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89-544: The term was used as early as 1739 by French trader and explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de la Verendrye when he described hearing of the Gens du Serpent ("Snake people") from the Mandans. This is probably the first written mention of the Shoshone people. The term "Snakes" is also used to refer to the Shoshone by British explorers David Thompson and Anthony Henday . The term

178-491: A prisoner of war , Gaultier returned to Canada and married Marie-Anne, daughter of Louis Dandonneau, Sieur Du Sablé, in 1712. For the next 15 years, he supported his family by farming and fur trading along the Saint Lawrence. In 1726 his fortunes changed when his brother Jacques-René was appointed the commander of the poste du Nord . This was the north shore of Lake Superior with three main posts: Fort Kaministiquia , which

267-549: A raid on Deerfield in the Province of Massachusetts Bay . They destroyed the settlement, killing many and capturing more than 100 captives. These were taken on an overland journey hundreds of miles north to the Caughnawaga mission village south of Montreal . Most of the children who survived the journey were adopted by Mohawk families. Several adults were later redeemed (ransomed) or released in negotiated prisoner exchanges, including

356-795: A French settlement in Penobscot Bay near Castine, Maine , which had all been bases for attacks on New England settlers migrating toward Acadia during King William's War. The frontier areas between the Saint Lawrence River and the primarily coastal settlements of Massachusetts and New York were still dominated by Indigenous peoples, primarily Abenaki in the east and Iroquois west of the Hudson River. The Hudson River – Lake Champlain corridor had also been used for raiding expeditions in both directions in earlier conflicts. The threat of Indigenous peoples had receded somewhat because of reductions in

445-537: A captured boy, Ashur Rice, was returned to Marlborough after he was ransomed in 1708 by his father Thomas Rice. New England colonists were unable to effectively combat these raids, so they retaliated by launching an expedition against Acadia led by the famous Indigenous fighter Benjamin Church . The expedition raided Grand Pré , Chignecto , and other settlements. French accounts claim that Church attempted an attack on Acadia's capital of Port Royal, but Church's account of

534-612: A fleet in 1706 that destroyed French fishing outposts on the island's northern coasts. In December 1708, a combined force of French, Canadian, and Mi'kmaq volunteers captured St. John's and destroyed the fortifications. They lacked the resources to hold the prize, however, so they abandoned it, and St. John's was reoccupied and refortified by the English in 1709. (The same French expedition also tried to take Ferryland , but it successfully resisted.) English fleet commanders contemplated attacks on Plaisance in 1703 and 1711 but did not make them,

623-562: A large band of Assiniboines , he pushed southwest across the prairie and reached a Mandan village probably somewhere near the modern New Town, North Dakota , about 70 miles east of the Montana border. He did not push on to the Missouri River but sent his son Louis-Joseph to do it for him. In order to get rid of their numerous Assiniboine guests, the Mandan claimed that there was a Sioux war party in

712-492: A large community whose enemies included the English-allied Chickasaw . All of these populations had suffered to some degree from the introduction of infectious diseases such as smallpox , endemic among early explorers and traders. The Native Americans had no immunity and suffered high mortality. The arrival of French colonists in the south threatened existing trade links that Carolina colonists had established into

801-595: A maximum range of about 100 yards (91 m) but were inaccurate at ranges beyond half that distance. Some colonists also carried pikes, while Indigenous warriors either carried arms supplied by the colonists or were armed with weapons such as primitive tomahawks and bows. A small number of colonists had training in the operation of cannon and other types of artillery, which were the only effective weapons for attacking significant stone or wooden defenses. English colonists were generally organized into militia companies, and their colonies had no regular military presence beyond

890-612: A peace with the New Englanders. Governor Dudley organized a major peace conference at Portsmouth, New Hampshire (of which he was also governor). In negotiations there and at Casco Bay , the Abenakis objected to British assertions that the French had ceded to Britain the territory of eastern Maine and New Brunswick , but they agreed to a confirmation of boundaries at the Kennebec River and

979-480: A plan. La Vérendrye would build a post on Lake Winnipeg. The expedition would be paid for by Quebec merchants who hoped to profit from the resulting fur trade . This financing was fragile because the merchants lacked the capital and organization to efficiently move supplies so far to the west. An additional goal was to divert furs from being traded to the British on Hudson Bay. In the absence of government funds, exploration

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1068-702: A process that added Western Canada to the original New France territory that was centred along the Saint Lawrence basin. He was the first known European to reach present-day North Dakota and the upper Missouri River in the United States. In the 1740s, two of his sons crossed the prairie as far as present-day Wyoming , United States, and were the first Europeans to see the Rocky Mountains north of New Mexico. Born in Trois-Rivières , New France, Pierre

1157-655: A raiding expedition by Moore that became known as the Apalachee massacre of 1704. Many of the survivors of these raids were relocated to the Savannah River where they were confined to reservations. Raids continued in the following years consisting of large Indigenous forces, sometimes including a small number of white men; this included major expeditions directed at Pensacola in 1707 and Mobile in 1709. The Muscogee (Creek), Yamasee , and Chickasaw were armed and led by English colonists, and they dominated these conflicts at

1246-463: A renewed attempt on Quebec in 1711. The plan for 1711 again called for land and sea-based attacks, but its execution was a disaster. A fleet of 15 ships of the line and transports carrying 5,000 troops led by Admiral Hovenden Walker arrived at Boston in June, doubling the town's population and greatly straining the colony's ability to provide necessary provisions. The expedition sailed for Quebec at

1335-410: A small number in some of the communities of Newfoundland. The French colonists were also organized into militias, but they also had a standing defense force called the troupes de la marine . This force consisted of some experienced officers and was manned by recruits sent over from France, numbering between 500 and 1,200. They were spread throughout the territories of New France, with concentrations in

1424-591: A war against "the Snake Indians" of Canada. It is not clear if this term (used in this period of Canadian history) is meant to refer to the Northern Paiute people , inaccurate, or perhaps entirely unrelated. In modern Plains Cree language , the term "kinêpikoyiniwak / ᑭᓀᐱᑯᔨᓂᐘᐠ", literally translating to "Snake Indian" refers to Shoshone people . This article relating to the Indigenous peoples of North America

1513-416: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de la Verendrye Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye (17 November 1685 – 5 December 1749) was a French Canadian military officer, fur trader , and explorer . In the 1730s, he and his four sons explored the area west of Lake Superior and established trading posts there. They were part of

1602-588: The 1711 Battle of Bloody Creek and raids along the Maine frontier. The remainder of Acadia (present-day eastern Maine and New Brunswick ) remained disputed territory between New England and New France. The French in New France's heartland of Canada opposed attacking the Province of New York . They were reluctant to arouse the Iroquois , whom they feared more than they did the British colonists and with whom they had made

1691-581: The Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. New York merchants were opposed to attacking New France because it would interrupt the lucrative Indigenous fur trade , much of which came through New France. The Iroquois maintained their neutrality throughout the conflict, despite Peter Schuyler 's efforts to interest them in the war. (Schuyler was Albany 's commissioner of Indians.) Francis Nicholson and Samuel Vetch organized an ambitious assault against New France in 1709, with some financial and logistical support from

1780-651: The Gulf of St. Lawrence . Some terms were ambiguous in the treaty, and the concerns of various Indigenous communities were not included, thereby setting the stage for future conflicts. When war broke out in Europe in 1701 following the death of King Charles II concerning who should succeed him to the Spanish throne, it was initially restricted to a few powers in Europe, but it widened in May 1702 when England declared war on Spain and France. Both

1869-497: The Mandan country on the upper Missouri River. These people were described as white men who lived in big houses. Auchagah, a Cree guide, made a map of the canoe routes between Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg based on his and other Cree experience. La Vérendrye judged correctly that Lake Winnipeg was the geographic key which had to be reached to allow further exploration. In 1730 he met Governor Beauharnois at Quebec and worked out

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1958-515: The Northeast Coast Campaign . They killed or captured more than 300 settlers. There were also a series of raids deep into New England by French and Indigenous forces aimed at securing captives. There was an active trade in captives, as families and communities struggled to raise ransoms to reclaim them. In February 1704, Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville led 250 Abenaki and Caughnawaga Indians (mostly Mohawk) and 50 French Canadians in

2047-571: The Seven Years' War . Massachusetts and New Hampshire were on the front line of the war, yet the New England colonies suffered less economic damage than other areas. Some of the costs of the war were offset by the importance of Boston as a center of shipbuilding and trade, combined with a financial windfall caused by the crown's military spending on the 1711 Quebec expedition. Spanish Florida never really recovered its economy or population from

2136-793: The 'River of the West'. The correct one was the Saskatchewan River , which flows east into Lake Winnipeg. The other was the Missouri River in the Mandan country in what is now North Dakota, United States. The Mandan were said to live in big houses and resemble Frenchmen. La Vérendrye picked the Missouri. In September 1738 he reached Fort Maurepas on Lake Winnipeg and ascended the Assiniboine River to Portage la Prairie , where he built Fort La Reine just south of Lake Manitoba (October 1738). Joining

2225-454: The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , Great Britain had taken control of Hudson Bay and thereby blocked the French from using that area. At this time people thought that not far to the west was an inlet from the Pacific called the mer du couchant , similar to the equally mythical Strait of Annian . They thought also that travelers could cross the height of land and find a River of the West that flowed all

2314-569: The 1732 founding of the Province of Georgia , which was granted on territory that Spain had originally claimed, as was also the case with Carolina. James Moore took military action against the Tuscaroras of North Carolina in the Tuscarora War which began in 1711, and many of them fled north as refugees to join their linguistic cousins the Iroquois. The economic costs of the war were high in some of

2403-543: The 18th century. The economic effects of the war were severe in Newfoundland, with the fishing fleets significantly reduced. The British fishing fleet began to recover immediately after the peace was finalized, and they attempted to prevent Spanish ships from fishing in Newfoundland waters, as they previously had. However, many Spanish ships were simply reflagged with English straw owners to evade British controls. The British capture of Acadia had long-term consequences for

2492-747: The 300-mile journey through the wilderness to return to Montreal. During those years, both sides often took captives for ransom. The next year La Vérendrye participated in an unsuccessful attack on the English settlement of St. John's, Newfoundland . At age 22, he enlisted in the French Army, and fought in Flanders during the War of the Spanish Succession ; he was seriously wounded at the Battle of Malplaquet . After recovering from his injuries and being given paroled as

2581-583: The Abenakis nor the Mi'kmaq were recognized in the Treaty of Utrecht, and the 1713 Portsmouth treaty was interpreted differently by them than by the New England signatories, so the Mi'kmaq and Abenakis resisted these incursions into their lands. This conflict was increased by French intriguers such as Sébastien Rale , and eventually they developed into Father Rale's War (1722–1727). British relations were also difficult with

2670-521: The Acadians and Mi'kmaq living there. Britain's hold on Nova Scotia was initially quite tenuous, a situation on which French and Mi'kmaq resistance leaders capitalized. British relations with the Mi'kmaq after the war developed in the context of British expansion in Nova Scotia and also along the Maine coast, where New Englanders began moving into Abenaki lands, often in violation of previous treaties. Neither

2759-530: The Americas remains intact. [REDACTED]   France [REDACTED] Spain loyal to Philip V [REDACTED]   England (before 1707) [REDACTED]   Great Britain (after 1707) Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain; it took place during

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2848-470: The British and French wanted to keep their American colonies neutral, but they did not reach an agreement. The American colonists had their own tensions which had been growing along the borders separating the French and English colonies. They were concerned about boundaries and governing authority in the northern and southwestern frontiers of the English colonies , which stretched from the Province of Carolina in

2937-636: The Carolina back country. The English colonists had advance warning of the expedition and organized a defense at the head of the Flint River , where they routed the Spanish-led force , and captured or killed some 500 Spanish-led Indigenous peoples. Carolina's Governor Moore received notification concerning the hostilities, and he organized and led a force against Spanish Florida. 500 English colonial soldiers and militia and 300 Indigenous peoples captured and burned

3026-463: The English at St. John's and in Conception Bay (see Carbonear Island ). During King William's War , d'Iberville had destroyed most of the English communities in 1696–97, and the island again became a battleground in 1702. In August of that year, an English fleet under the command of Commodore John Leake descended on the outlying French communities but made no attempts on Plaisance. During

3115-475: The English colonists, but they simultaneously sent warnings to the French about the expedition, effectively playing both sides of the conflict. Newfoundland's coast was dotted with small French and English communities, with some fishing stations occupied seasonally by fishermen from Europe. Both sides had fortified their principal towns, the French at Plaisance on the western side of the Avalon Peninsula ,

3204-498: The French archives. Morton thinks they may have gotten as far as Lake Winnipeg. In 1716 a memoir drawn up by Governor Vaudreuil showed lakes and portages as far as Lake of the Woods, from which flowed a river to the " Sea of the West ". This implies that Frenchmen had explored west of Lake Superior before Vérendrye did so. La Vérendrye questioned the Natives who came to trade. He learned of

3293-500: The French presence on the Atlantic to Cape Breton Island . French were resettled there from Newfoundland, creating the colony of Île-Royale, and France constructed the Fortress of Louisbourg in the following years. This presence plus the rights to use the Newfoundland shore resulted in continued friction between French and British fishing interests, which was not fully resolved until late in

3382-623: The Iroquois and agreed that commerce with Indigenous peoples farther inland would be open to all nations. It retained all of the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, including Cape Breton Island , and retained fishing rights in the area, including rights to dry fish on the northern shore of Newfoundland. By the later years of the war, many Abenakis had tired of the conflict despite French pressures to continue raids against New England targets. The peace of Utrecht, however, had ignored Indigenous interests, and some Abenaki expressed willingness to negotiate

3471-546: The Jesuit missionary priest Jean-Pierre Aulneau who accompanied them, were killed by the Sioux on Massacre Island in Lake of the Woods. La Vérendrye restrained the local Cree from a war of revenge in order to protect the fur trade. In 1737 La Vérendrye returned to Quebec on business. In Paris, Maurepas was pushing for more exploration. By this time explorers had identified two candidates as

3560-485: The Mississippi watershed and then leveraging those relationships to push the English colonists off the continent, or at least limit them to coastal areas. In pursuit of this grand strategy, he rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi (which had first been found by La Salle in 1670) and established Fort Maurepas in 1699. From this base and Fort Louis de la Mobile (founded in 1702), he began to establish relationships with

3649-496: The New England colonists stayed in their forts and would not come out. In October 1710, 3,600 British and colonial forces led by Francis Nicholson finally captured Port Royal after a siege of one week. This ended official French control of the peninsular portion of Acadia (present-day mainland Nova Scotia ), although resistance continued until the end of the war. Resistance by the Wabanaki Confederation continued in

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3738-515: The North American continent while the War of the Spanish Succession was being fought in Europe. Each side was allied with various Indigenous communities. It was fought on four fronts: The Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1713, following a preliminary peace in 1712. France ceded the territories of Hudson Bay , Acadia, and Newfoundland to Britain while retaining Cape Breton Island and other islands in

3827-822: The Northern Paiute tribes found in the basins between the Cascade Mountains and these valleys in Oregon and northern Nevada and northeastern California . These people were the opponents of the California , Oregon , and Washington Volunteers and US Army , in the Snake War . From 1688-1720s, when the British Empire first came into prolonged trade contact with the Western Cree and Blackfoot , both of these groups were united in

3916-569: The Rocky Mountains ) He worked to consolidate his hold on the chain of lakes that look like a single lake west of Lake Winnipeg, establishing Fort Dauphin (Manitoba) , Fort Bourbon and Fort Paskoya . Back in France, Maurepas was growing increasingly irritated with La Vérendrye, who he thought was trading in furs when he should be exploring. In 1742 Maurepas suggested that he be replaced. In 1743 La Vérendrye resigned. He returned to New France and led

4005-751: The Saskatchewan. In 1756 the western command was given to Pierre's son Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye , but he was unable to travel to the west. During the French and Indian War (1754-1763), the North American front of the Seven Years' War , the French gradually abandoned the western posts. With France's defeat, the British took control of New France territory east of the Mississippi River. Numerous places were named in his honour: Queen Anne%27s War British victory over French in Canada. Spanish Empire in

4094-519: The age of twelve he received a cadet's commission in the French Marines in Canada . In 1704 and 1705 La Vérendrye took part in the raids of Queen Anne's War , which was waged by colonists in the English and French areas of North America. He was present at the Raid on Deerfield in present-day Massachusetts. The French and their Abenaki allies took more than a hundred captives from the village, forcing them on

4183-585: The area. The Assiniboines fled, taking with them the Cree interpreter. Unable to talk to the Mandan, La Vérendrye left two Frenchmen to learn the language and returned to Fort La Reine (January 1739). In 1740 he returned to Quebec on business, and in 1741 started on his fourth and last journey west. From Fort La Reine he sent his son Louis-Joseph exploring westward as far as, probably, the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming (1742–43). (See: Verendrye brothers' journey to

4272-424: The bay. The only incident of note was a French attack on the outpost of Fort Albany in 1709. The Hudson's Bay Company was unhappy that Ryswick had not returned its territories, and it successfully lobbied for their return in the negotiations that ended this war. The colonial military technology used in North America was not as developed as in Europe. Only a few colonial settlements had stone fortifications at

4361-513: The coast. To the north, the conflict held a strong economic component in addition to territorial disputes. Newfoundland was the site of a British colony at St. John's and a French colony at Plaisance , with both sides also holding a number of smaller permanent settlements. The island also had many seasonal settlements used by fishermen from Europe. These colonists numbered fewer than 2,000 English and 1,000 French permanent settlers (and many more seasonal visitors), who competed with one another for

4450-468: The command of poste du Nord , but accomplished little. After the elder La Vérendrye's death, the new governor Jonquière forced his sons out of their father's patrimony. Control of the west was given to Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre (1750–53). He built Fort La Jonquière somewhere on the Saskatchewan, but failed in an attempt to ascend that river. He was followed by Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne (1753-1756). He built Fort de la Corne on

4539-460: The commerce provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht. They attempted to prevent English trade with remote Indigenous communities, and they erected Fort Niagara in Iroquois territory. French settlements continued to grow on the Gulf Coast, with the settlement of New Orleans in 1718 and other (unsuccessful) attempts to expand into Spanish-controlled Texas and Florida . French trading networks penetrated

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4628-433: The continent along the waterways feeding the Gulf of Mexico, renewing conflicts with both the British and the Spanish. Trading networks established in the Mississippi River watershed, including the Ohio River valley, also brought the French into more contact with British trading networks and colonial settlements that crossed the Appalachian Mountains. Conflicting claims over that territory eventually led to war in 1754, when

4717-435: The effects of the war, and it was ceded to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris following the Seven Years' War. Indigenous peoples who had been resettled along the Atlantic coast chafed under British rule, as did those allied to the British in this war. This discontentment flared into the 1715 Yamasee War that posed a major threat to South Carolina's viability. The loss of population in the Spanish territories contributed to

4806-444: The end of July, but a number of its ships foundered on the rocky shores near the mouth of the Saint Lawrence in the fog. More than 700 troops were lost, and Walker called off the expedition. In the meantime, Nicholson had departed for Montreal overland but had only reached Lake George when word reached him of Walker's disaster, and he also turned back. In this expedition, the Iroquois provided several hundred warriors to fight with

4895-477: The establishment of government-run trading posts in their territory. The Treaty of Portsmouth was ratified on July 13, 1713, by eight representatives of some of the communities of the Wabanaki Confederacy; however, it included language asserting British sovereignty over their territory. Over the next year, other Abenaki tribal leaders also signed the treaty, but no Mi'kmaq ever signed it or any other treaty until 1726. The loss of Newfoundland and Acadia restricted

4984-412: The expedition describes a war council in which the expedition decided against making an attack. Father Sébastien Rale was widely suspected of inciting the Norridgewock community against the New Englanders, and Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley put a price on his head. In the winter of 1705, Massachusetts dispatched 275 militiamen under the command of Colonel Winthrop Hilton to seize Rale and sack

5073-533: The expedition was going to fail. After this failure, Nicholson and Schuyler traveled to London accompanied by King Hendrick and other sachems to arouse interest in the North American frontier war. The Indigenous delegation caused a sensation in London, and Queen Anne granted them an audience. Nicholson and Schuyler were successful in their endeavor: the queen gave support for Nicholson's successful capture of Port Royal in 1710. With that success under his belt, Nicholson again returned to England and gained support for

5162-486: The expense of the Choctaw , Timucua, and Apalachee. Throughout the war, New France and the Wabanaki Confederacy thwarted New England expansion into Acadia, whose border New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine . In 1703, Michel Leneuf de la Vallière de Beaubassin commanded a few French Canadians and 500 Indigenous peoples of the Wabanaki Confederacy, and they led attacks against New England settlements from Wells to Falmouth ( Portland, Maine ) in

5251-470: The fisheries of the Grand Banks , which were also harvested by fishermen from Acadia (then encompassing all of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ) and Massachusetts. The borders and boundaries remained uncertain between Acadia and New England despite battles along the border throughout King William's War . New France defined the border of Acadia as the Kennebec River in southern Maine . There were Catholic missions at Norridgewock and Penobscot and

5340-403: The interior of the continent to the west of the Appalachians and south of the Great Lakes . This area was dominated by numerous historic Indigenous communities, although French and English traders had penetrated it. Spanish missionaries in La Florida had established a network of missions in an effort to convert the Indigenous to Roman Catholicism and focus their labor. The Spanish population

5429-401: The interior, creating tension among all three powers. France and Spain, allies in this conflict, had been on opposite sides of the recently ended Nine Years' War . Conflicting territorial claims between Carolina and Florida south of the Savannah River were overlaid by animosity over religious divisions between the Roman Catholic colonists of New Spain and the Protestant English colonists along

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5518-456: The latter by Admiral Walker in the aftermath of the disaster at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. In 1712, Britain and France declared an armistice, and a final peace agreement was signed the following year. Under terms of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht , Britain gained Acadia (which they renamed Nova Scotia ), sovereignty over Newfoundland , the Hudson Bay region, and the Caribbean island of St. Kitts . France recognized British suzerainty over

5607-400: The life of a gentleman while doing a considerable business since his sons remained as traders in the west. In 1746 he was reappointed to his old post. He was planning the fifth expedition, this time up the Saskatchewan River , when he died on December 5, 1749. Shortly before his death, he was awarded the Order of Saint Louis . From 1744 to 1746 Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont held

5696-503: The local Choctaw, Chickasaw, Natchez people , and other communities. English colonial traders and explorers from Carolina had established a substantial trading network across the southeastern part of the continent that extended all the way to the Mississippi. Its leaders had little respect for the Spanish in Florida, but they understood the threat posed by the French arrival on the coast. Both Carolina governor Joseph Blake and his successor James Moore articulated visions of expansion to

5785-404: The major population centers. Spanish Florida was defended by a few hundred regular troops; Spanish policy was to pacify the Indigenous peoples in their territory and not to provide them with weapons. Florida held an estimated 8,000 Indigenous peoples before the war, but this was reduced to 200 after English colonist raids made early in the war. Prominent French and English colonists understood at

5874-487: The minister, John Williams, who tried for years without success to ransom his daughter Eunice. She became fully assimilated, marrying a Mohawk man. Likewise in August 1704, there was a raid in Marlborough (in the part of town to later become Westborough ), from which captives were also taken to Caughnawaga. There was an active slave trade of the captive colonists during these years, and communities raised funds to ransom their citizens from Indigenous captivity. For instance

5963-455: The mouth of the Red River at the southern end of the lake. In 1734 La Vérendrye went to Quebec to reorganize the finances and returned to the western post the following spring. In 1734 more than half the beaver pelts reaching Quebec came from La Vérendrye's posts. But by 1736 it was clear that the supply system was not working, and Jean-Baptiste was forced to go to Lake Superior for supplies. He along with 20 other Frenchmen, 19 voyageurs including

6052-566: The nominally conquered Acadians. They resisted repeated British demands to swear oaths to the British crown, and eventually this sparked an exodus by the Acadians to Île-Royale and Île-Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island ). By the 1740s, French leaders such as Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre orchestrated a guerrilla war with their Mi'kmaq allies against British attempts to expand Protestant settlements in peninsular Nova Scotia. Friction also persisted between France and Britain over Acadia's borders. The boundaries were unclear as laid out by

6141-470: The ocean. In 1731 La Vérendrye, three of his sons and 50 engagés left Montreal. That autumn his son Jean-Baptiste built Fort St. Pierre on Rainy Lake . Next year they built Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods , which became his headquarters for the next several years. In 1733 Jean-Baptiste got within 20 miles of Lake Winnipeg but was blocked by ice and lack of supplies. In 1734 their party reached Lake Winnipeg. Jean-Baptiste built Fort Maurepas near

6230-419: The population as a result of disease and the last war, but they still posed a potent threat to outlying settlements. The Hudson Bay territories (also known as Prince Rupert's Land ) were not significantly fought over in this war. They had been a scene of much dispute by competing French and English companies starting in the 1680s, but the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick left France in control of all but one outpost on

6319-490: The queen. The plan involved an overland assault on Montreal via Lake Champlain and a sea-based assault by naval forces against Quebec . The land expedition reached the southern end of Lake Champlain, but it was called off when the promised naval support never materialized for the attack on Quebec. (Those forces were diverted to support Portugal .) The Iroquois had made vague promises of support for this effort, but successfully delayed sending support until it seemed clear that

6408-615: The reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain . In the United States, it is regarded as a standalone conflict under this name. Elsewhere it is usually viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession . It is also known as the Third Indian War . In France it was known as the Second Intercolonial War . The war broke out in 1701 and was primarily a conflict between French, Spanish and English colonists for control of

6497-499: The south and west at the expense of French and Spanish interests. Iberville had approached the Spanish in January 1702 before the war broke out in Europe, recommending that the Apalachee warriors be armed and sent against the English colonists and their allies. The Spanish organized an expedition under Francisco Romo de Uriza; it left Pensacola, Florida in August for the trading centers of

6586-499: The south to the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the north, with additional colonial settlements or trading outposts on Newfoundland and at Hudson Bay . The total population of the English colonies was about 250,000, with Virginia and New England dominating. The colonists were concentrated along the coast, with small settlements inland, sometimes reaching as far as the Appalachian Mountains . Colonists knew little of

6675-444: The southern English colonies, including those that saw little military activity. Virginia , Maryland , and Pennsylvania to a lesser extent, were hit hard by the cost of shipping their export products (primarily tobacco ) to European markets, and they also suffered because of several particularly bad harvests. South Carolina accumulated a significant debt burden to finance military operations. The French did not fully comply with

6764-554: The start of the war, such as St. Augustine, Florida , Boston , Quebec City , and St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador , although Port Royal's fortifications were completed early in the war. Some villages and settlements were protected by wooden palisades , but many had little more than fortified wooden houses with gun ports through which defenders could fire, and overhanging second floors from which they might fire down on attackers trying to break in below. Europeans and colonists were typically armed with smooth-bore muskets that had

6853-452: The town of St. Augustine, Florida in the Siege of St. Augustine (1702) . The English were unable to take the main fortress and withdrew when a Spanish fleet arrived from Havana . In 1706, Carolina successfully repulsed an attack on Charles Town by a combined Spanish and French amphibious force sent from Havana. The Apalachee and Timucua of Spanish Florida were virtually wiped out in

6942-481: The treaty, which even the French had never formally described. France insisted that only the Acadian peninsula was included in the treaty (modern Nova Scotia except Cape Breton Island) and that they retained the rights to modern New Brunswick . The disputes over Acadia flared into open conflict during King George's War in the 1740s and were not resolved until the British conquest of all French North American territories in

7031-464: The turn of the 18th century that control of the Mississippi River would have a significant role in future development and trade, and each developed visionary plans to thwart the other's activities. French Canadian explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville had developed a "Project sur la Caroline" in the aftermath of the previous war which called for establishing relationships with Indigenous peoples in

7120-459: The village. The priest was warned in time, however, and escaped into the woods with his papers, but the militia burned the village and church. French and Wabanaki Confederacy continued making raids in northern Massachusetts in 1705, against which the New England colonists were unable to mount an effective defense. The raids happened too quickly for defensive forces to organize, and reprisal raids usually found tribal camps and settlements empty. There

7209-399: The way to the Pacific. (For the area to be explored see Early Canadian canoe routes, Nelson River Basin .) In 1688 Jacques de Noyon had reached Rainy Lake . In 1717 Zacharie Robutel de La Noue tried to reach Rainy Lake but succeeded only in establishing Fort Kaministiquia . The British on Hudson Bay heard reports of coureurs des bois west of Lake Superior, but they left no records in

7298-419: The winter of 1705, Plaisance's French governor Daniel d'Auger de Subercase retaliated, leading a combined French and Mi'kmaq expedition that destroyed several English settlements and unsuccessfully besieged Fort William at St. John's . The French and their Indigenous allies continued to harass the English throughout the summer and did damages to the English establishments claimed at £188,000. The English sent

7387-426: Was a lull in the raiding while leaders from New France and New England negotiated the exchange of prisoners, with only limited success. Raids by Indigenous peoples persisted until the end of the war, sometimes with French participation. In May 1707, Governor Dudley organized an expedition to take Port Royal led by John March . However, 1,600 men failed to take the fort by siege , and a follow-up expedition in August

7476-586: Was a terminus for the main route west; a post at the mouth of the Nipigon River ; and one near the future site of Wawa, Ontario , which had river connections to James Bay. La Vérendrye began trading in the area and in 1728 was appointed as commandant when his brother left to fight the Fox Indians . He became involved with the quest to find a route to the Pacific, what was known as the Northwest Passage. Under

7565-744: Was also repulsed. In response, the French developed an ambitious plan to raid most of the New Hampshire settlements on the Piscataqua River . However, much of the Indigenous support needed never materialized, and the Massachusetts town of Haverhill was raided instead. In 1709, New France governor Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil reported that two-thirds of the fields north of Boston were untended because of French and Indigenous raids. French–Indigenous war parties were returning without prisoners because

7654-691: Was also used by Plains Tribes to refer to the Shoshone. They called the Shoshone "snake" referring to the Shoshone sign in Plains Indian Sign Language for the Shoshone people. The sign was used for salmon but the fish was unknown on the Great Plains . This term was widely used by American immigrants on the Oregon Trail in the Snake River and Owyhee River valleys of southern Idaho and Eastern Oregon . The term "Snake Indian" later included

7743-476: Was dependent on financing from the fur trade. It is not clear whether La Vérendrye was genuinely interested in exploration or whether exploration was a pretext for expansion of the fur trade. Maurepas , the French Minister of Marine, was very interested in exploration, but would not provide funds. According to Pehr Kalm , La Vérendrye was acting upon orders given by de Beauharnois to explore until he could reach

7832-458: Was relatively small (about 1,500), and the Indigenous population to whom they ministered has been estimated at 20,000. French explorers had located the mouth of the Mississippi River , and they established a small colonial presence at Fort Maurepas near Biloxi, Mississippi , in 1699. From there, they began to build trade routes into the interior, establishing friendly relations with the Choctaw ,

7921-517: Was the eldest son of René Gaultier de Varennes , who came to Canada as a soldier in 1665, and Marie, the daughter of Pierre Boucher , the first Governor of Trois-Rivières. The Gaultier family were minor nobility or landowners who came from the Anjou area of France . Varennes and La Vérendrye were 2 of their estates. Pierre's father died when he was 3, and he was educated at the Jesuit seminary in Quebec. At

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