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27-556: Because Orda and his descendants ruled the left division of the Golden Horde, they were called Princes of the left wing or of the left hand . Initially it covered the western part of the territory ruled by the Jochids and included western Central Asia and south-western Siberia . The capital of the White Horde was originally at Lake Balkhash , but later moved to Sygnaq , Kazakhstan on

54-532: A bej of the White Horde . He was a Persian speaker, likely not fluent in a Turkic language. At the time of his birth the ulus (tribe) of Shiban had divided into separate nomadic groups, one of which was led by Jumaduq Khan. Abu'l-Khayr served in Jumaduq's army, and was taken prisoner when Jumaduq was killed in battle in 1427. After being released in 1428, Abu'l-Khayr began consolidating various nomadic groups of

81-557: A substantial revision to the list of rulers of the Eastern half of the Golden Horde, based on the Muʿizz al-ansāb , the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah , and the Čingīz-Nāmah . Unlike Vásáry, Sabitov did not attempt to continue a succession of khans descended from Orda beyond what was verifiable from reliable sources, and he showed that Orda's lineage lost its authority by 1330, when Öz Beg Khan of

108-421: Is clear that the traditional chronology and genealogy are very flawed, they have enjoyed a lasting and pervasive influence in historiography, appearing even in recent publications, such as Bosworth 1996 and Baumer 2016. For discussion, see Vásáry 2009. (Chronology and genealogy according to Hammer-Purgstall 1840) (Revised chronology and genealogy according to Vásáry 2009) Driven by a better understanding of

135-859: The Chagatayid Khans or the Ilkhan. Kunchi warned the Ilkhan Abagha of the upcoming invasion of Baraq (Chagatai Khan) in 1268. However, when the Borjigin princes, who operated on the Qaghan Kublai's behalf in Central Asia and later rebelled, fought against each other, they appealed to Kunchi whose response is not clear. Marco Polo describes the Horde as extremely cold area, saying: This king (Köchü) has neither city nor castle; he and his people live always either in

162-835: The Nogai Horde .   Mongol Empire   Golden Horde (Before Islamization)   Golden Horde / Great Horde (After Islamization)   White Horde   Blue Horde   Uzbek Khanate   Kazan Khanate   Crimean Khanate   Qasim Khanate   Astrakhan Khanate   Tyumen Khanate   Sibir Khanate   Kazakh Khanate   Bukhara Khanate   Khiva Khanate   Caucasian Tyumen Khanate   Second Bulgarian Empire   Tsardom of Russia Abu%27l-Khayr Khan Abu'l-Khayr Khan ( Turki / Kypchak and Persian : ابو الخیر خان; c.  1412 –1468), also known as Bulgar Khan ,

189-616: The Shaybanids . Bayan's troops included the Russian and Magyar soldiers. Their khan, Chimtai, sent his brothers to take the Golden Horde throne during the Blue Horde 's period of anarchy, (1359-1380). But they were all murdered before reaching any success. Members from White Horde (sometimes it is confused with the Blue Horde), Khizr, and his son or relative, Arab Shaykh, briefly took the throne of

216-515: The Syr Darya region, eventually wresting some lands from Timurid control. The town of Sighnaq became Abu'l-Khayr's new capital, from where he later launched raids into Mawarannahr (Transoxiana). In 1451 Abu Sa'id requested Abu'l-Khayr Khan's assistance in battle against 'Abdullah . Abu'l-Khayr agreed to support Abu Sa'id, and the two armies marched on Samarkand . 'Abdullah was defeated and killed, after which Abu Sa'id quickly moved his forces into

243-547: The Syr-Darya River. When Batu Khan sent a large Jochid delegation to Hulegu's campaign in the Middle East , it included a strong contingent under Kuli, a son of Orda. However, suspicious deaths of the latter and other Jochid princes (c.1259) angered the rulers of the Golden Horde. During the succession war between Kublai and Arik Boke from 1260 to 1264, the White Horde elites supported the latter. They also began to support

270-687: The Golden Horde This is a complete list of khans of the Ulus of Jochi , better known by its later Russian designation as the Golden Horde , in its right (west) wing and left (east) wing divisions known problematically as the Blue Horde and White Horde , and of its main successor state during a period of disintegration, known as the Great Horde . Khans of the Blue Horde are listed as the principal rulers of

297-466: The Golden Horde, although many late rulers of the Golden Horde originated from the subordinate White Horde. Following the general convention, the list encompasses the period from the death of Genghis Khan in 1227 to the sack of Sarai by the Crimean Khanate in 1502. The chronological and genealogical information is often incomplete and contradictory; annotation can be found in the secondary lists in

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324-463: The Golden Horde, using their army. In 1375, Urus Khan , the eighth khan of the White Horde, became a contested khan of both the Blue Horde and the White Horde. He extruded the members from the House of Khizr. Urus died in 1377, and when his nephew Toqtamish wrested control of the White Horde from Urus's son Timur-Malik in 1378, he regained control of the Blue Horde as well. Thus, Toqtamish consolidated

351-529: The Horde divided into two parts with 2 khans - Mohammed and Mustafa. Mustafa reconquered the Horde, though, in Siberia appeared another threat of Abu'l-Khayr Khan . In 1446 the latter gained the victory over Mustafa, ending the existence of Orda's Ulus (the left wing of the Golden Horde). This article related to Central Asian history is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . List of khans of

378-606: The Ogedeid prince Kaidu because he was supported by the khans such as Berke and Mongke-Temur . Since 1280, Orda's successor, Konchi or Köchü , had allied with the Yuan Dynasty and the Ilkhanate , in return, they rewarded him. According to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 's account or H.H.Howorth's analyze, Kunchi possessed the territory of Ghazna and Bamiyan under the suzerainty of either

405-515: The Western half appointed his own non-Jochid governor over the Eastern half, a member of the Kiyat clan, and the Eastern half had khans of its own again only after 1360. The list after 1330 follows Gaev 2002: 10–15 and Sabitov 2008: 286. Following Tokhtamysh there was no longer a clear distinction between east and west. For the first twenty years power was held by descendants of Urus Khan and Tohktamysh and by

432-579: The White Horde, and especially by Vaqqāṣ Bej, Edigü 's grandson. In 1430–1431 Abu'l-Khayr, joined by Vaqqāṣ, launched on attack on Khwarezm , occupying the regional capital Urganj . The Uzbeks could not hold the city, however, and retreated in the summer of 1431. Abu'l-Khayr's army pulled back to the steppe, where they defeated two opposing khans near Astrakhan . In 1435–1436 the Uzbek armies attacked Khwarezm again, and several years later they raided Astrakhan. Starting in 1446 Abu'l-Khayr and his forces invaded

459-517: The basis of Biran 1997 and Bosworth 1996. (Chronology according to Grigor'ev 1983) (Alternative chronology according to Sidorenko 2000) Between 1242 and 1380 the eastern and western halves of the horde were generally separate, the dividing line being somewhere north of the Caspian, perhaps the Ural . The relation between the two is not always clear, but the rulers of the Eastern half generally recognized

486-688: The city and locked the gates, leaving Abu'l-Khayr and the Uzbeks outside. To avoid reprisal, Abu Sa'id presented the Uzbeks with many presents and riches. In 1451 Abulkhair helped the Timurid Abu Said to come to power. In Samarkand, he married the daughter of the Sultan of Maverannahr, the astronomer and astrologer Ulugbek . Ulugbek's daughter Rabiya Sultan-Begim became the mother of his sons Kuchkunji Khan and Suyunchkhodja Khan  [ ru ] , who later ruled Maverannahr. Rabiya Sultan-Begim died in 1485 and

513-440: The coinage of Mubārak Khwāja (issued in 1366–1368, not, as previously assumed, 40 or 30 years earlier), of Naṭanzī's limitations as a source on the subject, and of more reliable sources on the chronology and genealogy of Mongol rulers, Vásáry 2009 proposed the following reconstruction, some of it already anticipated by, e.g., Gaev 2002. (Revised chronology and genealogy according to Sabitov 2024) Sabitov 2024 likewise established

540-670: The old Shaybani ulus in the area around Tyumen and the Tura River . He deposed and killed Kazhy Mohammed, the Khan of the Khanate of Sibir , after a battle on the Tobol River , after which he was proclaimed Khan of Western Siberia . The next four years were spent strengthening his control throughout the region. Abu'l-Khayr Khan was assisted in his consolidation by the Manghits , another tribe in

567-560: The second part of the article, and in the individual articles on specific monarchs. 1st reign at Sarai 1st reign at Sarai 2nd reign at Sarai 2nd reign at Sarai 3rd reign at Sarai 1st reign at Sarai 2nd reign at Sarai The following is a detailed annotated list intended mainly as an index to the linked articles. It is based primarily on Baumer 2016, Gaev 2002, Grigor'ev 1983, Howorth 1880, Počekaev 2010, and Sabitov 2008 and 2014. Name forms, encountered in much variation and inconsistency, are standardized on

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594-432: The superior authority of those of the Western half. In the late 14th century, the Eastern half's rulers I. and L. attempted, at times successfully, to take over the Western half. The western khans had a capital at Sarai on the lower Volga while the eastern khans had capitals or winter camps on the Syr Darya , especially Sighnaq . Most rulers of the Eastern half are poorly documented, and historiography still largely relies on

621-434: The treatment by Hammer-Purgstall 1840, who had access to what are now considered unreliable sources, like versions of the account of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"). What became the traditional account, therefore, relies on Naṭanzī and his derivatives to construct (through additional rationalization) a continuous succession of khans from Orda (3a/A) to Urus Khan (I) and Tokhtamysh (L). While it

648-434: The two hordes, becoming the Khan of the Golden Horde . After the defeat of Toqtamish in 1395-96, Kuruichik was appointed head of the White Horde by Tamerlane . Since then families of Jochi's sons, Tuqa-Timur , Shiban and Orda, began to merge with each other, establishing Uzbeg and Kazakh hordes. Among them, Kuruichik's descendant, Borog , briefly asserted the throne of the Golden Horde in 1421. After Baraq's murder,

675-580: The warlord Edigu. There was then a confused period, followed by several long reigns. The last khan was deposed in 1502. The Golden horde broke up as follows: before 1400: Lithuania expanded as far east as Kiev, ?: Kursk as Lithuanian vassal, c 1430: land east of the Ural held by Abul Khayr, 1438: Kazan (by T11), 1449: Crimea (family of 3c), 1452: Kasimov as Russian vassal (family of 3c), 1465: Kazakh khanate (sons of T12), 1466: Astrakhan (T15), 1480: Russia, before 1490?: Sibir. The steppe nomads then became organized as

702-615: The wide plains or among great mountains and valleys. They subsist on the milk and flesh of their cattle, and have no grain. The king has a vast number of people, but he carries on no war with anybody, and his people live in great tranquility. They have enormous numbers of cattle, camels, horses, oxen, sheep, and so forth. In 1299, the White Horde Khan, Bayan , was deposed by his cousin, Kobelek, who took assistance from Kaidu and Duwa . By 1304, Bayan had reoccupied most of his ancestors' lands. His horde began to herd around Syr-Darya, replacing

729-491: Was Khan of the Uzbek Khanate from 1428 to 1468, which united the nomadic Central Asian tribes. He created one of the largest and most powerful Turkic states during the period of the 15th century. The Uzbek Khanate weakened in the decades following his death in 1468. He was succeeded by his son Sheikh Khaidar. Abu'l-Khayr was born in 1412. He was a descendant of Genghis Khan , through Jöchi 's fifth son Shiban , and

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