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88-515: The school was founded by the Jesuits on 16 July 1604 and had 400 students that same year. However, in 1773, the Jesuits were ordered to cease providing educational services by Pope Clement XIV . The school was closed on 20 September 1773. The furniture was confiscated and sold and in 1816, the building became a court house. Later, the Belgian State Archives were housed in the building. In 1891,

176-527: A Holy Year , to begin on Christmas Eve, 1749 and to extend throughout the next year until Christmas 1750. During the month of April 1750, 43,000 meals were served to the poor at the Trinita Hospital. Later that year, the Pope banned card games . With the papal bull Peregrinantes , Benedict XIV convoked a Jubilee in 1750. Furthermore, the pope called upon Saint Leonard of Port Maurice to preach; both had

264-466: A friar . He was professed as a full member of that order on 18 May 1724. He was sent to the convents of Pesaro , Fano , and Recanati from 1724 to 1728 where he did his theological studies. He continued his studies in Rome under Antonio Lucci and obtained his doctorate in theology in 1731. He was ordained around this time after he received his doctorate and he taught philosophy and theology for almost

352-400: A Christian. The choice of a Chinese translation for the name of God had also been debated since the early 17th century. Benedict XIV denounced these practices in these two bulls. The consequence of this was that many of these converts left the church. During his papacy, Benedict XIV commissioned a team of architects, led by Nicola Salvi and Luigi Vanvitelli , to design a large palace that

440-629: A close relationship and the year previously saw Benedict XIV ask him to give sermons on penance and conversion in Rome. Among the initiatives that the pope designed for the Jubilee were the call for Christian unity and organizing for proper accommodation for those pilgrims who flocked to Rome. Upon the advice of Saint Leonard, the pope was the first to institute the Via Crucis at the Colosseum , which he consecrated as

528-591: A compromise candidate, and it is reported that he said to the members of the College of Cardinals "If you wish to elect a saint, choose Gotti; a statesman, Aldrovandi; an honest man, me." Vincenzo Ludovico Gotti (1664–1742) was professor of philosophy at the College of Saint Thomas, and perhaps the leading Thomist of his time. Cardinal Aldrovandi was a canon lawyer. This witticism appears to have assisted his cause, which also benefited from his reputation for deep learning, gentleness, wisdom, and conciliation in policy. On

616-425: A contracted fever aggravated his asthma and he suffered from difficulties in urinating. However, his condition deteriorated rapidly in the following days after his gout and contracted kidney disease increased his sufferings. Despite this, his appetite had not diminished which was interpreted as a sign that he could potentially rally from his malady. However, into May, his condition had worsened considerably, though

704-486: A crucifix placed in every room, and it is said that seeing it helped restrain his colorful language. Benedict XIV was jovial and was lucid until the very end. To those who knew him, his blue eyes seemed to sparkle with humor and cordiality. Benedict XIV had suffered from kidney problems for years. His health worsened in 1758 and, after a battle with gout , he died on 3 May 1758 at the age of 83. His final words to those surrounding him on his deathbed were, "I leave you in

792-551: A decade in Ascoli , Bologna , and Milan . He later returned to Rome as the regent of the college that he studied at and was later elected as the Definitor General of the order in 1741. In the general chapters of his order in 1753 and 1756, he declined the generalship of his order and some rumored it was due to his desire of a higher office. Ganganelli became a friend of Pope Benedict XIV , who in 1758 appointed him to investigate

880-433: A diplomatic rift between Austria and Pope Clement XIII. By 18 May, the court coalition appeared to be unravelling as the respective representatives began to negotiate separately with different cardinals. The French ambassador had earlier suggested that any acceptable candidate be required to put in writing that he would abolish the Jesuits. The idea was largely dismissed as a violation of canon law. Spain still insisted that

968-534: A firm commitment should be given, though not necessarily in writing. However, such concessions could be immediately nullified by the pope upon election. On 19 May 1769, Cardinal Ganganelli was elected as a compromise candidate largely due to support of the Bourbon courts, which had expected that he would suppress the Society of Jesus . Ganganelli, who had been educated by Jesuits, gave no commitment, but indicated that he thought

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1056-518: A formal demand for the dissolution of the Society. Clement XIII had planned a consistory to discuss the matter, but died on 2 February, the night before it was to be held. Now the general suppression of the order was urged by the faction called the "court cardinals", who were opposed by the diminished pro-Jesuit faction, the Zelanti ("zealous"), who were generally opposed to the encroaching secularism of

1144-517: A galley, named the Benedetta , which he had ordered constructed. He also ordered the modernization of the harbor of Anzio , but the work was so expensive that it had to be abandoned in 1752. He encouraged agriculture and free trade and drastically cut the military budget, but was unable to completely reform the administration, still corrupt from previous papacies. At the University of Bologna he revived

1232-563: A man whom neither intellect nor power could corrupt." Lambertini was born into a noble family of Bologna , the third of five children of Marcello Lambertini and Lucrezia Bulgarini. At the time of his birth, Bologna was the second largest city in the Papal States . His earliest studies were with tutors, and then he was sent to the Convitto del Porto, staffed by the Somaschi Fathers . At

1320-509: A number of cardinals were opposed to him because he was the protector of France in the Papal Curia. His death on 29 February 1740 eliminated him from consideration. Cardinal Domenico Riviera of Urbino received a respectable number of votes for a while, and then, in July, Cardinal Pompeio Aldrovandi of Bologna. He had enemies, however, who assembled enough votes to ensure that he would never get

1408-497: A number of individuals. The last months of Clement XIV's life were embittered by his failures and he seemed always to be in sorrow because of this. His work was hardly accomplished before Clement XIV, whose usual constitution was quite vigorous, fell into a languishing sickness, generally attributed to poison. No conclusive evidence of poisoning was ever produced. The claims that the Pope was poisoned were denied by those closest to him, and as The Annual Register for 1774 stated, he

1496-619: A papal vassal. Benedict XIV's papacy began in a time of great difficulties, fueled by anticlericalism and chiefly caused by the disputes between Catholic rulers and the papacy about governmental demands to nominate bishops rather than leaving the appointment to the church. He managed to overcome most of these problems – the Holy See 's disputes with the Kingdom of Naples , Sardinia , Spain , Venice , and Austria were settled. The apostolic constitution Pastoralis Romani Pontificis , which

1584-505: A party. It was the middle of Passion Week . The minister of King Louis XV of France (1715–74), the duc de Choiseul , had extensive experience dealing with the church as the French ambassador to the Holy See and was Europe's most skilled diplomat. "When one has a favour to ask of a Pope", he wrote, "and one is determined to obtain it, one must ask for two". Choiseul's suggestion was advanced to

1672-596: A single hearing. Clement made the young Mozart a knight of the Order of the Golden Spur . Similarly, in 1774 German composer, Georg Joseph Vogler was also made a Knight of the Order of the Golden Spur. Clement XIV elevated sixteen new cardinals into the cardinalate in twelve consistories including Giovanni Angelo Braschi , who succeeded him as Pope Pius VI. The pope held no canonizations in his pontificate but he beatified

1760-472: A site of martyrdom for the early Christians. The pope placed the stations of the Cross in the arena, however, these were removed in 1874 before being restored in 1925. Benedict XIV was considered one of the best scholars to have sat on the papal throne, noted for his keen intellect and his consistent morals. Noted for his modesty, Horace Walpole procured for the pope a statue of him with an accompanying plaque. When

1848-498: A synod of his own for the diocese of Bologna, an expectation he first announced in a Notificazione of 14 October 1732. When the first edition of the De Synodo was published in 1748, however, the synod still had not taken place. He continued in the office of Archbishop of Bologna even after he became Pope, not finally resigning until 14 January 1754. After the death of Pope Clement XII on 6 February 1740, Cardinal Lambertini attended

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1936-474: Is best remembered for his suppression of the Jesuits. The Monthly Review spoke highly of Ganganelli. In a review of a "Sketch of the Life and Government of Pope Clement XIV", the 1786 English Review said it was clearly written by an ex-Jesuit and noted the malignant characterization of a man it described as "...a liberal, affable, ingenious man; …a politician enlarged in his views, and equally bold and dexterous in

2024-475: Is for the preservation, not the destruction of different peoples – in short, that all may be Catholic rather than all become Latin. Benedict XIV, however, echoing the words of Pope Gelasius I , universally banned the practice of females serving the priest at the altar, noting that the practice had spread to certain Oriental Rites. He had a very active papacy, reforming the education of priests,

2112-571: Is licit to baptise a Jewish child in danger of death without parental consent, 3) once such a baptism had occurred (whether licit or not), the ecclesiastical authorities have a duty to remove the child from its parents' custody in order to provide it with a Christian education. Since his days as a Consultor at the Holy Office (Inquisition), Benedict had been involved in issues pertaining to the missions, both those seeking to convert non-Christians, and those seeking to reconcile heretics and schismatics to

2200-584: The Breviary , sought peacefully to reverse growing secularism in European courts, invigorated ceremonies with great pomp, and throughout his life and his reign published numerous theological and ecclesiastical treatises. In governing the Papal States, he reduced taxation on some products, but also raised taxes on others; he also encouraged agriculture and supported free trade within the Papal States. A scholar, he created

2288-474: The Ecclesiastical Courts of Poland without due cause or in violation of canon law . Troubles arose from what are called "clandestine marriages", a secret arrangement between partners, usually for the purpose of marrying a person of choice rather than entering into an "arranged marriage". Benedict XIV was also responsible, along with Cardinal Domenico Silvio Passionei , for beginning the catalogue of

2376-503: The Grand Duke of Tuscany , who had arrived on 6 March. The next day, after touring St. Peter's Basilica , they took advantage of the conclave doors being opened to admit Cardinal Girolamo Spinola to enter as well. They were shown, upon the Emperor's request, the ballots, the chalice into which they would be placed, and where they would later be burned. That evening Gaetano Duca Cesarini hosted

2464-693: The Sacred Congregation of the Council . On 12 June 1724, only two weeks after his election, Pope Benedict XIII appointed Lambertini titular bishop of Theodosiopolis in Arcadia . Lambertini was consecrated a bishop in Rome, in the Cappella Paolina of the Vatican Palace, on 16 July 1724, by Pope Benedict XIII. The co-consecrators were Giovanni Francesco Nicolai , titular Archbishop of Myra (Vicar of

2552-445: The Society of Jesus . He expelled them from Portugal at the behest of Joseph I in 1758, just before his death. The papacy reluctantly acceded to the anti-Jesuit demands while providing minimal theological justification for the suppressions. Horace Walpole described him as "loved by papists, esteemed by Protestants, a priest without insolence or interest, a prince without favorites, a pope without nepotism, an author without vanity,

2640-655: The Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition the responsibility of safeguarding the sanctity of the sacrament of penance . On 18 May 1743, Benedict XIV signed a document addressed to the Archbishops and Bishops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth regarding marriage, communicating his dissatisfaction with the dissolution of Christian marriages, some even long-stable ones, by

2728-424: The calendar of feasts of the church, and many papal institutions. Perhaps the most important act of Benedict XIV's pontificate was the promulgation of his famous laws about missions in the two bulls , Ex quo singulari (11 July 1742), and Omnium sollicitudinum (12 September 1744). In these bulls he ruled on the custom of accommodating non-Christian words and usages to express Christian ideas and practices of

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2816-449: The papal conclave to choose a successor. The Conclave opened on 18 February, but Lambertini did not arrive until 5 March. He was not one of the ' papabili ', not being one of the favorites of any of the factions (Imperialists, Spanish, French, Zelanti ). The Conclave lasted for six months. At first Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni , the Dean of the College of Cardinals , was favored to be elected, but

2904-563: The superior general , Lorenzo Ricci , removed it from the administration of the Irish and Roman Colleges , and ordered them not to receive novices, etc. The pressure kept building up to the point that Catholic countries were threatening to break away from the Church. Clement XIV ultimately yielded "in the name of peace of the Church and to avoid a secession in Europe" and suppressed the Society of Jesus by

2992-526: The 16th nor in the 18th century has it been practicable to set bounds to the spirit of inquiry otherwise than by fire and sword, and Ganganelli's successors have been driven into assuming a position analogous to that of Popes Paul IV (1555–59) and Pius V (1566–72) in the age of the Reformation. The estrangement between the secular and the spiritual authority which Ganganelli strove to avert is now irreparable, and his pontificate remains an exceptional episode in

3080-592: The Cardinal-Priest of Santi Apostoli in 1762. In 1768 he was named the "ponens" of the cause of beatification of Juan de Palafox y Mendoza . The papal conclave in 1769 was almost completely dominated by the problem of the Society of Jesus. During the previous pontificate, the Jesuits had been expelled from Portugal and from all the courts of the House of Bourbon , which included France , Spain , Naples & Sicily , and Parma . In January, 1769, these powers made

3168-478: The Church of Ancona, of sacred vessels of gold or silver, altar appointments, vestments, and other items. Bishop Lambertini was created a Cardinal on 9 December 1726, though the public announcement of his promotion was postponed until 30 April 1728. He was assigned the titular church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme on 10 May 1728. He participated in the 1730 conclave . On 30 April 1731, Cardinal Lambertini

3256-902: The City of Rome, the Kingdom of Sicily , the islands of Sardinia and Corsica, the territories on this side of Lesina , the patrimony of St. Peter in Tuscany, the Duchy of Spoleto , the Counties of Venaissin , and Sabina , the March of Ancona , Massa Trebaria, Romagna , Campagna , and the maritime provinces and their territories and places, and the territories under special commission of the Arnulfi, and our cities of Bologna, Cesena , Rimini , Benevento , Perugia , Avignon , Citta di Castello , Todi , Ferrara , Comachio , and other cities, territories and places, or rights, belonging to

3344-527: The Enlightenment . Much of the early activity was pro forma as the members waited for the arrival of those cardinals who had indicated that they would attend. The conclave had been sitting since 15 February 1769, heavily influenced by the political maneuvers of the ambassadors of Catholic sovereigns who were opposed to the Jesuits. Some of the pressure was subtle. On 15 March, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1765–90) visited Rome to join his brother Leopold ,

3432-591: The Faith . As Promoter of the Faith, he achieved two major successes. The first was the canonization of Pope Pius V . The second was the composition of his treatise on the process of the beatification and canonization of saints. In 1712, Lambertini was named Canon Theologus of the Chapter of the Vatican Basilica and member of the Sacred Congregation of Rites ; in 1713 he was named monsignor ; and in 1718 secretary of

3520-588: The Jesuit church in Lisbon. The Capuchins , under the leadership of Italian priest Giuseppe Maria Bernini , grew the community of Bettiah Christians in colonial India. He was invited to spread Catholic Christianity by Maharaja Dhurup Singh of the Bettiah Raj , an appointment that was blessed by Pope Benedict XIV on 1 May 1742 in a personal letter to the king. Benedict XIV created 64 cardinals in seven consistories; among

3608-424: The Papal States. When his body was opened for the autopsy, the doctors ascribed his death to scorbutic and hemorrhoidal dispositions of long standing that were aggravated by excessive labour and the habit of provoking artificial perspiration even in the greatest heat. His Neoclassical style tomb was designed and sculpted by Antonio Canova , and it is found in the church of Santi Apostoli, Rome . To this day, he

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3696-405: The Papal States; and he severely reduced the pay of both officers and soldiers. He instituted economies in his own household and in the bureaucracy, but these were insignificant in terms of the debt and deficit. In 1741, on the advice of Cardinal Aldovrandini (who had nearly been elected pope instead of Benedict), he instituted a new tax, a duty on stamped paper on legal documents; it did not produce

3784-477: The Roman Church, and mediately or immediately subject to the said Roman Church; and likewise those who presume to usurp de facto, to disturb, to retain, or in various ways to trouble, the supreme jurisdiction, belonging in them to Us and to the said Roman Church; and likewise their adherents, patrons, and protectors, or those who aid, counsel or abet them in any way whatsoever. This clause, if applied, excommunicated

3872-681: The Roman Church. One concern was the Coptic Christians in upper Egypt, where efforts to seek union with the Coptic Patriarch had not been successful. Numbers of Coptic priests and laity had entered into union with Rome, but had no bishop to serve their needs. In the Bull Quemadmodum ingenti of 4 August 1741, Benedict entrusted their care to the one Coptic bishop who was in union with Rome, the Patriarch Athanasius of Jerusalem, who

3960-452: The Sacred and Profane Museums, now part of the present Vatican Museums . He can be considered a polymath to an extent due to his numerous studies of ancient literature, his publishing of ecclesiastical books and documents, his interest in the study of the human body , and his devotion to art and theology. Towards the end of his papacy Benedict XIV was forced to contend with issues surrounding

4048-796: The Vatican Basilica), and Nicola Maria Lercari, titular Archbishop of Nazianzus (Papal Maestro di Camera). In 1725, he served as the Canonist at the Roman Synod of Pope Benedict XIII . In 1718, the Istituto delle scienze ed Arti Liberali in Bologna had begun construction of a chapel for everyday convenience dedicated to the Annunication of the Virgin Mary. In 1725, Bishop Prospero Lambertini of Theodosia, who

4136-468: The Vatican Library after his death, including a large collection of manuscripts that went back as far as the twelfth century. In 1747, Benedict promulgated the bull Postremo mense superioris anni , which summarised and restated certain aspects of Catholic teaching on infant baptism , in particular that 1) it is generally not licit to baptise a child of a Jewish family without parental consent, 2) it

4224-491: The age of thirteen, he began attending the Collegio Clementino in Rome, where he studied rhetoric, Latin, philosophy, and theology (1689–1692). During his studies as a young man, he often studied the works of St. Thomas Aquinas , who was his favorite author and saint. While he enjoyed studying at Collegio Clementino, his attention turned toward civil and canon law. Soon after, in 1694 at the age of nineteen, he received

4312-595: The archives were moved and the building was razed to make way for a road. In 1814, the Jesuits returned to Belgium and opened the French-speaking St Michael's College 19 years later in the Chapel Church area of the city. In 1905, the expanding population forced the Jesuits to not only expand the college but to also look for a location for a new college. In 1905, the college on the Rue des Ursulines / Ursulinenstraat

4400-556: The baroque chapel (Chapel of St. John the Baptist) in Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi in Rome, which featured mosaics on the sides, floor, and wall behind the altar made of semi-precious stones. The chapel, which had been commissioned by King John V of Portugal in 1740, was designed by Nicola Salvi and Luigi Vanvitelli. When complete, it was then shipped to Portugal to be placed in the Igreja de São Roque ,

4488-531: The beginning of his reign, the papal government was heavily in debt, to the amount of 56,000,000 scudi , and was running an annual deficit of more than 200,000 scudi. Benedict attempted to improve the finances of the Papal States, but even at his death the administration was still running a deficit. His greatest economic action was the reduction in the size of the Papal army, which had become ineffectual in terms of contemporary military practice, even in keeping order inside

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4576-671: The brief Dominus ac Redemptor of 21 July 1773. However, in non-Catholic nations, particularly in Prussia and Russia , where papal authority was not recognized, the order was ignored. It was a result of a series of political moves rather than a theological controversy. Pope Clement XIV and the customs of the Catholic Church in Rome are described in letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and of his father Leopold Mozart , written from Rome in April and May 1770 during their tour of Italy. Leopold found

4664-556: The college include: 50°50′31″N 4°20′57″E  /  50.841833°N 4.349303°E  / 50.841833; 4.349303 Pope Clement XIV Pope Clement XIV ( Latin : Clemens XIV ; Italian : Clemente XIV ; 31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 May 1769 to his death in September 1774. At

4752-468: The copy of the inscription was forwarded to Rome for approval, Benedict XIV smiled upon reading it and, shaking his head, exclaimed: "Alas! I am like the statues of the Piazza San Pietro – admirable at a distance but monstrous when seen at close quarters!" Benedict XIV was an avid gambler. He frequently used profane language, which one of his early biographers called "unfortunate phraseology." He had

4840-595: The degree of Doctor of Sacred Theology and Doctor Utriusque Juris (both ecclesiastical and civil law). Lambertini became an assistant to Alessandro Caprara, the Auditor of the Rota . After the election of Pope Clement XI in November 1700, he was made a consistorial advocate in 1701. Shortly after, he was created a Consultor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition , and then in 1708 Promoter of

4928-502: The dissolution was possible. He took the pontifical name of "Clement XIV". Ganganelli first received episcopal consecration in the Vatican on 28 May 1769 by Cardinal Federico Marcello Lante and was crowned as pope on 4 June 1769 by the cardinal protodeacon Alessandro Albani . He was replaced as Cardinal-Priest by Buenaventura Fernández de Córdoba Spínola . He took possession of the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran on 26 November 1769. Clement XIV's policies were calculated from

5016-465: The evening of 17 August 1740 at around 9:00 pm, on the 255th ballot, he was elected pope and took the throne name of Benedict XIV in honour of Pope Benedict XIII to whom he owed his ecclesiastical career. He was solemnly crowned by the protodeacon on 21 August 1740. By 30 August 1740 the famous ephemeral baroque structures of the Festival of the Chinea and the triumphal arch of Benedict XIV were erected by Charles VII of Naples , King of Naples and

5104-430: The general history of the Papacy, and a proof how little the logical sequence of events can be modified by the virtues and abilities of an individual. Jacques Cretineau-Joly , however, wrote a critical history of the Pope's administration. Pope Benedict XIV Pope Benedict XIV ( Latin : Benedictus XIV ; Italian : Benedetto XIV ; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini ,

5192-454: The governments of Spain, France, and the Habsburg monarchy, in addition to lesser princes who held, without papal grant or investiture, territory claimed by the Papacy. The bull was smiled at even by Benedict himself, who once said, "I like to leave the Vatican lightnings asleep." Its application to the Duchy of Parma by Pope Clement XIII in 1768 had major consequences, including the beginning of expulsions of Jesuits from European states. At

5280-408: The hands of God." Despite those words, the pope is alleged to have recited the famous Latin phrase " Sic transit gloria mundi " before poignantly adding "I now fall into silence and forgetfulness, the only place that belongs to me". Benedict XIV originally demonstrated symptoms of illness on 26 April 1758 after having previously rallied from a serious illness that included gout that February. However,

5368-446: The indigenous peoples of the Americas and other countries. It excommunicated any person who, for whatever motive, enslaved a native Brazilian. It did not address the case of black Africans. The Bull ordered the Jesuits to cease engaging in commerce, which was strictly forbidden by their own statutes, and meddling in politics. The bull went unenforced in Brazil. The Apostolic constitution Sacramentum Poenitentiae of 1741 assigned to

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5456-401: The issue of the traditional blood libel regarding the Jews , which Ganganelli found to be untrue. Pope Clement XIII elevated Ganganelli to the cardinalate on 24 September 1759 and appointed him as the Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Panisperna . His elevation came at the insistence of Lorenzo Ricci , who was the Superior-General of the Society of Jesus . Ganganelli opted to become

5544-401: The manner in which the Papacy might have been reconciled with the Renaissance had the Reformation never taken place, so Ganganelli exemplifies the type of Pope which the modern world might have learned to accept if the movement towards free thought could, as Voltaire wished, have been confined to the aristocracy of intellect. In both cases the requisite condition was unattainable; neither in

5632-433: The means, by which he executed his designs." The 1876 Encyclopædia Britannica says that: [N]o Pope has better merited the title of a virtuous man, or has given a more perfect example of integrity, unselfishness, and aversion to nepotism. Notwithstanding his monastic education, he proved himself a statesman, a scholar, an amateur of physical science, and an accomplished man of the world. As Pope Leo X (1513–21) indicates

5720-470: The missionaries that they were converting people from schism and heresy: We also wanted to make clear to all the good will which the Apostolic See feels for Oriental Catholics in commanding them to observe fully their ancient rites which are not at variance with the Catholic religion or with propriety. The Church does not require schismatics to abandon their rites when they return to Catholic unity, but only that they forswear and detest heresy. Its great desire

5808-437: The native cultures, which had been extensively done by the Jesuits in their Indian and Chinese missions. An example of this is the statues of ancestors – there had long been uncertainty whether honour paid to one's ancestors was unacceptable ' ancestor worship ,' or if it was something more like the Catholic veneration of the saints . This question was especially pressing in the case of an ancestor known not to have been

5896-470: The new cardinals he elevated into the cardinalate was the Henry Benedict Stuart (1747). The pope also reserved one cardinal in pectore and revealed that name at a later time, therefore validating the creation. The pope canonized seven saints during his pontificate including Camillus de Lellis and Fidelis of Sigmaringen . He also beatified several individuals, including Charlemagne and Niccolò Albergati . On 5 May 1749, Pope Benedict XIV declared

5984-438: The oriental manuscripts in the Vatican Library . The Pope added some 3,300 of his own books to the collection. In 1741 the collection of manuscripts relating to Chinese religion and history were left to the Vatican Library by bequest of Fouchet, a one-time missionary. During his reign the library of Marchese Alessandro Capponi was acquired through bequest. The collection of the antiquarian Filippo Stosch of Florence also came to

6072-439: The other ambassadors and it was that they should press, in addition to the Jesuit issue, territorial claims upon the Patrimony of Saint Peter , including the return of Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin to France, the duchies of Benevento and Pontecorvo to Spain, an extension of territory adjoining the Papal States to Naples, and an immediate and final settlement of the vexed question of Parma and Piacenza that had occasioned

6160-448: The outset to smooth the breaches with the Catholic crowns that had developed during the previous pontificate. The dispute between the temporal and the spiritual Catholic authorities was perceived as a threat by Church authority, and Clement XIV worked towards reconciliation with the European sovereigns. By yielding the papal claims to Parma , Clement XIV obtained the restitution of Avignon and Benevento and in general he succeeded in placing

6248-405: The practice of anatomical studies and established a chair of surgery. He had a clear view of ecclesiastical problems, had respect for differing opinions and an ability to distinguish between dogma and theory. On 22 December 1741, Benedict XIV issued the Bull Immensa Pastorum Principis and sent an Apostolic Brief to the Bishops of Brazil and King John V of Portugal , against the enslavement of

6336-527: The relations of the spiritual and the temporal authorities on a friendlier footing. The pontiff went on to suppress the Jesuits , writing the decree to this effect in November 1772 and signing it on 21 July 1773. His accession was welcomed by the Jewish community who trusted that the man who, as councilor of the Holy Office, declared them, in a memorandum issued 21 March 1758, innocent of the slanderous blood accusation, would be no less just and humane toward them on

6424-519: The revenue expected, and it was abolished in 1743. He reduced taxes on imported cattle, oil, and raw silk, but imposed new taxes on lime, china clay, salt, wine, straw, and hay. In 1744 he raised taxes on land, house rents, feudal grants to barons, and pensions derived from prebends. Despite these fiscal problems, the Papacy was able to buy two frigates in Britain, and in April 1745 Benedict personally christened

6512-596: The sacrament of baptism on 2 November 1705. He initially studied at Verucchio but later received his education from the Society of Jesus at Rimini from 1717. He also studied with the Piarists of Urbino . Ganganelli entered the Order of Friars Minor Conventual on 15 May 1723 in Forlì , taking the name Lorenzo Francesco . He did his novitiate in Urbino where his cousin Vincenzo was

6600-465: The throne of Catholicism. Assigned by Pope Benedict XIV to investigate a charge against the Jews of Yanopol, Poland, Ganganelli not only refuted the claim, but showed that most of the similar claims since the thirteenth century were groundless. He deferred somewhat on the already beatified Simon of Trent , in 1475, and Andreas of Rinn , but took the length of time before their beatifications as indicative that

6688-557: The time of his election, he was the only Franciscan friar in the College of Cardinals , having been a member of OFM Conventual . He is the most recent pope to take the pontifical name of "Clement" upon his election. During his pontificate, Clement decreed the suppression of the Society of Jesus . Ganganelli was born in Santarcangelo di Romagna in 1705 as the second child of Lorenzo Ganganelli and Angela Serafina Maria Mazza. He received

6776-593: The two-thirds needed to be elected. His greatest enemy, the Camerlengo Cardinal Annibale Albani , chose instead to support Cardinal Giacomo de Lanfredini of Florence, who worked in Rome in the Curia. In mid-August, Albani asked the leader of the Imperialist faction, Cardinal Niccolò del Giudice, to give a thought to Lambertini. After long deliberations, Lambertini was put forth to the cardinal electors as

6864-433: The upper clergy offensively haughty, but was received, with his son, by the pope, where Wolfgang demonstrated an amazing feat of musical memory. The papal chapel was famous for performing a Miserere mei, Deus by the 17th-century composer Gregorio Allegri , whose music was not to be copied outside of the chapel on pain of excommunication . The 14-year-old Wolfgang was able to transcribe the composition in its entirety after

6952-459: The veracity of the accusations raised significant doubts. The Jesuits had been expelled from Brazil (1754), Portugal (1759), France (1764), Spain and its colonies (1767), and Parma (1768). With the accession of a new pope, the Bourbon monarchs pressed for the Society's total suppression. Clement XIV tried to placate their enemies by apparent unfriendly treatment of the Jesuits: he refused to meet

7040-567: Was Benedict's revision of the traditional In Coena Domini anathematization , was promulgated on 30 March 1741. In it Benedict again excommunicated all members of Protestant sects, including Lutherans , Calvinists , Zwinglians , and Huguenots . It ordered that ecumenical councils not be resorted to by opponents of papal decisions. Its most stringent clause was §20: We excommunicate all those who shall by themselves or others, directly or indirectly, under whatever title or pretext, presume to invade, destroy, occupy and detain, wholly or in part,

7128-413: Was appointed Archbishop of Bologna by Pope Clement XII . During his time as archbishop, he composed an extensive treatise in three volumes, De synodo dioecesana , on the subject of the diocesan synod, presenting a synthesis of the history, Canon Law, practices, and procedures for the holding of those important meetings of the clergy of each diocese. He was in fact preparing the ground for the holding of

7216-564: Was given extensive powers to supervise uniate Copts in Egypt. In his encyclical Allatae Sunt , promulgated on 26 July 1755, and sent to missionaries working under the direction of the Congregation de propaganda fide , Pope Benedict addressed the numerous problems arising in dealing with the clergy and laity belonging to various eastern rites, particularly the Armenian and Syriac Rites . He reminded

7304-604: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 17 August 1740 to his death in May 1758. Perhaps one of the best scholars to sit on the papal throne, yet often overlooked, he promoted scientific learning, the Baroque arts, reinvigoration of Thomism , and the study of the human form. Firmly committed to carrying out the decrees of the Council of Trent and authentic Catholic teaching, Benedict removed changes previously made to

7392-576: Was over 70 and had been in ill health for some time. On 10 September 1774, he was bedridden and received Extreme Unction on 21 September 1774. It is said that St. Alphonsus Liguori assisted Clement XIV in his last hours by the gift of bilocation and was during two days in extasis in his bishopric in Arienzo . Clement XIV died on 22 September 1774, execrated by the Ultramontane party but widely mourned by his subjects for his popular administration of

7480-500: Was permitted to retain the title of Archbishop, as well as all the offices which he had already been granted. He was also allowed to continue as Abbot Commendatory of the Camaldolese monastery of S. Stefano di Cintorio (Cemeterio) in the diocese of Pisa . In 1731, the new bishop had the main altar and the choir of the cathedral restored and renovated. Once he became pope, Lambertini remembered his former diocese, sending an annual gift to

7568-822: Was renamed as St John Berchmans College and the new college in the Etterbeek part of the city became St Michael's College . In 1912, the Church of St. John Berchmans was opened next to St Michael's College. Starting in the late 1930s, a shift in language was made which would result in St John Berchmans College teaching in Dutch and English and the French-speaking section of the college being transferred to St Michael's College. The two separate colleges still exist today, each teaching in their respective language. Former students of

7656-482: Was to be 'more complex and with greater baroque style than the box of a palace Vanvitelli designed in Caserta '. The palace was to be built south of St. Peter's Basilica , but was never built, as the plans were quietly ignored by Benedict's successor, Clement XIII . They were brought up once more by Pius VI late in his papacy, but had to stop due to the possibility of invasion. On 15 December 1744, Benedict XIV blessed

7744-504: Was working in the Roman Curia but was mindful of his origins, ordered the chapel to be painted. He handed over the work to Carlo Salarolo, who had the walls of the chapel adorned. Lambertini also ordered and paid for the painting above the main altar, an image of the Virgin being greeted by the angel, the work of Marcantonio Franceschini . He was made Bishop of Ancona on 27 January 1727, and

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