Misplaced Pages

#881118

63-476: The first real was introduced by King Pedro I of Castile in the mid 14th century, with 66 minted from a Castilian mark of silver (230.0465 grams) in a fineness of 134 ⁄ 144 (0.9306), and valued of 3 maravedíes . It circulated beside various other silver coins until a 1497 ordinance eliminated all other coins and retained the real (now minted 67 to a mark of silver, 0.9306 fine, fine silver of 3.195 grams) subdivided into 34 maravedíes. The silver real

126-510: A coup. One of the rewards he was given by a sultan of Granada was the famous ruby, a reward for killing an usurper, that is now in the crown of England, brought back by The Black Prince of England along with Peter I's surviving two daughters (Constance and Isabella of Castile, who were legitimized). Not all of Peter's reputation comes from the works of the chronicler Pero López de Ayala , who after his father's change of allegiance had little choice but to serve Peter's usurper. After time passed, there

189-646: A long time. One of Bertrand's men said 'This is your enemy.' But King Henry asked if it was he and King Peter said twice, 'I am he, I am he.' Then King Henry recognized him and hit him in the face with a knife and they ... fell to the ground. King Henry struck him again and again." Having dispatched his half-brother, Henry left Peter's body unburied for three days, during which time it was subjected to ridicule and abuse. From The Monk's Tale O noble, O worthy PETRO, glorie OF SPAYNE, Whom Fortune heeld so hye in magestee, Wel oughten men thy pitous death complayne! Out of thy land thy brother made thee flee, And after, at

252-462: A period of anti-Jewish riots and forced conversions in Castile that lasted approximately from 1370 to 1390. Peter took forceful measures against this, including the execution of at least five anti-Jewish leaders of a riot. The prominence of Samuel ha-Levi , King Peter's treasurer, has often been cited as evidence of Peter's supposed pro-Jewish sentiment, but Ha-Levi's success did not necessarily reflect

315-422: A seege, by subtiltee, Thou were bitraysed and lad unto his tente, Where as he with his owene hand slow thee, Succedynge in thy regne and in thy rente. Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales Popular memory generally views King Peter I as one of the few monarchs who sided with an Islamic sultan (Granada), while also being a Catholic king. Granada paid Pedro I tribute. He helped them during several invasions and

378-503: A servant of the new rulers and of Peter's aristocratic adversaries. The change of dynasty can be considered as the epilogue of the first act of a long struggle between the Castilian monarchy and the aristocracy; this struggle was to continue for more than three centuries and come to an end only under Charles I of Spain , the grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile) and Isabella I of Castile ( The Catholic Monarchs ), in

441-802: The Erblande , from before 1526; the Lands of the Bohemian Crown ; the formerly Spanish Austrian Netherlands from 1714 until 1794; and some fiefs in Imperial Italy . Outside the empire, they encompassed all the Kingdom of Hungary as well as conquests made at the expense of the Ottoman Empire . The dynastic capital was Vienna , except from 1583 to 1611, when it was in Prague . The first Habsburg who can be reliably traced

504-655: The Archduchy proper, Inner Austria that included Styria and Carniola , and Further Austria with Tyrol and the Swabian lands. The territorial possessions of the monarchy were thus united only by virtue of a common monarch. The Habsburg realms were unified in 1804 with the formation of the Austrian Empire and later split in two with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 . The monarchy began to fracture in

567-516: The Black Death , ignoring townspeople who had warned them not to enter their settlements. Since the plague had not yet entered England, it is likely that they underestimated the danger. Joan soon contracted the disease and died in 1348, aged 14. About two years later Peter began his reign when almost sixteen years old and subject to the control of his mother and her favourites. Though at first controlled by his mother, Maria of Portugal, Peter ascended

630-724: The Burgundian Netherlands into the Habsburg possessions. Their son, Philip the Handsome , married Joanna the Mad of Spain (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile ). Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , the son of Philip and Joanna, inherited the Habsburg Netherlands in 1506, Habsburg Spain and its territories in 1516, and Habsburg Austria in 1519. At this point, the Habsburg possessions were so vast that Charles V

693-612: The Diet of Augsburg (1282), thus establishing the " Austrian hereditary lands ". From that moment, the Habsburg dynasty was also known as the House of Austria . Between 1438 and 1806, with few exceptions, the Habsburg Archduke of Austria was elected as Holy Roman Emperor . The Habsburgs grew to European prominence as a result of the dynastic policy pursued by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor . Maximilian married Mary of Burgundy , thus bringing

SECTION 10

#1732851037882

756-499: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany between 1765 and 1801, and again from 1814 to 1859. While exiled from Tuscany, this line ruled at Salzburg from 1803 to 1805, and in Grand Duchy of Würzburg from 1805 to 1814. The House of Austria-Este ruled the Duchy of Modena from 1814 to 1859, while Empress Marie Louise , Napoleon 's second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis I , ruled over

819-647: The Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg monarchy ), peso , duro or the famous piece of eight . Spanish dollars minted between 1732 and 1773 are also often referred to as columnarios . The portrait variety from 1772 and later are typically referred to as Spanish dollars or pillar dollars. Coins were minted in Spain in copper 1, 2, 4 and 8 maravedíes, in silver coins equivalent to 1, 2, 4, 10 and 20 reales de vellón since 1737, and in gold coins equivalent to 1 ⁄ 2 , 1, 2, 4 and 8 escudos. New coins introduced after

882-440: The Holy Roman Empire , Hungary, Bohemia and various other lands) was itself split into different branches in 1564 but reunited 101 years later. It became extinct in the male line in 1740, but continued through the female line as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine . The Habsburg monarchy was a union of crowns, with only partial shared laws and institutions other than the Habsburg court itself; the provinces were divided in three groups:

945-544: The House of Ivrea . He was excommunicated by Pope Urban V for his persecutions and cruelties committed against the clergy. Peter was born in the defensive tower of the Monasterio de Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos , Spain. His parents were Alfonso XI of Castile and Maria of Portugal . According to chancellor and chronicler Pedro López de Ayala , he had a pale complexion, blue eyes and very light blonde hair; he

1008-531: The Iberian Peninsula , bringing with him two of Peter's daughters, Constance and Isabella of Castile, whom he had taken as hostages as assurers that Peter would pay up. He married the princesses to his younger brothers, most famously Constance to his brother John of Gaunt, in order to make a claim on the Castilian throne. Meanwhile, Henry of Trastámara returned to Castile in September 1368. The cortes of

1071-553: The Order of Santiago . Henry prevailed with the assistance of Bertrand du Guesclin . Peter took refuge in the fortress, which, being controlled by a military order of Galician origin, remained faithful to him. Negotiations were opened between Peter and his besieger, Henry. Peter met with du Guesclin, who was acting as Henry's envoy. Peter offered du Guesclin 200,000 gold coins and several towns, including Soria, Almazán, and Atienza to betray Henry. Ever opportunistic, du Guesclin informed Henry of

1134-413: The real de vellón (made of billon , or less than half silver). The relative autonomy of Spain's constituent kingdoms resulted in reales of varying silver content and worth considerably less than the real nacional worth 1 ⁄ 8 of a dollar. The monetary confusion would not be resolved until the real de vellón was fixed at 20 reales to the dollar in 1737. The first ordinance officially devaluing

1197-605: The " War of the Two Peters ", in which he showed neither ability nor skill in his support of his English ally or Castilian interests in the Mediterranean against the French and Aragonese. The king of Aragon then supported Peter's bastard brothers against him. It was during this period that Peter perpetrated the series of murders which made him notorious. In 1366 began the calamitous Castilian Civil War , which would see him dethroned. He

1260-540: The "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council". When Bosnia and Herzegovina was annexed (after 30 years of occupation and administration ), it was not incorporated into either half of the monarchy. Instead, it was governed by the joint Ministry of Finance. During the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , the Austrian territories collapsed under the weight of the various ethnic independence movements that came to

1323-619: The 17th century: Following victory in the Battle of White Mountain (1620) over the Bohemian rebels, Ferdinand II promulgated a Renewed Land Ordinance (1627/1628) that established hereditary succession over Bohemia. Following the Battle of Mohács (1687) , in which Leopold I reconquered almost all of Ottoman Hungary from the Turks, the emperor held a diet in Pressburg to establish hereditary succession in

SECTION 20

#1732851037882

1386-496: The 1850 decimalization include copper 5, 10 and 25 céntimos de real as well as a new gold 100-real (5-dollar) coin. Peter of Castile Peter ( Spanish : Pedro ; 30 August 1334 – 23 March 1369), called Peter the Cruel ( el Cruel ) or the Just ( el Justo ), was King of Castile and León from 1350 to 1369. Peter was the last ruler of the main branch of

1449-461: The Austrian monarchy changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs: Over the course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule (some of these territories were secundogenitures , i.e. ruled by other lines of Habsburg dynasty): The boundaries of some of these territories varied over the period indicated, and others were ruled by a subordinate (secundogeniture) Habsburg line. The Habsburgs also held

1512-465: The Chancellor Pedro López de Ayala (1332–1407). To put that in perspective are a biography by Prosper Mérimée , Histoire de Don Pedro I, roi de Castille (1848) and a modern history setting Peter in the social and economic context of his time by Clara Estow ( Pedro the Cruel of Castile (1350–1369) , 1995). Strictly speaking, Peter was not defeated by Henry but by the opposing aristocracy;

1575-534: The Habsburg empire at its greatest territorial extent. The abdication of Charles V in 1556 led to a division within the dynasty between his son Philip II of Spain and his brother Ferdinand I , who had served as his lieutenant and the elected king of Hungary , Croatia and Bohemia . The Spanish branch (which held all of Iberia , the Netherlands , and lands in Italy) became extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which ruled

1638-500: The Habsburg monarchy can be traced back to the election of Rudolf I as King of Germany in 1273 and his acquisition of the Duchy of Austria for the Habsburgs in 1282. In 1482, Maximilian I acquired the Netherlands through marriage. Both realms passed to his grandson and successor, Charles V , who also inherited the Spanish throne and its colonial possessions , and thus came to rule

1701-484: The Holy Roman Empire, Hungary and Bohemia) was itself divided between different branches of the family from 1564 until 1665, but thereafter it remained a single personal union . It became extinct in the male line in 1740, but through the marriage of Queen Maria Theresa with Francis of Lorraine , the dynasty continued as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine . Names of some smaller territories: The territories ruled by

1764-774: The Hungarian kingdom. Charles V divided the House in 1556 by ceding Austria along with the Imperial crown to Ferdinand (as decided at the Imperial election, 1531 ), and the Spanish Empire to his son Philip . The Spanish branch (which also held the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Portugal between 1580 and 1640, and the Mezzogiorno of Italy) became extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which also ruled

1827-484: The Spanish non-colonial real came out in 1642, with the real provincial debased from 67 to 83 + 3 ⁄ 4 to a mark of silver (hence, 10 reales to the dollar). Actual coins worth 1 ⁄ 2 , 1, 2, 4 and 8 reales provincial (the latter worth 4 ⁄ 5 of a dollar and called peso maria ) were minted in 1686 and were poorly received by the public. The same 1686 recoinage came with edicts in 1686–1687 fixing

1890-413: The city of Burgos recognized him as King of Castile. Others followed, including Córdoba , Palencia , Valladolid , and Jaén . Galicia and Asturias , on the other hand, continued to support Peter. As Henry made his way toward Toledo , Peter, who had retreated to Andalusia , chose to confront him in battle. On 14 March 1369, the forces of Peter and Henry met at Montiel , a fortress then controlled by

1953-734: The early 1860s, the famous Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary ("Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen.") was an equal sovereign with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting it to the other Habsburg lands. Although the non-Hungarian Habsburg lands were referred to as "Austria", received their own central parliament (the Reichsrat , or Imperial Council ) and ministries, as their official name –

Spanish real - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-433: The end of the 18th century were minor and involved reducing the fineness of the silver dollar to 130 ⁄ 144 = 0.9028 fine and the gold escudo (now worth 2 dollars or 40 reales de vellón) from 0.917 to 0.875 fine. Starting 1810 silver coin denominations were revised to their more common-sense values in reales de vellón: 20, 10, 4, 2 and 1 real with 1 real = 1 ⁄ 20 dollar. The loss of American possessions in

2079-578: The face of inevitable defeat during the final years of World War I and ultimately disbanded with the proclamation of the Republic of German-Austria and the First Hungarian Republic in late 1918. In historiography , the terms "Austria" or "Austrians" are frequently used as shorthand for the Habsburg monarchy since the 18th century. From 1438 to 1806, the rulers of the House of Habsburg almost continuously reigned as Holy Roman Emperors . However,

2142-533: The first quarter of the 16th century. Habsburg monarchy The Habsburg monarchy , also known as Habsburg Empire , or Habsburg Realm , was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg . From the 18th century it is also referred to as the Austrian monarchy ( Latin : Monarchia Austriaca ) or the Danubian monarchy . The history of

2205-485: The first third of the 19th century cut off the inflow of precious metals into Spain and resulted in the gradual use of French coinage in local circulation. These subsequent changes to the Spanish currency system were never carried out in full: The real was only retired completely with the introduction in 1868 of the Spanish peseta , at par with the French franc , and at the rate of 1 dollar = 20 reales = 5 pesetas. Consequently,

2268-671: The fore with its defeat in World War I. After its dissolution, the new republics of Austria (the German-Austrian territories of the Hereditary lands) and the First Hungarian Republic were created. In the peace settlement that followed, significant territories were ceded to Romania and Italy and the remainder of the monarchy's territory was shared out among the new states of Poland , the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and Czechoslovakia . A junior line ruled over

2331-538: The general experience of the Spanish Jewry in this period which was often marked by discrimination and pogroms. Following Peter's death, Jews had to wear a yellow badge, as punishment for having supported him. In the summer of 1366, Peter took refuge with Edward, the Black Prince , who restored him to his throne in the following year after the Battle of Nájera . The health of the Black Prince broke down, and he left

2394-605: The gold escudo , minted 68 to a mark of 11 ⁄ 12 fine gold (3.101 g fine gold), and valued at 15–16 silver reales or approximately two dollars. This real, worth 1 ⁄ 8 dollar, was retained in Latin America until the 19th century but was altered considerably in peninsular Spain beginning in the 17th century. This Spanish colonial real was subsequently referred to as moneda nacional ("national money") and underwent two more changes: The various financial crises under King Philip II gave rise starting in 1600 to

2457-460: The involvement of John of Gaunt 's claim to Castille . Peter's children by María de Padilla were: Peter had one son with Juana de Castro : With María de Henestrosa, cousin of María de Padilla: With Isabel de Sandoval, aya of his son Alfonso: With Teresa de Ayala, niece of Pero López de Ayala : The great original but hostile authority for the life of Peter the Cruel is the Chronicle of

2520-493: The mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the Metternichian period that followed. Another attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various revolutions of 1848 . For the first time, ministers tried to transform

2583-517: The monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary was placed under martial law , being divided into a series of military districts, the centralized neo-absolutism tried to as well to nullify Hungary's constitution and Diet . Following the Habsburg defeats in the Second Italian War of Independence (1859) and Austro-Prussian War (1866), these policies were step by step abandoned. After experimentation in

Spanish real - Misplaced Pages Continue

2646-452: The nobles accomplished their objective of enthroning a weaker dynasty (the House of Trastámara ), much more amenable to their interests. Most of the bad stories about Peter are likely to be colored by black legend , coined by his enemies, who finally succeeded in their rebellion. The Chancellor López de Ayala , the main source for Peter's reign, was the official chronicler of the Trastámara,

2709-467: The offer and immediately bargained for greater compensation from Henry to betray Peter. Having made a deal with Henry, Du Guesclin returned to Peter. Under the guise of accepting his deal, du Guesclin led Peter to his tent on the night of 23 March 1369. Henry was waiting. The historian López de Ayala described the encounter as follows: "Upon entering du Guesclin's tent, Henry saw King Peter. He did not recognize him because they had not seen each other for

2772-633: The party striving to coerce him enabled him to escape from Toro , where he was under observation, to Segovia . In 1361, Queen Blanche died at Medina Sidonia . French historians claim that Peter ordered two Jews to murder her; another version of the story says she was poisoned; a third one that she was shot with a crossbow, although it may have been the plague. Also that year, Maria de Padilla died in Seville. After Maria's death, Peter declared that she had been his first and only legitimate wife. From 1356 to 1366, Peter engaged in constant wars with Aragon in

2835-508: The peasants and burghers subjected to the nobles by late feudal gifts and by the merchants, who enjoyed security under his rule. The English, who backed Peter, also remembered the king positively. Geoffrey Chaucer visited Castile during Peter's reign and lamented the monarch's death in The Monk's Tale , part of The Canterbury Tales . (Chaucer's patron, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster , had fought on Peter's side in his struggle to reclaim

2898-462: The principles of aristocracy they represented themselves. But his moral superiority was reduced too by the violent means, including fratricides, by which he sought to suppress opposition; he at times was extremely despotic and unpredictable, even by the standards of his age. In this he was preceded by his father Alfonso XI, who since the crisis at the death of Alfonso X had faced multiple rebellions against royal authority. The death of King Peter ended

2961-424: The real de vellón at one dollar = 15 + 2 ⁄ 34 reales or 512 maravedíes (or 1 dollar = 8 reales nacionales worth 64 maravedíes). The ineffectiveness of these edicts meant that existing reales de vellón were worth even less than 15 + 2 ⁄ 34 of a dollar (0.0664 dollars). The confusion to the monetary situation would not be resolved until 1737 in various stages, namely: Subsequent changes until

3024-460: The realms of the Holy Roman Empire were mostly self-governing and are thus not considered to have been part of the Habsburg monarchy. Hence, the Habsburg monarchy (of the Austrian branch) is often called "Austria" by metonymy . Around 1700, the Latin term monarchia austriaca came into use as a term of convenience. Within the empire alone, the vast possessions included the original Hereditary Lands,

3087-503: The term real lived on, meaning a quarter of a peseta (25 céntimos de peseta). Coins were minted in both Spain and Latin America from the 16th to 19th centuries in silver 1 ⁄ 2 , 1, 2, 4 and 8 reales nacionales and in gold 1 ⁄ 2 , 1, 2, 4 and 8 escudos . The silver 8-real coin was known as the Spanish dollar (as the coin was minted to the specifications of the thaler of

3150-529: The throne with the encouragement of his mother's second cousin, the Portuguese minister Count Alburquerque . Becoming attached to María de Padilla , he married her in secret in 1353. María turned him against Alburquerque, who fled to Portugal. In the summer of 1353, the young king was practically coerced by his mother and the nobles into marrying Blanche of Bourbon ; he deserted her at once upon hearing rumors that she had slept with his half-brother Fadrique, who

3213-462: The throne.) The English Lake Poet Robert Southey was presented in 1818 with a copy of a five-act play by the novelist Ann Doherty , entitled Peter the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon . Peter had many qualities of those later monarchs educated in the centralization style. He built a strong Royal administrative force ahead of his times. He failed to counter or check all the feudal powers that supported his rivals, however illegitimate and opposite to

SECTION 50

#1732851037882

3276-571: The title of Holy Roman Emperor between 1438 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806. Within the early modern Habsburg monarchy, each entity was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid 17th century, not all of the provinces were even necessarily ruled by the same person—junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under Maria Theresa and especially her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in

3339-575: The traditional alliance of Castile and Navarre with England, which had been started by the Plantagenets to keep France in check. The alliance was later renewed by the Trastámaras and Tudors . His death also led to the Fernandine Wars , where portuguese king Ferdinand I would claim the throne of Galicia , which would eventually lead to the historical alliance between Portugal and England with

3402-466: Was Radbot of Klettgau , who was born in the late 10th century; the family name originated with Habsburg Castle , in present-day Switzerland , which was built by Radbot. After 1279, the Habsburgs came to rule in the Duchy of Austria , which was part of the elective Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire . King Rudolf I of Germany of the Habsburg family assigned the Duchy of Austria to his sons at

3465-476: Was 1.83 metres (6 ft 0 in) tall and muscular. He was accustomed to long, strenuous hours of work, lisped a little and "loved women greatly". He was well read and a patron of the arts, and in his formative years he enjoyed entertainment, music and poetry. He was to be married to his contemporary Joan , the second and favourite daughter of King Edward III of England ; however, on their way to Castile she and her retinue travelled through cities infested with

3528-458: Was a nullity. The bishops of Avila and Salamanca were asked to concur, and were afraid to say otherwise. Peter and Juana were married in Cuellar, and Juana was proclaimed Queen of Castile. After two nights, he then deserted her. They had a son who died young, after Peter's death. A period of turmoil followed in which the king was for a time overpowered and, in effect, imprisoned. The dissension within

3591-517: Was a reaction in Peter's favour and an alternative name was found for him. It became a fashion to speak of him as El Justiciero , the executor of justice (the Lawful). Apologists were found to say that he had killed only men who would not submit themselves to the law or respect the rights of others. Peter did have his supporters. Even López de Ayala confessed that the king's fall was regretted by many, among them

3654-402: Was assailed by his bastard brother Henry of Trastámara at the head of a host of soldiers of fortune, including Bertrand du Guesclin and Hugh Calveley , and abandoned the kingdom without daring to give battle, after retreating several times (first from Burgos , then from Toledo , and lastly from Seville ) in the face of the oncoming armies. Peter fled with his treasury to Portugal, where he

3717-468: Was coldly received by his uncle, King Peter I of Portugal , and thence to Galicia , in the northern Iberian Peninsula , where he ordered the murder of Suero, the archbishop of Santiago , and the dean , Peralvarez. Peter's rival Henry II of Castile continuously depicted Peter as "King of the Jews", and had some success in taking advantage of popular Castilian antisemitism. Henry instigated pogroms beginning

3780-572: Was constantly travelling throughout his dominions and therefore needed deputies and regents, such as Isabella of Portugal in Spain and Margaret of Austria in the Low Countries, to govern his various realms. At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Emperor Charles V came to terms with his younger brother Ferdinand . According to the Habsburg compact of Worms (1521), confirmed a year later in Brussels , Ferdinand

3843-597: Was made Archduke , as a regent of Charles V in the Austrian hereditary lands. Following the death of Louis II of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács against the Ottoman Turks , Archduke Ferdinand (who was his brother-in-law by virtue of an adoption treaty signed by Maximilian and Vladislaus II , Louis's father at the First Congress of Vienna ) was also elected the next king of Bohemia and Hungary in 1526. Bohemia and Hungary became hereditary Habsburg domains only in

SECTION 60

#1732851037882

3906-557: Was minted in 1 ⁄ 2 -, 1-, 2-, 4- and 8-real denominations. After the discovery of silver in Mexico , Peru and Bolivia in the 16th century, the 8-real coin (referred to since then as a dollar , peso or piece of eight ) became an internationally recognized trade coin in Europe, Asia and North America and were known variously as pesos , duros , diuros fuertes , tlzalers , dollars , and piastres . These reales were supplemented by

3969-428: Was supposed to be guarding her virtue and made her instead "an unwilling Isolde to his Tristan," according to one historian. This marriage necessitated Peter's denying that he had married María, but his relationship with her continued and they had four children. He also apparently went through the form of marriage with Juana de Castro , widow of Don Diego de Haro, convincing her that his previous marriage to Queen Blanche

#881118