54-599: French Marines may refer to any of the following: See also: French Marines in Canada, 1683-1715 French Marines in Canada, 1683-1715 The Troupes de la marine served in Canada during the period 1683–1715. The Marines were first sent to Canada in 1683 after an upsurge of Iroquois hostilities. The basic unit of the Marines in Canada was the company, with three or four officers, two sergeants, four corporals and lance-corporals, and
108-596: A physical punishment is a punishment which is intended to cause physical pain to a person. When it is inflicted on minors , especially in home and school settings, its methods may include spanking or paddling . When it is inflicted on adults, it may be inflicted on prisoners and slaves , and can involve methods such as whipping with a belt or a horsewhip . Physical punishments for crimes or injuries, including floggings , brandings and even mutilations , were practised in most civilizations since ancient times. They have increasingly been viewed as inhumane since
162-476: A deterrent to other would-be offenders. Meanwhile, early writers on education, such as Roger Ascham , complained of the arbitrary manner in which children were punished. Peter Newell writes that perhaps the most influential writer on the subject was the English philosopher John Locke , whose Some Thoughts Concerning Education explicitly criticised the central role of corporal punishment in education. Locke's work
216-497: A gradual canadianization of the officer corps. Young Canadians of good family were from 1699 encouraged to become officers in the marines. Retired marine corps officers settling in Canada, also sent their sons into the corps as cadets , although the formal rank of cadet was not introduced until 1731. A Canadian military elite emerged; already in 1690 a quarter of the officers were born in Canada, and in 1720 about half. From 1683 to 1688, 35 marine companies of 50 soldiers each landed in
270-600: A prison term. The Singaporean practice of caning became much discussed around the world in 1994 when American teenager Michael P. Fay received four strokes of the cane for vandalism. Judicial caning and whipping are also used in Aceh Province in Indonesia. A number of other countries with an Islamic legal system, such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Iran, Brunei, Sudan, and some northern states in Nigeria, employ judicial whipping for
324-564: A range of offences. In April 2020, the Saudi Supreme Court ended the flogging punishment from its court system, and replaced it with jail time or fines. As of 2009 , some regions of Pakistan are experiencing a breakdown of law and government, leading to a reintroduction of corporal punishment by ad hoc Islamicist courts. As well as corporal punishment, some Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iran use other kinds of physical penalties such as amputation or mutilation . However,
378-532: A reputation for their cruel use of such punishments; Sparta , in particular, used them as part of a disciplinary regime which was designed to increase willpower and physical strength. Although the Spartan example was extreme, corporal punishment was possibly the most frequent type of punishment. In the Roman Empire, the maximum penalty which a Roman citizen could receive under the law was 40 "lashes" or 40 "strokes" with
432-582: A state dates back to Poland in 1783. However, its prohibition in all spheres of life – in homes, schools, the penal system and alternative care settings – occurred first in 1966 in Sweden. The 1979 Swedish Parental Code reads: "Children are entitled to care, security and a good upbringing. Children are to be treated with respect for their person and individuality and may not be subjected to corporal punishment or any other humiliating treatment." As of 2021 , corporal punishment of children by parents (or other adults)
486-458: A total complement of 33 to 52 officers and other ranks . The number of marines during the period peaked in 1688 with a total strength of 1,750 officers and other ranks. The other ranks were recruited in France, and were mostly volunteers, although Canada was not an attractive place to serve. Unskilled labourers dominated and almost a third of them came from the western parts of France. On the other hand,
540-468: A whip which was applied to the back and shoulders, or 40 lashes or strokes with the " fasces " (similar to a birch rod, but consisting of 8–10 lengths of willow rather than birch) which were applied to the buttocks. Such punishments could draw blood, and they were frequently inflicted in public. Quintilian (c. 35 – c. 100) voiced some opposition to the use of corporal punishment. According to Wilson, "probably no more lucid indictment of it has been made in
594-426: A year thereafter be paid as if he still was serving. In 1686, Governor Denonville released 100 marines from service and the following year another 48. King William's War and Queen Anne's War made the authorities less likely to grant early discharges for marriage, but they did not totally cease. A total of more than 700 marines married and settled in Canada. Corporal punishment A corporal punishment or
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#1732855126621648-476: Is agreed that these are fitting rather for slaves than for the free-born; for so they grow numb and shudder at their tasks, partly from the pain of the blows, partly from the degradation. In Medieval Europe , the Byzantine Empire blinded and removed the noses of some criminals and rival emperors. Their belief that the emperor should be physically ideal meant that such disfigurement notionally disqualified
702-404: Is hope, and let not thy soul spare for his crying. (Proverbs 19:18) Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child; but the rod of correction shall drive it from him. (Proverbs 22:15) Withhold not correction from the child; for if thou beatest him with a rod, thou shalt deliver his soul from hell. (Proverbs 23:13–14) (Note: it has been debated among scholars as to whether what is encouraged here
756-458: Is legal, but restricted (e.g. blows to the head are outlawed, implements may not be used, only children within a certain age range may be spanked). In all states of the United States and most African and Asian nations, corporal punishment by parents is legal. It is also legal to use certain implements (e.g. a belt or a paddle). In Canada, spanking by parents or legal guardians (but nobody else)
810-476: Is legal, with certain restrictions: the child must be between the ages of 2–12, and no implement other than an open, bare hand may be used (belts, paddles, etc. are prohibited). It is also illegal to strike the head when disciplining a child. In the UK (except Scotland and Wales), spanking or smacking is legal, but it must not cause an injury amounting to actual bodily harm (any injury such as visible bruising, breaking of
864-548: Is outlawed altogether in 63 nations (including the partially recognized Republic of Kosovo) and 3 constituent nations. For a more detailed overview of the global use and prohibition of the corporal punishment of children, see the following table. Domestic corporal punishment (i.e. the punishment of children by their parents) is often referred to colloquially as " spanking ", "smacking", or "slapping". It has been outlawed in an increasing number of countries, starting with Sweden in 1979. In some other countries, corporal punishment
918-508: Is perceived among parents and students in India. Medical professionals have urged putting an end to the practice, noting the danger of injury to children's hands especially. Around 33 countries in the world still retain judicial corporal punishment, including a number of former British territories such as Botswana, Malaysia, Singapore and Tanzania. In Singapore, for certain specified offences, males are routinely sentenced to caning in addition to
972-544: Is still allowed in schools, there may be restrictions; for example, school caning in Singapore and Malaysia is, in theory, permitted for boys only. In India and many other countries, corporal punishment has technically been abolished by law. However, corporal punishment continues to be practised on boys and girls in many schools around the world. Cultural perceptions of corporal punishment have rarely been studied and researched. One study carried out discusses how corporal punishment
1026-451: Is the corporeal punishment of a "child" or a "young man". The word translated "child" in most cases in the Bible refers to a young man rather than a child.) Robert McCole Wilson argues that, "Probably this attitude comes, at least in part, from the desire in the patriarchal society for the elder to maintain his authority, where that authority was the main agent for social stability. But these are
1080-461: The Senecas in 1684 changed this, and from the following year the troupes became a permanent standing force in the colony, the colonial regular troops. The basic structure of the compagnies franches de la marine , as the infantry of the troupes de la marine were called after 1690, remained unchanged between 1690 and 1761. Through the initiative of governor Denonville , the rank of second ensign
1134-638: The Western world developed in the 20th century, but the issue of corporal punishment was not addressed generally before mid-century. Years with particular significance to the prohibition of corporal punishment of children are emphasised. Corporal punishment of minors in the United States 67 countries, most of them in Europe and Latin America , have prohibited any corporal punishment of children. The earliest recorded attempt to prohibit corporal punishment of children by
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#17328551266211188-433: The Western world , the corporal punishment of children has traditionally been used by adults in authority roles. Beating one's son as a form of punishment is even recommended in the book of Proverbs : He that spareth the rod, hateth his son; but he that loveth him, chasteneth him betimes. (Proverbs 13:24) A fool's lips enter into contention, and his mouth calleth for strokes. (Proverbs 18:6) Chasten thy son while there
1242-436: The muster-roll and maintaining the military hospital. Even the recruitment expenses were deducted. Sometimes the marines could work for the civilian population, or as officers servants, earning welcome additional income. Most of the marines were stationed in and around Montreal . A barracks housing 100 marines were built but most of the troops were in wintertime billeted with the inhabitants. In Quebec and Trois-Rivières
1296-556: The Iroquois resumed hostilities ten years later, the colony was once again unable to defend itself in spite of the foundation of a militia system in 1669. The minister of marine, also in charge of the French colonies, therefore began to deploy Troupes de la marine to Canada in 1683. The object of the first troupes de la marine sent to Canada in 1683 was to defeat the Iroquois, and then return to France. La Barre's failed expedition against
1350-512: The Marines in Canada, something that hurt volunteer recruitment. From 1686, each newly raised company also included a veteran core of 14 non-commissioned officers and men from the Marine guards in French ports. Stoppages were made from the pay for the uniform and for the extra blanket needed in the Canadian climate. Further deductions were for the pay of the drum major and the surgeon , and for keeping
1404-522: The UK government stated there were no plans to change the law on smacking in England and said it would observe the impact of legal amendments in Scotland and Wales. Corporal punishment in schools has been outlawed in many countries. It often involves striking the student on the buttocks or the palm of the hand with an implement (e.g. a rattan cane or a spanking paddle ). In countries where corporal punishment
1458-761: The UK, the traditional right of a husband to inflict moderate corporal punishment on his wife in order to keep her "within the bounds of duty" was similarly removed in 1891. See Domestic violence for more information. In the United Kingdom, the use of judicial corporal punishment declined during the first half of the twentieth century and it was abolished altogether in the Criminal Justice Act, 1948 (zi & z2 GEo. 6. CH. 58.) , whereby whipping and flogging were outlawed except for use in very serious internal prison discipline cases, while most other European countries had abolished it earlier. Meanwhile, in many schools,
1512-405: The barracks was big enough to house the marines stationed in those towns. In summer the marines lived in tents. The marines drilled with muskets twice a week, and practiced with grenades once a week. One marine from each company were selected for extended training in handling cannons , mortars and grenades. When trained, these marines were replaced by another set of marines. Standing guard
1566-451: The child would not cause harm to others' property. Researchers who have lived among the Parakanã and Ju/'hoansi people, as well as some Aboriginal Australians , have written about the absence of the physical punishment of children in those cultures. Wilson writes: Probably the only generalization that can be made about the use of physical punishment among primitive tribes is that there
1620-421: The city of Quebec and were stationed in the three governments of Canada . Taking into account death and disability leave, at least 1,400 soldiers arrived into a New France which had no more than 11,000 inhabitants in 1685. Before 1715 a total of 3,000 to 3,500 marine recruits arrived in Canada. With the exception of 200 indentured servants that arrived 1684 and 1685, the marines were the only external additions to
1674-475: The development of humanitarianism ideals after the Enlightenment , especially in the Western world . By the late 20th century, corporal punishment was eliminated from the legal systems of most developed countries . The legality of corporal punishment in various settings differs by jurisdiction. Internationally, the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries saw the application of human rights law to
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1728-500: The infliction of corporal punishment in government institutions such as schools, prisons and reformatories. By the First World War, parents' complaints about disciplinary excesses in England had died down, and corporal punishment was established as an expected form of school discipline. In the 1870s, courts in the United States overruled the common-law principle that a husband had the right to "physically chastise an errant wife". In
1782-599: The officer corps was the subject of a gradual process of canadianization, with about a third of the officers serving in 1715 born in Canada. The war with the Iroquois forced the French to deploy a regular army regiment to Canada in 1665. The additional military manpower of the Carignan-Salières Regiment tipped the scale in favour of the French, and the Iroquois sued for peace in 1667. By 1671 all regular army soldiers were back in France, or settled as colonists. When
1836-537: The organization in 1691. The original 150 marines of 1683 increased the next year to 500, and with the arrival of governor Denonville, bringing an additional 300 men, reached a strength of 800 marines in 1685. Two years later an additional 800 marines arrived from France. In 1688 the required strength was 1,750 other ranks, although due to losses the actual strength was 1,418. The 35 substrength companies were consolidated to 28, with 50 other ranks in each. A reduction from 50 to 30 men per company took place in 1699, reducing
1890-418: The population of Canada during the period 1683–1715. Integration of the large number of marines arriving was aided by several factors. Canada lacked barracks and the marines were – like their predecessors of the Carignan-Salières Regiment – billeted on the people of the local community, especially during the cold season. Brought about by utter necessity, this probably constituted the principal element in
1944-652: The question of corporal punishment in a number of contexts: In many Western countries, medical and human rights organizations oppose the corporal punishment of children. Campaigns against corporal punishment have aimed to bring about legal reforms in order to ban the use of corporal punishment against minors in homes and schools. Author Jared Diamond writes that hunter-gatherer societies have tended to use little corporal punishment whereas agricultural and industrial societies tend to use progressively more of it. Diamond suggests this may be because hunter-gatherers tend to have few valuable physical possessions, and misbehavior of
1998-589: The rapid integration of the marines into the host society. Another factor favorable for integration was the two privileges granted the marines by the Intendant of New France , Jacques de Meulles , in 1685. One was the right for every marine to take work among the inhabitants of the country; the other authorized those who had a trade to practice it for 15 sous daily. The marines, who was paid 6 sous daily, but only had 3 sous left after stoppages, were happy to be able to work for 10-15 sous per day and food in addition, and
2052-561: The recipient from office. (The second reign of Justinian the Slit-nosed was the notable exception.) Elsewhere, corporal punishment was encouraged by the attitudes of the Catholic church towards the human body, flagellation being a common means of self-discipline. This had an influence on the use of corporal punishment in schools, as educational establishments were closely attached to the church during this period. Nevertheless, corporal punishment
2106-646: The recruits were volunteers, but since service in Canada was not attractive, sometimes deception or violence was used to induce young men into the Marines. Wishing to avoid such chicanery, the government removed the height requirement and gradually lowered the age requirement until it was set at 15 in 1706. Catholic prisoners of war from Ireland and Scotland also became available for recruitment. When Canada urgently needed more marines, both deserters and civilian criminals, who had not been subject to corporal punishment , were released if they enlisted for military service in Canada. Sometimes prisoners were sentenced to serve in
2160-538: The required strength to 840 other ranks. The actual strength were always somewhat lower than the required strength. Officer's billets were always filled, but the actual number of private marines were almost always lower than the required strength. With the reduction of the number of companies from 1689, there were a small surplus of officers from the reduced companies, serving as extra officers. Recruits had to be 20–30 years old, 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) tall, and fit for service. Single men were preferred. Most of
2214-488: The settlers and bourgeoisie were glad to be able to hire workers for less than was normally demanded. The captains of the marine companies were in their turn more than happy to give soldiers leave for work, as they then pocketed their military pay; an illegal but common practice. In 1686 the King confirmed, that any soldier who wished to marry and become a settler cultivating uncleared land was to be released from service and during
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2268-441: The succeeding two thousand years". By that boys should suffer corporal punishment, though it is received by custom, and Chrysippus makes no objection to it, I by no means approve; first, because it is a disgrace, and a punishment fit for slaves, and in reality (as will be evident if you imagine the age change) an affront; secondly, because, if a boy's disposition be so abject as not to be amended by reproof, he will be hardened, like
2322-417: The term "corporal punishment" has since the 19th century usually meant caning , flagellation or bastinado rather than those other types of physical penalty. In some countries, foot whipping ( bastinado ) is still practised on prisoners. According to a study headed by Harvard researchers, corporal punishment like spanking could affect the brain development of children. These effects are similar to
2376-515: The use of the cane, paddle or tawse remained commonplace in the UK and the United States until the 1980s. In rural areas of the Southern United States, and in several other countries, it still is: see School corporal punishment . Key developments related to corporal punishment occurred in the late 20th century. Years with particular significance to the prohibition of corporal punishment are emphasised. The notion of children's rights in
2430-703: The whole skin, etc.). In addition, in Scotland, since October 2003, it has been illegal to use any implements or to strike the head when disciplining a child, and it is also prohibited to use corporal punishment towards children under the age of 3 years. In 2019, Scotland enacted a ban on corporal punishment, which went into effect in 2020. Wales also enacted a ban in 2020, which has gone into effect in 2022. In Pakistan, Section 89 of Pakistan Penal Code allows corporal punishment. In 2024, children's doctors urged ministers to ban smacking children in England and Northern Ireland as their report warned that children suffer physically and mentally after being hit in their home. However,
2484-466: The words that not only justified the use of physical punishment on children for over a thousand years in Christian communities, but ordered it to be used. The words were accepted with but few exceptions; it is only in the last two hundred years that there has been a growing body of opinion that differed. Curiously, the gentleness of Christ towards children (Mark, X) was usually ignored". Corporal punishment
2538-445: The worst of slaves, even to stripes; and lastly, because, if one who regularly exacts his tasks be with him, there will not be the need of any chastisement (Quintilian, Institutes of Oratory, 1856 edition, I, III). Plutarch , also in the first century, writes: This also I assert, that children ought to be led to honourable practices by means of encouragement and reasoning, and most certainly not by blows or ill-treatment, for it surely
2592-692: Was a perpetual duty, winter or summer. When living in tents in summertime, the marines were doing road work or working on the colony's fortifications. Transportation of goods to the Western posts, and of fur back to Montreal, was also the task of the marines. Military patrols on the large rivers and through the settled areas in search of hostile Indians were the most important military duty performed outside actual combat. Source: The majority of marines in Canada had been unskilled labourers in civilian life. Yet, there were also skilled craftsmen among them, such as masons, carpenters, and tailors. Several factors led to
2646-428: Was added to the complement in 1699, explicitly in order to recruit young Canadians of good families to the officer corps. Although the free companies per definition lacked a higher organization, a small staff existed above company level, containing a surgeon, a chaplain, a clerk of the muster, and a drum-major. In 1687 the rank of "commandant of the troops in Canada" was created, with a major as his chief of staff added to
2700-526: Was encouraged by two significant cases, the death of Private Frederick John White , who died after a military flogging in 1846, and the death of Reginald Cancellor , killed by his schoolmaster in 1860. Events such as these mobilised public opinion and, by the late nineteenth century, the extent of corporal punishment's use in state schools was unpopular with many parents in England. Authorities in Britain and some other countries introduced more detailed rules for
2754-543: Was highly influential, and may have helped influence Polish legislators to ban corporal punishment from Poland's schools in 1783, the first country in the world to do so. A consequence of this mode of thinking was a reduction in the use of corporal punishment in the 19th century in Europe and North America. In some countries this was encouraged by scandals involving individuals seriously hurt during acts of corporal punishment. For instance, in Britain, popular opposition to punishment
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#17328551266212808-416: Was no common procedure [...] Pettit concludes that among primitive societies corporal punishment is rare, not because of the innate kindliness of these people but because it is contrary to developing the type of individual personality they set up as their ideal [...] An important point to be made here is that we cannot state that physical punishment as a motivational or corrective device is 'innate' to man. In
2862-404: Was not used uncritically; as early as the 11th century Saint Anselm , Archbishop of Canterbury was speaking out against what he saw as the excessive use of corporal punishment in the treatment of children. From the 16th century onwards, new trends were seen in corporal punishment. Judicial punishments were increasingly turned into public spectacles, with public beatings of criminals intended as
2916-537: Was practised in Egypt , China , Greece , and Rome in order to maintain judicial and educational discipline. Disfigured Egyptian criminals were exiled to Tjaru and Rhinocorura on the Sinai border, a region whose name meant " cut-off noses ." Corporal punishment was prescribed in ancient Israel, but it was limited to 40 lashes. In China, some criminals were also disfigured but other criminals were tattooed. Some states gained
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