The Sufid dynasty was a Turkic dynasty of Mongolic origin that ruled in Khwarazm within the realm of the Golden Horde in the Amu Darya river delta. Although the dynasty's independence was short-lived (c. 1361 – 1379), its later members continued to rule Khwarezm intermittently as governors of the Timurid Empire until the takeover of Khwarezm by the Shaybanid Uzbeks in 1505. Unlike earlier dynasties that ruled from Khwarezm, the Sufids never used the title Khwarazmshah .
49-617: The progenitor of the Sufid dynasty was Naghday Biy, a Mongol noble and a member of the Khongirad tribe. The dynasty had several genealogical links to the Borjigin imperial family; it was descended from a brother of Genghis Khan 's chief empress Börte , and both the paternal grandfather and great-grandfather of Naghday were the sons of Mongol princesses. Initially serving as the chief army commander of Özbeg Khan , Naghday later resigned his post and became
98-683: A sufi before migrating to Khwarazm, becoming the first Khongirad chief in the region. After the annexation of Khwarezm into the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century, it had become divided into two parts. The northern half went to the khans of the White Horde , while the southern half fell into the hands of the ulus of Chagatai . This division remained in place until the 1350s, when the Sufid dynasty took power in Khwarezm. The first Sufid ruler Husain Sufi,
147-475: A few surviving to tell the tale. In 1801 an army was sent toward Khiva but was recalled when Paul I was murdered. In the Khivan campaign of 1839 Perovsky tried an attack from Orenburg . The weather was unusually cold and he was forced to turn back after losing many men and most of his camels. Khiva was finally conquered by the Khivan campaign of 1873 . The Russians installed Sayyid Muhammad Rahim Bahadur Khan II as
196-490: A peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate . The conquest ended the Khivan slave trade . After the conquest of what is now Turkmenistan (1884) the protectorates of Khiva and Bukhara were surrounded by Russian territory. The first significant settlement of Europeans in the Khanate was a group of Mennonites who migrated to Khiva in 1882. The German-speaking Mennonites had come from
245-504: A result when Timur's army finally did capture it by force, a general massacre followed and the city was burned. The Sufids' defeat at the hands of Timur did not shake their desire to retain their hold on Khwarezm. Suleiman Sufi allied with the khan of the Golden Horde , Tokhtamysh , and in 1387 revolted in concert with the khan's invasion of Transoxiana . Timur immediately took action against Suleiman Shah, overrunning Khwarezm and crushing
294-412: A second campaign against him in 1373, but Yusuf Sufi quickly sent his apologies and gave his daughter Khanzada Begum in marriage to Timur's son Jahangir in exchange for peace. Yusuf Sufi's continuing incursions into Timur's territory prompted another invasion in 1379. This time Urgench was besieged; Yusuf Sufi died in the middle of the siege and Timur demanded the city's surrender. The city refused; as
343-568: A son of Naghday, was a member of the Onggirat , a constituent tribe of the White Horde. Husain Sufi took control of Urgench and the rest of the northern part of Khwarezm; coins in the province were minted for him beginning in 1364. He also took advantage of the troubles plaguing Transoxiana at the time by seizing Kath and Khiva , which were allocated to the Chagatai khans. This encroachment on what
392-550: Is said to have been the last proper Arabshahid. Khan Ilbars (1728–40) was a Shibanid ruler, son of Shakhniyaz khan who unwisely killed some Persian ambassadors. In a repeat of the Shah Ismail story, Nadir Shah conquered Khiva, beheaded Ilbars and freed some 12,000–20,000 slaves. Next year the Persian garrison was slaughtered, but the rebellion was quickly suppressed. Persian pretensions ended with Nadir's murder in 1747. After 1746,
441-864: The Chu River where it disappears in the steppe. The Qongyrat tribe of Kazakhs are notable for the extremely high frequency among them (64/95 = 67.37% ) of Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M407 , a clade that otherwise has been observed with greatest frequency among Buryats (117/217 = 53.9%, 40/80 = 50.0%, 86/298 = 28.9% (mostly northern and western) ) and other indigenous peoples of Buryatia (15/28 = 53.6% Sojots , 27/51 = 52.9% Hamnigans ). Members of C-M407 also have been found with lower frequency among Mongols in Mongolia, Kalmyks (especially Dörwöds ), Manchus in China, and Yakuts in Sakha Republic . They ruled
490-504: The Kalmyks , who left laden with plunder. Disorder was ended by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1643–1663) who twice defeated the Kalmyks and wrote a history of Central Asia. His son Anusha (1663–1685) presided over a period of urban growth until he was deposed and blinded. From 1695, Khiva was for some years a vassal of Bukhara which appointed two khans. Shir Gazi Khan (1714–1727), who was killed by slaves,
539-480: The Khiva khanate from 1763 to 1920. Khanate of Khiva The Khanate of Khiva ( Chagatay : خیوه خانلیگی , romanized: Khivâ Khânligi , Persian : خانات خیوه , romanized : Khânât-e Khiveh , Uzbek : Xiva xonligi , Хива хонлиги , Turkmen : Hywa hanlygy , Russian : Хивинское ханство , romanized : Khivinskoye khanstvo ) was a Central Asian polity that existed in
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#1732849051039588-572: The Khorezm SSR ) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924, with the former khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, these became Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan respectively. Today, the area that was the khanate has a mixed population of Uzbeks , Karakalpaks , Turkmens , and Kazakhs . Data on
637-863: The Manghud in Bukhara (1753–1920), and the Mings in Kokand (Qǔqon; c. 1710–1876). The Sufi Dynasty (1359–1388) which was founded by the Qongirat elites in Khwārezm ruled their own state under the Jochids and Timur . The Qongirat Inaks became de facto rulers of the Khanate of Khiva in 18th century and their descendants assumed the title of khan themselves in 1804. On 2 February 1920, Khiva 's last khan, Sayid Abdullah , abdicated before its territory
686-564: The Qongrat tribe became increasingly powerful and appointed puppet khans. Their power was formalized as the Qongrat dynasty by Iltuzar Khan in 1804. Khiva flourished under Muhammad Rahim Khan (1806–1825) and Allah Quli Khan (1825–1840) and then declined. After Muhammad Amin Khan was killed trying to retake Sarakhs on March 19, 1855, there was a long Turkmen rebellion (1855–1867). In the first two years of
735-563: The Soviet Union and today it is largely a part of Karakalpakstan , Xorazm Region in Uzbekistan , and Daşoguz Region of Turkmenistan . The terms "Khanate of Khiva" and "Khivan Khanate", by which the polity is commonly known in Western scholarship, are a calque that derive from the Russian exonym : Хивинское ханство , romanized : Khivinskoe khanstvo . The term was first used by
784-598: The Sufi dynasty . After a brief period as independent rulers, they were subjected by Timur . The Khongirads are often identified as the descendants of the ancient Wuku/Wugu tribe in Tang Dynasty records. The tribe's own origin myth claims that they were descended from three brothers born of a golden vessel—Jurluq Mergen, Quba Shira, and Tusbu Da'u. The descendants of these brothers formed the Hongirad tribe, but feuds quickly splintered
833-553: The Syr Darya . The Empire's military superiority was such that Khiva and the other Central Asian principalities, Bukhara and Kokand , had no chance of repelling the Russian advance, despite years of fighting. In 1873, after Russia conquered the great cities of Tashkent and Samarkand , General Von Kaufman launched an attack on Khiva consisting of 13,000 infantry and cavalry. The city of Khiva fell on 10 June 1873 and, on 12 August 1873,
882-575: The Volga region and the Molotschna colony under the leadership of Claas Epp Jr. The Mennonites played an important role in modernizing the Khanate in the decades prior to the October Revolution by introducing photography, resulting in the development of Uzbek photography and filmmaking, more efficient methods for cotton harvesting, electrical generators, and other technological innovations. After
931-618: The Yuan Dynasty and Golden Horde were also from the Hongirad. That is why they held enormous powers behind the courts in both states. They forced the rulers of the Golden Horde to make peace with Kublai in 1280s and convinced Tokhta Khan to accept supremacy of the Great Khan in 1304. The Hongirad under queen Dagi and Temüder, the Minister of the Secretariat, reached their political peak in
980-783: The vassal ruler of the region. The conquest of Khiva was part of the Russian conquest of Turkestan . British attempts to deal with this were called the Great Game . One of the reasons for the 1839 attack was the increasing number of Russian slaves held at Khiva. To remove this pretext Britain launched its own effort to free the slaves. Major Todd, the senior British political officer stationed in Herat (in Afghanistan ) dispatched Captain James Abbott , disguised as an Afghan, on 24 December 1839, for Khiva. Abbott arrived in late January 1840 and, although
1029-507: The 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution , anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan. By early February 1920, the Khivan army under Junaid Khan was completely defeated. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last Kungrad khan, Sayid Abdullah , abdicated and a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later
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#17328490510391078-634: The 19th century. In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was greatly reduced in size and became a Russian protectorate . The other regional protectorate that lasted until the Revolution was the Emirate of Bukhara . Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 , Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic . In 1924, the area was formally incorporated into
1127-570: The Kazakh Qongyrats lived mainly in what is now Turkistan Region (formerly South Kazakhstan Region), especially in the vicinity of the city of Turkistan . This region borders Uzbekistan, and a majority of the local population has at times been recorded as Uzbek ; the part of the region in which the Kazakh Qongırats were concentrated was located between the Sır River and the lower reaches of
1176-547: The Khan was suspicious of his identity, he succeeded in talking the Khan into allowing him to carry a letter for the Tsar regarding the slaves. He left on 7 March 1840, for Fort Alexandrovsk , and was subsequently betrayed by his guide, robbed, then released when the bandits realized the origin and destination of his letter. His superiors in Herat , not knowing of his fate, sent another officer, Lieutenant Richmond Shakespear , after him. Shakespear had more success than Abbott: he convinced
1225-467: The Khivan Khans is sparse and sometimes contradictory, especially for the minor khans. Names and dates from Bregel/Muniz which probably gives the best modern scholarship. Short biographies are from Howarth's 1880 book which is old but has biographies of most of the khans. According to Howorth, the ancestors of Ilbars were Arabshah, Haji Tuli, Timur Sheikh, Yadigar Khan, Bereke, Ilbars. Arabshah's brother
1274-606: The Khongirad, belonged to the southern Khalkha tumen in modern Inner Mongolia and Olkhunuts lived in modern Khovd Province . During the 18th century, the basins of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya passed under the control of three Uzbek khanates claiming legitimacy in their descent from Genghis Khan. These were, from west to east, the Khongirads based on Khiva in Khwārezm (1717–1920),
1323-577: The Mongol royal line, whose originator, Alan Qo'a, was a woman of the Kharlas clan, an offshoot of the Khongirads founded by the legendary Miser Ulug. Down to the 12th century, Mongol rulers such as Khabul Khan and his great-grandson Genghis Khan were still taking Khongirad wives. Yesugei Ba'atur, the father of Genghis Khan, was not a high ranking Mongol leader, but even he secured himself an Onggirat wife by stealing one from another man. The wives of most rulers of
1372-515: The Russians in the second half of the 17th century, or in the 18th century. Locals of the polity did not use this term, and instead referred to it as the vilayet Khwārazm ("country of Khwārazm"). Prior to the 17th/18th centuries, the polity was often called "Urgench" (or "Iurgench" in Russian sources). This name was also sometimes used in Iran and Bukhara, with the designation "Urganji" often being used as
1421-618: The Yuan Dynasty, the principal state of 4 khanates, during the reign of Gegeen Khan Shidebala (r.1321-1323). They built Yingchang city in modern Inner Mongolia in 1271. After the death of the last Yuan emperor, Toghan Temur , who lost his imperial status in China and other Mongol khanates, a body of the Khongirat and Olkhunut (Borte's clan) surrendered to the Ming Dynasty in 1371. Meanwhile,
1470-589: The capital to be moved south to Khiva from Konye-Urgench . Although based in the Oxus delta, the Khanate usually controlled most of what is now Turkmenistan . The population consisted of agriculturalists along the river, the Turkic Sarts , and nomads or semi-nomads away from the river. It is arbitrary to anachronistically project modern ethnic and national identifications, largely based on Soviet national delimitation policies, on pre-modern societies. The settled population
1519-520: The collective name for its inhabitants. See Khwarazm , the local name of the region. After the capital was moved to Khiva , Khwarazm came to be called the Khanate of Khiva (the state had always referred to itself as Khwarazm, the Khanate of Khiva as a name was popularized by Russian historians in honor of its capital, Khiva). Some time around 1600, the Daryaliq or west branch of the Oxus dried up causing
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1568-401: The descendants of these heroes became too numerous for the valley to support, but no one remembered the way out. A blacksmith came up with a solution—they would create their own way out by melting an exposed iron vein that existed in one of the encircling mountains. Building a massive fire and stoking it with 70 large bellows, the trapped clan did just that and succeeded in creating a passage to
1617-512: The hands of the khans of the Golden Horde as well as the Uzbeks . The Sufids retained some power in the province, with individual members acting as governors for the powers of the region. In 1464 an 'Uthman b. Muhammad Sufi is mentioned. In 1505, a Chin Sufi was in charge of the province, but in that year the Uzbek Muhammad Shaybani invaded Khwarezm and annexed the province. Uzbek Khanate
1666-462: The historical region of Khwarazm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746. Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya , south of the Aral Sea , with the capital in the city of Khiva . It covered present-day western Uzbekistan , southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before the Russian conquest at the second half of
1715-468: The khan to free all Russian subjects under his control, and also to make the ownership of Russian slaves a crime punishable by death. The freed slaves and Shakespear arrived in Fort Alexandrovsk on 15 August 1840, and Russia lost its primary motive for the conquest of Khiva, for the time being. A permanent Russian presence on the Aral Sea began in 1848 with the building of Fort Aralsk at the mouth of
1764-545: The lower delta was increasingly populated by Karakalpaks and there were Kazakh nomads on the northern border. The Turkmen nomads paid taxes to the Khan and were a large part of his army, but often revolted. Since the heart of the Khanate was surrounded by semi-desert the only easy military approach was along the Oxus . This led to many wars with the Khanate of Bukhara further up the river (1538–40, 1593, 1655, 1656, 1662, 1684, 1689, 1694, 1806, and others). Before 1505, Khwarazm
1813-507: The outside world. Once free, the people of Kiyan and Negus went on to create several tribes, including the Mongols and the Hongirads (whose susceptibility to gout was explained by the "fact" that their ancestors were the first to flee Ergene Qun, so they burned their feet on the hot iron). In addition to having a shared ancestry with the Mongols in general, the Hongirads also shared ancestors with
1862-502: The rebellion, two or three Khans were killed by Turkmens. Russians made five attacks on Khiva. Around 1602 some free Ural Cossacks unsuccessfully raided Khwarazm. In 1717 Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky attacked Khiva from the Caspian Sea . After he won the battle, Shir Ghazi Khan (1715–1728) made a treaty and suggested that the Russians disperse so that they could be better fed. After they dispersed they were all killed or enslaved, only
1911-634: The rebellion. Despite their loss of independence, the Sufids continued to play an influential role in the Timurid Empire. In the late 14th century one Yayïq Sufi is mentioned; a probable member of the Sufid line, Yayïq Sufi obtained a high position in Timur's army. He rebelled in 1393/4, but was defeated and imprisoned. In the 15th century Khwarezm was usually controlled by the Timurids, although it on occasion fell into
1960-505: The ruling house of Genghis Khan 's Mongol empire . Genghis Khan's mother ( Hoelun ), great grandmother, and first wife were all Khongirads, as were many subsequent Mongol Empress and princesses. During the Yuan dynasty they were given the title Lu Wang ("Prince of Lu"; Chinese : 鲁王 ), and a few Khongirads migrated west into the territory of modern Uzbekistan and Turkistan Region where they became governors of Khwarazm and were known as
2009-776: The tribe and gave rise to the offshoot tribes of the Ikires, Olkhonud , Karanut, Gorlos , and Qongliyuts. Only the descendants of Jurluq Mergen retained the tribal name of Hongirad. One of the most famous Hongirad ancestors was Miser Ulug, an Onggirat Hercules who was super-humanly strong and often slept for days at a time. Many names of the 12th century's Hongirads and their subtribes have Mongol origin: Shamanic practices continue in present-day Mongol culture. According to Mongol legend, two warriors named Kiyan ( Khiyad ) and Negus (Mongolian: Nokhos, dog or wolf) were defeated in battle and forced to seek shelter in an enclosed valley called Ergune khun ("steep cliffs"). After several generations
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2058-478: Was composed of aristocrats and peasants bound to the land. During the mid-1600s many Persian slaves were captured by Turkmens and a few Russian and Turkic slaves. Before and during this period, the settled area was increasingly infiltrated by Uzbeks from the north, with their Turkic dialects evolving into what is now the Uzbek language , while the original Iranian Khwarezmian language died out. The swampy area of
2107-488: Was considered to be Chagatai territory ultimately led to conflict with the amir Timur . At the time of the seizure of Kath and Khiva Transoxiana had lacked a ruler who could respond, but by 1369 Timur had unified the region under his rule. Timur, who maintained a puppet Chagatai khan, felt strong enough to demand the return of Kath and Khiva from Husain Sufi in the early 1370s. Husain Sufi's refusal to return southern Khwarezm caused Timur to go to war against him in 1372. Kath
2156-431: Was defeated by Safavids and Khwarezm was occupied by Persians between 1510 and 1511. Finally, Uzbeks and Turkmens won independence war of 2 years against them and founded second Uzbek state, Khanate of Khiva . Khongirad The Khongirad ( / ˈ k ɒ ŋ ɡ ɪ r æ d / ; Mongolian : ᠬᠣᠩᠭᠢᠷᠠᠳ Хонгирад ; Kazakh : Қоңырат , romanized : Qoñyrat ; Chinese : 弘吉剌 ; pinyin : Hóngjílá )
2205-509: Was expelled and power passed to Ilbars, who founded the long-lived Arabshahid dynasty. Around 1540 and 1593, the Khans were driven out by the Bukharans. In both cases they fled to Persia and soon returned. In 1558, Anthony Jenkinson visited Old Urgench and was not impressed. Following Arap Muhammad (1602–23), who moved the capital to Khiva , there was a period of disorder, including an invasion by
2254-717: Was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924. Descendants are found among the people in Mongolia and the Yugurs in Gansu , China , and little bit in the Karakalpaks and the Uzbegs . Currently a Kazakh tribe of the Middle Juz named Qoñyrat (or less commonly Qoñğyrat) are considered descendants of Khongirads (Ongrat, Kungrat in (Gumilev, n.d). Around the beginning of the 20th century CE,
2303-487: Was nominally dependent on the Timurid Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqara based in Khorasan . From 1488 Muhammad Shaybani built a large but short-lived empire in southern Central Asia , taking Khwarazm in 1505. At nearly the same time, Shah Ismail I was building a powerful Shiite state in Persia . The two consequently clashed in 1510 near Merv with Muhammad killed in the battle and Khwarazm shortly occupied. The Shah's religion provoked resistance and in 1511 his garrison
2352-426: Was one of the major divisions of the Mongol tribes. Their homeland was located in the vicinity of Lake Hulun in Inner Mongolia and Khalkha River in Mongolia, where they maintained close ties with the ruling dynasties of northern China. Because the various Hongirad clans never united under a single leader, the tribe never rose to great military glory. Their greatest fame comes from being the primary consort clan of
2401-472: Was quickly overrun; Husain Sufi decided to fortify Urgench and remain there. Urgench was surrounded by Timur's army and Husain Sufi died during the siege. Husain Sufi was succeeded by his brother, Yusuf Sufi, who concluded a peace with Timur in which Timur received Kath and Khiva. Timur's army left northern Khwarezm; in the following year, however, Yusuf Sufi provoked Timur by invading his territories and trying to retake Kath and Khiva. This led Timur to undertake
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