded as a walking brain, so to speak." During this period, Kaczynski became intensely interested in mathematics, spending hours studying and solving advanced problems. He became associated with a group of like-minded boys interested in science and mathematics, known as
13080-434: Was accepted to Harvard and entered the university on a scholarship in 1958 at age 16. A high school classmate later said Kaczynski was emotionally unprepared: "They packed him up and sent him to Harvard before he was ready ... He didn't even have a driver's license." Kaczynski matriculated at Harvard College as a mathematics prodigy. During his first year at the university, Kaczynski lived at 8 Prescott Street, which
13200-532: Was born, the family moved to suburban Evergreen Park , Illinois, and Ted transferred to Evergreen Park Central Junior High School. After testing scored his IQ at 167, he skipped the sixth grade. Kaczynski later described this as a pivotal event: previously he had socialized with his peers and was even seen as a leader, but after skipping ahead of them he felt he did not fit in with the older children, who bullied him. Neighbors in Evergreen Park later described
13320-470: Was defused by a bomb squad the following month. In November 1985, professor James V. McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino were both severely injured after Suino opened a mail bomb addressed to McConnell. In late 1985, a nail-and-splinter-loaded bomb in the parking lot of a computer store in Sacramento, California , killed 38-year-old owner of the store, Hugh Scrutton. On February 20, 1987,
13440-401: Was formally appointed to an assistant professorship, a sign that he was on track for tenure . His teaching evaluations suggested he was not well-liked by his students—he seemed uncomfortable teaching, taught straight from the textbook and refused to answer questions. Without any explanation, Kaczynski resigned on June 30, 1969. In a 1970 letter written by John W. Addison Jr., the chairman of
13560-454: Was intended to provide a small, intimate living space for the youngest, most precocious incoming students. For the following three years, he lived at Eliot House . His housemates and other students at Harvard described Kaczynski as a very intelligent but socially reserved person. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Harvard in 1962, finishing with a GPA of 3.12. In his second year at Harvard, Kaczynski participated in
13680-707: Was its author. Industrial Society and Its Future begins with Kaczynski's assertion: "The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race." He wrote that technology has had a destabilizing effect on society, has made life unfulfilling, and has caused widespread psychological suffering. Kaczynski argued that most people spend their time engaged in ultimately unfulfilling pursuits because of technological advances; he called these "surrogate activities", wherein people strive toward artificial goals, including scientific work, consumption of entertainment, political activism, and following sports teams. He states people do "surrogate activities" to satisfy
13800-505: Was killed after opening a mail bomb sent to his home in New Jersey . In a letter to The New York Times , Kaczynski wrote he had sent the bomb because of Mosser's work repairing the public image of Exxon after the Exxon Valdez oil spill . This was followed by the 1995 murder of Gilbert Brent Murray, president of the timber industry lobbying group California Forestry Association, by
13920-412: Was less "respectable" than The New York Times and The Washington Post , and said that, "to increase our chances of getting our stuff published in some 'respectable' periodical", he would "reserve the right to plant one (and only one) bomb intended to kill, after our manuscript has been published" if Penthouse published the document instead of The Times or The Post . The Washington Post published
14040-642: Was met in October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, by conclusion of the Nagoya Protocol to the CBD. The agreement is now open for ratification, and will come into force when 50 signatories have ratified it. It entered into force on 12 October 2014. As of August 2020 , 128 nations ratified the Nagoya Protocol. The Protocol treats of inter-governmental obligations related to genetic resources , and includes measures related to
14160-565: Was put on local knowledge. Key players, such as local communities and indigenous peoples, should be recognized by States, and have their sovereignty recognised over the biodiversity of their territories, so that they can continue protecting it. The parties to the Convention set a 2010 target to negotiate an international legally binding regime on access and benefit sharing (ABS) at the Eighth meeting (COP8), 20–31 March 2006 in Curitiba, Brazil. This target
14280-449: Was sent nearly one year after the first one, again to Northwestern University. The bomb, concealed inside a cigar box and left on a table, caused minor injuries to graduate student John Harris when he opened it. In 1979, a bomb was placed in the cargo hold of American Airlines Flight 444 , a Boeing 727 flying from Chicago to Washington, D.C. A faulty timing mechanism prevented the bomb from exploding, but it released smoke, which caused
14400-893: Was sentenced to several consecutive life terms in prison without the possibility of parole . In 2021, he received a cancer diagnosis and stopped treatment in March 2023. Kaczynski died by suicide in prison in June 2023. Theodore John Kaczynski was born in Chicago on May 22, 1942, to working-class parents Wanda Theresa ( née Dombek) and Theodore Richard Kaczynski, a sausage maker. The two were Polish Americans who were raised as Roman Catholics but later became atheists . They married on April 11, 1939. From first to fourth grade (ages six to nine), Kaczynski attended Sherman Elementary School in Chicago, where administrators described him as healthy and well-adjusted. In 1952, three years after his brother David
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