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100-528: In 19th century India, Kal-El is raised by wolves. The story is loosely based on Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli stories, with added elements of Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan novels. The first part of the story starts with K'L'L, whose ship crashes deep in the Indian jungle. He is saved from the Bengal tiger Khan by M'R'R, the she-wolf of a pack of Indian wolves . She adopts him and nurses K'L'L as one of her own. When

200-453: A big green gem he acquired in Africa . Their efforts are stopped, and Luthor's ruthlessness is evident after he executes them both. Moments later, the camp hears the sounds of a stampede coming their way. K'L'L and an army of jungle animals attack the camp. The jungle man singles out Sir Richard, who is powerless against him. Only Lois is able to convince the jungle man to stop. The animals leave

300-445: A change of editors at the newspaper; Kay Robinson , the new editor, allowed more creative freedom and Kipling was asked to contribute short stories to the newspaper. In an article printed in the Chums boys' annual, an ex-colleague of Kipling's stated that "he never knew such a fellow for ink – he simply revelled in it, filling up his pen viciously, and then throwing the contents all over

400-547: A couple who boarded children of British nationals living abroad. For the next six years (from October 1871 to April 1877), the children lived with the couple – Captain Pryse Agar Holloway, once an officer in the merchant navy , and Sarah Holloway – at their house, Lorne Lodge, 4 Campbell Road, Southsea. Kipling referred to the place as "the House of Desolation". In his autobiography published 65 years later, Kipling recalled

500-500: A decanter across a friendly dinner table." By January 1896, he had decided to end his family's "good wholesome life" in the U.S. and seek their fortunes elsewhere. A family dispute became the final straw. For some time, relations between Carrie and her brother Beatty Balestier had been strained, owing to his drinking and insolvency. In May 1896, an inebriated Beatty encountered Kipling on the street and threatened him with physical harm. The incident led to Beatty's eventual arrest, but in

600-520: A double fantasy of the child as both noble savage and embryo good citizen, to see that the Jungle Books .. give their readers a vicarious experience of adventure both as freedom and as service to a just State". Sayan Mukherjee, writing for the Book Review Circle, calls The Jungle Book "one of the most enjoyable books of my childhood and even in adulthood, highly informative as to the outlook of

700-455: A forest in India ; one place mentioned repeatedly is "Seeonee" ( Seoni ), in the central state of Madhya Pradesh . A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering, as in the life of Mowgli, echoing Kipling's own childhood. The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies, as well as Mowgli's. Another important theme

800-401: A letter: "A little maple began it, flaming blood-red of a sudden where he stood against the dark green of a pine-belt. Next morning there was an answering signal from the swamp where the sumacs grow. Three days later, the hill-sides as fast as the eye could range were afire, and the roads paved, with crimson and gold. Then a wet wind blew, and ruined all the uniforms of that gorgeous army; and

900-469: A mere four years he produced, along with the Jungle Books , a book of short stories ( The Day's Work ), a novel ( Captains Courageous ), and a profusion of poetry, including the volume The Seven Seas . The collection of Barrack-Room Ballads was issued in March 1892, first published individually for the most part in 1890, and contained his poems " Mandalay " and " Gunga Din ". He especially enjoyed writing

1000-474: A month each Christmas with a maternal aunt Georgiana ("Georgy") and her husband, Edward Burne-Jones , at their house, The Grange, in Fulham , London, which Kipling called "a paradise which I verily believe saved me". In the spring of 1877, Alice returned from India and removed the children from Lorne Lodge. Kipling remembers "Often and often afterwards, the beloved Aunt would ask me why I had never told any one how I

1100-521: A phrase in Haggard's Nada the Lily , combined with the echo of this tale. After blocking out the main idea in my head, the pen took charge, and I watched it begin to write stories about Mowgli and animals, which later grew into the two Jungle Books ." With Josephine's arrival, Bliss Cottage was felt to be congested, so eventually the couple bought land – 10 acres (4.0 ha) on a rocky hillside overlooking

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1200-530: A total of 41 stories, some quite long. In addition, as The Pioneer ' s special correspondent in the western region of Rajputana , he wrote many sketches that were later collected in Letters of Marque and published in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel . Kipling was discharged from The Pioneer in early 1889 after a dispute. By this time, he had been increasingly thinking of his future. He sold

1300-651: A two-hour conversation with him on trends in Anglo-American literature and about what Twain was going to write in a sequel to Tom Sawyer , with Twain assuring Kipling that a sequel was coming, although he had not decided upon the ending: either Sawyer would be elected to Congress or he would be hanged. Twain also passed along the literary advice that an author should "get your facts first and then you can distort 'em as much as you please." Twain, who rather liked Kipling, later wrote of their meeting: "Between us, we cover all knowledge; he covers all that can be known and I cover

1400-401: Is interrupted when the men he has employed shoot and kill M'R'R and one of her cubs. When K'L'L hears the yelps of his mother, he flies to the camp and starts tossing the men like rag dolls, almost killing Sir John. He is only deterred by Sir Richard, who somehow talks K'L'L out of killing his companion. K'L'L grabs the two dead wolves and flies off. While K'L'L mourns, Khan has taken control of

1500-553: Is kept at bay by Luthor's sword until Sir Richard appears and duels with Luthor. Sir Richard wins, throwing Lex off the building. Clark saves Lois and Richard and is knighted K'L'L: Sir Clark of Kent by the Queen. His powers bring a new shine to the British Empire , which now comprises one-third of the Earth. Lois and Clark's children all share the same powers as their father and it is assured to

1600-590: Is not easy. I have known a certain amount of bullying , but this was calculated torture – religious as well as scientific. Yet it made me give attention to the lies I soon found it necessary to tell: and this, I presume, is the foundation of literary effort." Trix fared better at Lorne Lodge; Mrs Holloway apparently hoped that Trix would eventually marry the Holloways' son. The two Kipling children, however, had no relatives in England they could visit, except that they spent

1700-457: Is of law and freedom; the stories are not about animal behaviour , still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival, but about human archetypes in animal form. They teach respect for authority, obedience, and knowing one's place in society with "the law of the jungle", but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds, such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and

1800-475: Is seen as an innovator in the art of the short story. His children's books are classics; one critic noted "a versatile and luminous narrative gift". Kipling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was among the United Kingdom's most popular writers. Henry James said "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known." In 1907, he

1900-615: The Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore and The Pioneer in Allahabad . The former, which was the newspaper Kipling was to call his "mistress and most true love", appeared six days a week throughout the year, except for one-day breaks for Christmas and Easter. Stephen Wheeler, the editor, worked Kipling hard, but Kipling's need to write was unstoppable. In 1886, he published his first collection of verse, Departmental Ditties . That year also brought

2000-647: The Jataka tales . For example, an older moral-filled mongoose and snake version of the " Rikki-Tikki-Tavi " story by Kipling is found in Book 5 of Panchatantra . In a letter to the American author Edward Everett Hale , Kipling wrote: The idea of beast-tales seems to me new in that it is a most ancient and long forgotten idea. The really fascinating tales are those that the Bodhisat tells of his previous incarnations ending always with

2100-668: The Connecticut River – from Carrie's brother Beatty Balestier and built their own house. Kipling named this Naulakha , in honour of Wolcott and of their collaboration, and this time the name was spelt correctly. From his early years in Lahore (1882–87), Kipling had become enamoured with the Mughal architecture , especially the Naulakha pavilion situated in Lahore Fort , which eventually inspired

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2200-755: The English Channel . Although Kipling did not much care for his new house, whose design, he claimed, left its occupants feeling dispirited and gloomy, he managed to remain productive and socially active. Kipling was now a famous man, and in the previous two or three years had increasingly been making political pronouncements in his writings. The Kiplings had welcomed their first son, John , in August 1897. Kipling had begun work on two poems, " Recessional " (1897) and " The White Man's Burden " (1899), which were to create controversy when published. Regarded by some as anthems for enlightened and duty-bound empire-building (capturing

2300-724: The Gazette ' s larger sister newspaper, The Pioneer , in Allahabad in the United Provinces , where he worked as assistant editor and lived in Belvedere House from 1888 to 1889. Kipling's writing continued at a frenetic pace. In 1888, he published six collections of short stories: Soldiers Three , The Story of the Gadsbys , In Black and White , Under the Deodars , The Phantom Rickshaw , and Wee Willie Winkie . These contain

2400-488: The Gazette . "My month's leave at Simla, or whatever Hill Station my people went to, was pure joy – every golden hour counted. It began in heat and discomfort, by rail and road. It ended in the cool evening, with a wood fire in one's bedroom, and next morn – thirty more of them ahead! – the early cup of tea, the Mother who brought it in, and the long talks of us all together again. One had leisure to work, too, at whatever play-work

2500-528: The Hugo Award-winning science fiction novel, Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), when his wife, Virginia , suggested a new version of The Jungle Book , but with a child raised by Martians instead of wolves. Neil Gaiman 's The Graveyard Book (2008) is inspired by The Jungle Book . It follows a baby boy who is found and brought up by the dead in a cemetery. It has many scenes that can be traced to Kipling, but with Gaiman's dark twist. In music,

2600-519: The Jungle Book cycle (1958) was written by the Australian composer Percy Grainger , an avid Kipling reader. It consists of quotations from the book, set as choral pieces and solos for soprano, tenor or baritone. The French composer Charles Koechlin wrote several symphonic works inspired by the book. BBC Radio broadcast an adaptation on 14 February 1994 and released it as a BBC audiobook in 2008. It

2700-486: The Jungle Books and also corresponding with many children who wrote to him about them. The writing life in Naulakha was occasionally interrupted by visitors, including his father , who visited soon after his retirement in 1893, and the British writer Arthur Conan Doyle , who brought his golf clubs, stayed for two days, and gave Kipling an extended golf lesson. Kipling seemed to take to golf, occasionally practising with

2800-509: The Monroe Doctrine ). This raised hackles in Britain, and the situation grew into a major Anglo-American crisis , with talk of war on both sides. Although the crisis eased into greater United States–British co-operation, Kipling was bewildered by what he felt was persistent anti-British sentiment in the U.S., especially in the press. He wrote in a letter that it felt like being "aimed at with

2900-773: The Shot tower walked up and down with his traffic." In the next two years, he published a novel, The Light That Failed , had a nervous breakdown , and met an American writer and publishing agent, Wolcott Balestier , with whom he collaborated on a novel, The Naulahka (a title which he uncharacteristically misspelt; see below). In 1891, as advised by his doctors, Kipling took another sea voyage, to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and once again India. He cut short his plans to spend Christmas with his family in India when he heard of Balestier's sudden death from typhoid fever and decided to return to London immediately. Before his return, he had used

3000-413: The oaks , who had held themselves in reserve, buckled on their dull and bronzed cuirasses and stood it out stiffly to the last blown leaf, till nothing remained but pencil-shadings of bare boughs, and one could see into the most private heart of the woods." In February 1896, Elsie Kipling was born, the couple's second daughter. By this time, according to several biographers, their marital relationship

3100-485: The scout movement , whose founder, Robert Baden-Powell , was a friend of Kipling. Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book. Rudyard Kipling's stories were first printed in magazines in 1893 and 1894; the original publications also contained hand-sketched illustrations, with some from John Lockwood Kipling , his father. Rudyard himself was born in Mumbai —then referred to as Bombay —in

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3200-505: The telegram to propose to, and be accepted by, Wolcott's sister, Caroline Starr Balestier (1862–1939), called "Carrie", whom he had met a year earlier, and with whom he had apparently been having an intermittent romance. Meanwhile, late in 1891, a collection of his short stories on the British in India, Life's Handicap , was published in London. On 18 January 1892, Carrie Balestier (aged 29) and Rudyard Kipling (aged 26) married in London, in

3300-814: The "thick of an influenza epidemic, when the undertakers had run out of black horses and the dead had to be content with brown ones." The wedding was held at All Souls Church in Langham Place , central London. Henry James gave away the bride. Kipling and his wife settled upon a honeymoon that took them first to the United States (including a stop at the Balestier family estate near Brattleboro, Vermont ) and then to Japan. On arriving in Yokohama , they discovered that their bank, The New Oriental Banking Corporation , had failed. Taking this loss in their stride, they returned to

3400-655: The 19th century for people of British origin living in India] and so too would their son, though he spent the bulk of his life elsewhere. Complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent in his fiction." Kipling referred to such conflicts. For example: "In the afternoon heats before we took our sleep, she (the Portuguese ayah , or nanny) or Meeta (the Hindu bearer , or male attendant) would tell us stories and Indian nursery songs all unforgotten, and we were sent into

3500-548: The British on their 'native population'". The academic Jopi Nyman argued in 2001 that the book formed part of the construction of " colonial English national identity" within Kipling's " imperial project ". In Nyman's view, nation, race and class are mapped out in the stories, contributing to "an imagining of Englishness" as a site of power and racial superiority. Nyman suggested that The Jungle Book' s monkeys and snakes represent "colonial animals" and "racialized Others" within

3600-589: The Indian jungle, whereas the White Seal promotes "'truly English' identities in the nationalist allegory" of that story. Swati Singh, in his Secret History of the Jungle Book , notes that the tone is like that of Indian folklore, fable-like, and that critics have speculated that the Kipling may have heard similar stories from his Hindu bearer and his Portuguese ayah (nanny) during his childhood in India. Singh observes, too, that Kipling wove "magic and fantasy" into

3700-573: The Jungle", for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families, and communities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or "heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle". Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time. The stories in The Jungle Book were inspired in part by the ancient Indian fable texts such as the Panchatantra and

3800-613: The Pacific, "I had left the innocent East far behind.... Weeping softly for O-Toyo.... O-Toyo was a darling." Kipling then travelled through the United States, writing articles for The Pioneer that were later published in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel . Starting his North American travels in San Francisco, Kipling went north to Portland, Oregon , then Seattle , Washington, up to Victoria and Vancouver , British Columbia, through Medicine Hat , Alberta, back into

3900-615: The Russian of the Pribilof Islands . The early editions were illustrated with drawings in the text by John Lockwood Kipling (Rudyard's father), and the American artists W. H. Drake and Paul Frenzeny . The book has appeared in over 500 print editions, and over 100 audiobooks. It has been translated into at least 36 languages. In 2024, page proofs of the book were donated to Cambridge University Library . Critics such as Harry Ricketts have observed that Kipling returns repeatedly to

4000-596: The School of Art. They had been so moved by the beauty of the Rudyard Lake area that they named their first child after it, Joseph Rudyard. Two of Alice's sisters were married to artists: Georgiana to the painter Edward Burne-Jones , and her sister Agnes to Edward Poynter . A third sister, Louisa, was the mother of Kipling's most prominent relative, his first cousin Stanley Baldwin , who was Conservative Prime Minister of

4100-472: The U.S., back to Vermont – Carrie by this time was pregnant with their first child – and rented a small cottage on a farm near Brattleboro for $ 10 a month. According to Kipling, "We furnished it with a simplicity that fore-ran the hire-purchase system. We bought, second or third hand, a huge, hot-air stove which we installed in the cellar. We cut generous holes in our thin floors for its eight-inch [20 cm] tin pipes (why we were not burned in our beds each week of

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4200-853: The US to Yellowstone National Park , down to Salt Lake City , then east to Omaha, Nebraska and on to Chicago, then to Beaver, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River to visit the Hill family -- Mrs. Edmonia 'Ted' Hill, "eight years older than [him, who had] become Kipling's closest confidante, friend and sometimes collaborator" in British India, and her husband, Professor S. A. Hill, who [had] taught Physical Science at Muir College in Alhallabad. From Beaver, Kipling went to Chautauqua with Professor Hill, and later to Niagara Falls , Toronto, Washington, D.C., New York, and Boston. In

4300-458: The United Kingdom three times in the 1920s and 1930s. Kipling's birth home on the campus of the J. J. School of Art in Bombay was for many years used as the dean's residence. Although a cottage bears a plaque noting it as his birth site, the original one may have been torn down and replaced decades ago. Some historians and conservationists take the view that the bungalow marks a site merely close to

4400-487: The author's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kim in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela , the head wolf in The Jungle Book , has become a senior figure in the movement; the name is traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack . The Jungle Book has been adapted many times in a wide variety of media. In literature, Robert Heinlein wrote

4500-490: The beautiful moral. Most of the native hunters in India today think pretty much along the lines of an animal's brain and I have "cribbed" freely from their tales. In a letter written and signed by Kipling in or around 1895, states Alison Flood in The Guardian , Kipling confesses to borrowing ideas and stories in the Jungle Book : "I am afraid that all that code in its outlines has been manufactured to meet 'the necessities of

4600-441: The book as a whole, such as Zoltán Korda 's 1942 film , Disney 's 1967 animated film and its 2016 remake . Other adaptations include the Russian adaptation named Mowgli , published as Adventures of Mowgli in the US, an animation released between 1967 and 1971, and combined into a single 96-minute feature film in 1973, and the 1989 Italian-Japanese anime The Jungle Book: Adventures of Mogwli . Stuart Paterson wrote

4700-436: The camp and Lois starts to teach him some English. K'L'L's education continues, as he is even given an English name: Clark. Everyone is amazed at Clark's progress and abilities until the day Luthor proposes to Lois, offering her the green gem as an engagement present. She refuses and it becomes obvious to Luthor that she has fallen in love with Clark. Luthor becomes infuriated and threatens Lois. While they struggle, Clark comes to

4800-418: The case': though a little of it is bodily taken from (Southern) Esquimaux rules for the division of spoils. In fact, it is extremely possible that I have helped myself promiscuously but at present cannot remember from whose stories I have stolen". Shere Khan , the main antagonist of the story, is named after the historical Afghan Emperor Sher Shah Suri . Kipling lived in India as a child, and most of

4900-668: The collection of stories for his daughter, Josephine (who died from pneumonia in 1899, aged 6); a first-edition copy of the book—including a handwritten note by the author to his young daughter—was discovered at the National Trust 's Wimpole Hall , Cambridgeshire , in 2010. The tales in the book (as well as those in The Second Jungle Book , which followed in 1895 and includes eight further stories, including five about Mowgli) are fables , using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to teach moral lessons. The verses of "The Law of

5000-467: The conclusion; and Mowgli is again rejected at the end of "Tiger! Tiger!", but each time is compensated by "a queue of would-be foster-parents" including the wolves, Baloo, Bagheera and Kaa. In Ricketts's view, the power that Mowgli has over all these characters who compete for his affection is part of the book's appeal to children. The historian of India Philip Mason similarly emphasises the Mowgli myth, where

5100-423: The country. He has a polished piece of his green jewel affixed to the top of a staff as well as a sword encrusted with more pieces of it as a means to command the wild man of India. He also blackmails him by threatening to hurt Lois. When it comes time however, Clark ultimately refuses to assassinate the queen and attacks Luthor. In the ensuing melee, the building is set on fire and Clark's animal friends escape. Clark

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5200-476: The course of this journey he met Mark Twain in Elmira, New York , and was deeply impressed. Kipling arrived unannounced at Twain's home, and later wrote that as he rang the doorbell, "It occurred to me for the first time that Mark Twain might possibly have other engagements other than the entertainment of escaped lunatics from India, be they ever so full of admiration." As it was, Twain gladly welcomed Kipling and had

5300-671: The death of his mother and hunt the Man-Pack that killed her. Jahd shows K'L'L the space ship from which he came and he takes a strange hieroglyph from it, the familiar S-shield . Meanwhile, in England , Sir Richard and Sir Ellis prepare for their next expedition; Lois Lane joins them this time. While in the jungle, they bump into Lex Luthor , who is also after the jungle man. The two groups decide to combine their efforts. The search continues for several days, and one night, two of Luthor's men try to kidnap Lois and steal Luthor's most prized possession,

5400-465: The dining-room after we had been dressed, with the caution 'Speak English now to Papa and Mamma.' So one spoke 'English', haltingly translated out of the vernacular idiom that one thought and dreamed in." Kipling's days of "strong light and darkness" in Bombay ended when he was five. As was the custom in British India, he and his three-year-old sister Alice ("Trix") were taken to the United Kingdom – in their case to Southsea , Portsmouth – to live with

5500-513: The farm and adjoining Forest, some of the time with Stanley Baldwin . In January 1878, Kipling was admitted to the United Services College at Westward Ho! , Devon, a school recently founded to prepare boys for the army. It proved rough going for him at first, but later led to firm friendships and provided the setting for his schoolboy stories Stalky & Co. (1899). While there, Kipling met and fell in love with Florence Garrard, who

5600-530: The father served as Principal of the Mayo College of Art and Curator of the Lahore Museum . Kipling was to be assistant editor of a local newspaper, the Civil and Military Gazette . He sailed for India on 20 September 1882 and arrived in Bombay on 18 October. He described the moment years later: "So, at sixteen years and nine months, but looking four or five years older, and adorned with real whiskers which

5700-539: The first dawnings of The Jungle Books came to Kipling: "The workroom in the Bliss Cottage was seven feet by eight, and from December to April, the snow lay level with its window-sill. It chanced that I had written a tale about Indian Forestry work which included a boy who had been brought up by wolves. In the stillness, and suspense, of the winter of '92 some memory of the Masonic Lions of my childhood's magazine, and

5800-409: The fostered hero, "the odd man out among wolves and men alike", eventually triumphs over his enemies. Mason notes that both Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal do much the same. The novelist Marghanita Laski argued that the purpose of the stories was not to teach about animals but to create human archetypes through the animal characters, with lessons of respect for authority. She noted that Kipling

5900-445: The home of Kipling's birth, as it was built in 1882 – about 15 years after Kipling was born. Kipling seems to have said as much to the dean when visiting J. J. School in the 1930s. Kipling wrote of Bombay: Mother of Cities to me, For I was born in her gate, Between the palms and the sea, Where the world-end steamers wait. According to Bernice M. Murphy, "Kipling's parents considered themselves ' Anglo-Indians ' [a term used in

6000-436: The law may be highly codified, but that the energies are also lawless, embodying the part of human nature which is "floating, irresponsible and self-absorbed". There is a duality between the two worlds of the village and the jungle, but Mowgli, like Mang the bat, can travel between the two. The novelist and critic Angus Wilson noted that Kipling's law of the jungle was "far from Darwinian ", since no attacks were allowed at

6100-485: The local Congregational minister and even playing with red-painted balls when the ground was covered in snow. However, winter golf was "not altogether a success because there were no limits to a drive; the ball might skid two miles (3.2 km) down the long slope to Connecticut river ." Kipling loved the outdoors, not least of whose marvels in Vermont was the turning of the leaves each fall. He described this moment in

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6200-609: The mood of the Victorian era ), the poems were seen by others as propaganda for brazen-faced imperialism and its attendant racial attitudes; still others saw irony in the poems and warnings of the perils of empire. Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. — The White Man's Burden There

6300-443: The office, so that it was almost dangerous to approach him." The anecdote continues: "In the hot weather when he (Kipling) wore only white trousers and a thin vest, he is said to have resembled a Dalmatian dog more than a human being, for he was spotted all over with ink in every direction." In the summer of 1883, Kipling visited Simla (today's Shimla ), a well-known hill station and the summer capital of British India. By then it

6400-453: The other of family discord. By the early 1890s, the United Kingdom and Venezuela were in a border dispute involving British Guiana . The U.S. had made several offers to arbitrate, but in 1895, the new American Secretary of State Richard Olney upped the ante by arguing for the American "right" to arbitrate on grounds of sovereignty on the continent (see the Olney interpretation as an extension of

6500-417: The pack, overthrowing A'K'L the old leader. Jahd tells K'L'L what is happening and he rushes to his home, challenging Khan for leadership. In the battle, while Khan puts up a strong fight, even piercing the wild man's skin with his claws, K'L'L kills Khan and becomes the leader of the tribe. He skins the tiger and takes from him "that which earns him the fear and respect of the entire Jungle". He swears to avenge

6600-676: The pages of Marvel Fanfare (vol. 1). These were collected in the one-shot Marvel Illustrated : The Jungle Book (2007). Bill Willingham 's comic book series, Fables , features The Jungle Book ' s Mowgli, Bagheera, and Shere Khan. Manga Classics: The Jungle Book was published by UDON Entertainment's Manga Classics imprint in June 2017. Many films have been based on one or another of Kipling's stories, including Elephant Boy (1937), Chuck Jones 's made for-TV cartoons Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1975), The White Seal (1975), and Mowgli's Brothers (1976). Many films, too, have been made of

6700-473: The political and social climate of the age. The contrasting views of him continued for much of the 20th century. Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote: "[Kipling] is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire

6800-526: The reader that the empire is at the dawn of a new age, one that will never end. Most characters in Superman: The Feral Man of Steel are either based on existing DC characters, the cast of The Jungle Book , or the cast of Tarzan . Rudyard Kipling Joseph Rudyard Kipling FRSL ( / ˈ r ʌ d j ər d / RUD -yərd ; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English journalist, novelist, poet, and short-story writer. He

6900-549: The repeated failure of the "bully" Shere Khan; through the endless but useless talk of the Bandar-log; and through the law, which makes the jungle "an integrated whole" while enabling Mowgli's brothers to live as the "Free People". The academic Jan Montefiore commented on the book's balance of law and freedom that "you don't need to invoke Jacqueline Rose on the adult's dream of the child's innocence or Perry Nodelman's theory of children's literature colonising its readers' minds with

7000-472: The rescue. However, when he enters Luthor's tent, the jewel starts to weaken him and causes him to collapse. In a few hours, Luthor and his men seize the opportunity and take over the camp. Sir Richard is tied to a tree and left to die as Luthor sets fire to the camp with Lois and Clark as his prisoners. Two months later in England, Lex parades Clark as a sideshow attraction to the world on his way towards forcing K'L'L to assassinate Queen Victoria and take over

7100-449: The rest." Kipling then crossed the Atlantic to Liverpool in October 1889. He soon made his début in the London literary world, to great acclaim. In London, Kipling had several stories accepted by magazines. He found a place to live for the next two years at Villiers Street , near Charing Cross (in a building subsequently named Kipling House): "Meantime, I had found me quarters in Villiers Street , Strand , which forty-six years ago

7200-460: The rights to his six volumes of stories for £200 and a small royalty, and the Plain Tales for £50; in addition, he received six-months' salary from The Pioneer , in lieu of notice. Kipling decided to use the money to move to London, the literary centre of the British Empire . On 9 March 1889, he left India, travelling first to San Francisco via Rangoon , Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. Kipling

7300-515: The same room." John Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture at the newly founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art in Bombay. John Lockwood and Alice met in 1863 and courted at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire , England. They married and moved to India in 1865 after John Lockwood had accepted the position as Professor at

7400-579: The scandalised Mother abolished within one hour of beholding, I found myself at Bombay where I was born, moving among sights and smells that made me deliver in the vernacular sentences whose meaning I knew not. Other Indian-born boys have told me how the same thing happened to them." This arrival changed Kipling, as he explains: "There were yet three or four days' rail to Lahore, where my people lived. After these, my English years fell away, nor ever, I think, came back in full strength." From 1883 to 1889, Kipling worked in British India for local newspapers such as

7500-419: The stay with horror, and wondered if the combination of cruelty and neglect that he experienced there at the hands of Mrs Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life: "If you cross-examine a child of seven or eight on his day's doings (specially when he wants to go to sleep) he will contradict himself very satisfactorily. If each contradiction be set down as a lie and retailed at breakfast, life

7600-514: The stories are evidently set there, though it is not entirely clear where. The Kipling Society notes that "Seeonee" ( Seoni , in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh ) is mentioned several times; that the "cold lairs" must be in the jungled hills of Chittorgarh ; and that the first Mowgli story, "In the Rukh", is set in a forest reserve somewhere in North India , south of Simla . "Mowgli's Brothers"

7700-596: The stories for his daughter Josephine, and that even critics reading Kipling for signs of imperialism could not help admiring the power of his storytelling. The Jungle Book came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts , a junior element of the Scouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling at the request of Robert Baden-Powell , founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for

7800-557: The stories include Kanha Tiger Reserve , Madhya Pradesh, and Pench National Park , near Seoni, but Kipling never visited the area. The book is arranged with a story in each chapter. Each story is followed by a poem that serves as an epigram . Many of the characters (marked *) are named simply after the Hindustani names of their species: for example, Baloo is a transliteration of Hindustani भालू/بھالو Bhālū, "bear". The characters (marked ^) from "The White Seal" are transliterations from

7900-531: The subsequent hearing and the resulting publicity, Kipling's privacy was destroyed, and he was left feeling miserable and exhausted. In July 1896, a week before the hearing was to resume, the Kiplings packed their belongings, left the United States and returned to England. By September 1896, the Kiplings were in Torquay , Devon, on the south-western coast of England, in a hillside home (Rock House, Maidencombe) overlooking

8000-426: The theme of the abandoned and fostered child, recalling his own childhood feelings of abandonment. In his view, the enemy, Shere Khan, represents the "malevolent would-be foster-parent" who Mowgli in the end outwits and destroys, just as Kipling as a boy had to face Mrs Holloway in place of his parents. Ricketts writes that in "Mowgli's Brothers", the hero loses his human parents at the outset, and his wolf fosterers at

8100-429: The time comes for M'R'R to present her human child to the tribe, none but her and her mate would speak for the man cub which as Khan points out means that according to the law, the child is to be left in the jungle to die. The black panther Jahd Bahlja speaks for K'L'L and Khan is foiled again. K'L'L grows and starts to develop his powers. An expedition led by Sir Richard Burton and his traveling companion Sir John Ellis

8200-530: The title of his novel as well as the house. The house still stands on Kipling Road, three miles (4.8 km) north of Brattleboro in Dummerston, Vermont : a big, secluded, dark-green house, with shingled roof and sides, which Kipling called his "ship", and which brought him "sunshine and a mind at ease". His seclusion in Vermont, combined with his healthy "sane clean life", made Kipling both inventive and prolific. In

8300-435: The village. Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories, reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature. The Jungle Book has remained popular, partly through its many adaptations for film and other media . Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism have admired the power of his storytelling. The book has been influential in

8400-471: The water-hole when in drought. In Wilson's view, the popularity of the Mowgli stories is thus not literary but moral : the animals can follow the law easily, but Mowgli has human joys and sorrows, and the burden of making decisions. Kipling's biographer, Charles Carrington , argued that the "fables" about Mowgli illustrate truths directly, as successful fables do, through the character of Mowgli himself; through his "kindly mentors", Bagheera and Baloo; through

8500-409: The western coastal Indian state of Maharashtra , where he spent his first six years of life. After around 10 years back in England , and having completed his schooling, Kipling went back to India to work for nearly 6½ years. Later on, his original stories would be written when he lived at Naulakha , the property and home he owned in Dummerston , Vermont , US . There is evidence that Kipling wrote

8600-416: The winter I never can understand) and we were extraordinarily and self-centredly content." In this house, which they called Bliss Cottage , their first child, Josephine, was born "in three-foot of snow on the night of 29th December, 1892. Her Mother's birthday being the 31st and mine the 30th of the same month, we congratulated her on her sense of the fitness of things..." It was also in this cottage that

8700-625: Was a friend of the founder of the Scout Movement , Robert Baden-Powell , who based the junior scout "Wolf Cubs" on the stories, and that Kipling admired the movement. Ricketts wrote that Kipling was obsessed by rules, a theme running throughout the stories and named explicitly as "the law of the jungle". Part of this, Ricketts supposed, was Mrs Holloway's evangelicalism, suitably transformed. The rules required obedience and "knowing your place", but also provided social relationships and "freedom to move between different worlds". Sandra Kemp observed that

8800-465: Was also foreboding in the poems, a sense that all could yet come to naught. The Jungle Book The Jungle Book is an 1894 collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling . Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or "man-cub" Mowgli , who is raised in the jungle by wolves. Most stories are set in

8900-670: Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , as the first English-language writer to receive the prize, and at 41, its youngest recipient to date. He was also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and several times for a knighthood , but declined both. Following his death in 1936, his ashes were interred at Poets' Corner , part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey . Kipling's subsequent reputation has changed with

9000-400: Was being treated. Children tell little more than animals, for what comes to them they accept as eternally established. Also, badly-treated children have a clear notion of what they are likely to get if they betray the secrets of a prison-house before they are clear of it." Alice took the children during spring 1877 to Goldings Farm at Loughton , where a carefree summer and autumn was spent on

9100-424: Was boarding with Trix at Southsea (to which Trix had returned). Florence became the model for Maisie in Kipling's first novel, The Light That Failed (1891). Near the end of his schooling, it was decided that Kipling did not have the academic ability to get into Oxford University on a scholarship. His parents lacked the wherewithal to finance him, and so Kipling's father obtained a job for him in Lahore , where

9200-645: Was born in British India , which inspired much of his work. Kipling's works of fiction include the Jungle Book duology ( The Jungle Book , 1894; The Second Jungle Book , 1895), Kim (1901), the Just So Stories (1902) and many short stories, including " The Man Who Would Be King " (1888). His poems include " Mandalay " (1890), " Gunga Din " (1890), " The Gods of the Copybook Headings " (1919), " The White Man's Burden " (1899), and " If— " (1910). He

9300-525: Was directed by Chris Wallis with Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli, Eartha Kitt as Kaa, Freddie Jones as Baloo, and Jonathan Hyde as Bagheera. The music was by John Mayer . The book's text has been adapted for younger readers with comic book adaptations such as DC Comics Elseworlds ' story, " Superman: The Feral Man of Steel ", in which an infant Superman is raised by wolves, while Bagheera, Akela, and Shere Khan make appearances. Marvel Comics published several adaptations by Mary Jo Duffy and Gil Kane in

9400-561: Was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with." Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay in the Bombay Presidency of British India , to Alice Kipling (born MacDonald) and John Lockwood Kipling . Alice (one of the four noted MacDonald sisters ) was a vivacious woman, of whom Lord Dufferin would say, "Dullness and Mrs Kipling cannot exist in

9500-452: Was favourably impressed by Japan, calling its people and ways "gracious folk and fair manners". The Nobel Prize committee cited Kipling's writing on the manners and customs of the Japanese when they awarded his Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907. Kipling later wrote that he "had lost his heart" to a geisha whom he called O-Toyo, writing while in the United States during the same trip across

9600-602: Was in one's head, and that was usually full." Back in Lahore, 39 of his stories appeared in the Gazette between November 1886 and June 1887. Kipling included most of them in Plain Tales from the Hills , his first prose collection, published in Calcutta in January 1888, a month after his 22nd birthday. Kipling's time in Lahore, however, had come to an end. In November 1887, he was moved to

9700-656: Was no longer light-hearted and spontaneous. Although they would always remain loyal to each other, they seemed now to have fallen into set roles. In a letter to a friend who had become engaged around this time, the 30‑year‑old Kipling offered this sombre counsel: marriage principally taught "the tougher virtues – such as humility, restraint, order, and forethought." Later in the same year, he temporarily taught at Bishop's College School in Quebec , Canada . The Kiplings loved life in Vermont and might have lived out their lives there, were it not for two incidents – one of global politics,

9800-506: Was positioned in the Aravalli hills of Rajasthan (northwestern India) in an early manuscript, later changed to Seonee, and Bagheera treks from "Oodeypore" ( Udaipur ), a journey of reasonable length to Aravalli but a long way from Seoni. Seoni has a tropical savanna climate , with a dry and a rainy season. This is drier than a monsoon climate and does not support tropical rainforest. Forested parks and reserves that claim to be associated with

9900-455: Was primitive and passionate in its habits and population. My rooms were small, not over-clean or well-kept, but from my desk I could look out of my window through the fanlight of Gatti's Music-Hall entrance, across the street, almost on to its stage. The Charing Cross trains rumbled through my dreams on one side, the boom of the Strand on the other, while, before my windows, Father Thames under

10000-520: Was the practice for the Viceroy of India and government to move to Simla for six months, and the town became a "centre of power as well as pleasure". Kipling's family became annual visitors to Simla, and Lockwood Kipling was asked to serve in Christ Church there. Rudyard Kipling returned to Simla for his annual leave each year from 1885 to 1888, and the town featured prominently in many stories he wrote for

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