The Apalachee were an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands , specifically an Indigenous people of Florida , who lived in the Florida Panhandle until the early 18th century. They lived between the Aucilla River and Ochlockonee River , at the head of Apalachee Bay , an area known as the Apalachee Province . They spoke a Muskogean language called Apalachee , which is now extinct .
46-567: The Apalachee occupied the site of Velda Mound starting about 1450 CE, but they had mostly abandoned it when Spanish started settlements in the 17th century. They first encountered Spanish explorers in 1528, when the Narváez expedition arrived. Their tribal enemies, European diseases, and European encroachment severely reduced their population. Warfare from 1701 to 1704 devastated the Apalachee, and they abandoned their homelands by 1704, fleeing north to
92-802: A few Spanish soldiers, after several Apalachee and Timucuan missions had been raided. Only 300 warriors escaped the ambush. When Queen Anne's War (the North American theater of the War of Spanish Succession ) started in 1702, England and Spain were officially at war, and raids by English colonists and their Indian allies against the Spanish and the Mission Indians in Florida and southeastern Georgia accelerated. In early 1704, Carolina Militia Colonel James Moore of led 50 colonists and 1,000 Apalachicolas and other Creeks in
138-445: A game, and that fieldwork was being neglected during game season. Other missionaries (and the visiting Bishop of Cuba) had complained about the game, but most of the Spanish (including, initially, Father Pavia) liked it (and, most likely, the associated gambling). At least, they defended it as a custom that should not be disturbed, and that helped keep the Apalachee happy and willing to work in the fields. The Apalachee themselves said that
184-514: A park. Velda Mound was built in approximately 1450 by Fort Walton peoples and occupied by their descendants the Apalachee until about 1625. The Spanish explorers called this area Apalachee Province in recognition of the tribe's power, a territory which also included the Lake Jackson Mounds and major center of Anhaica . The platform mound is believed to have served as a residence for
230-460: A series of raids on Spanish missions in Florida . Some villages surrendered without a fight, while others were destroyed. Moore returned to Carolina with 1,300 Apalachees who had surrendered and another 1,000 taken as slaves. In mid-1704 another large Creek raid captured more missions and large numbers of Apalachees. In both raids missionaries and Christian Indians were tortured and murdered, sometimes by skinning them alive. These raids became known as
276-466: A village leader, with a village surrounding the mound. The village inhabitants cultivated vegetables in small family plots and farmed large communal farming fields in the area around the village. They cultivated numerous varieties of maize , beans and squash . Velda Mound was abandoned by indigenous peoples by the beginning of the Spanish Mission Period (ca. 1565). This was most likely
322-615: A war chief and a peace chief. Leadership was hereditary and matrilinear . At the time of Hernando de Soto's visit in 1539 and 1540, the Apalachee capital was Anhaica (present-day Tallahassee, Florida ). The Apalachee lived in villages of various sizes, or on individual farmsteads of .5 acres (0.20 ha) or so. Smaller settlements might have a single earthwork mound and a few houses. Larger towns (50 to 100 houses) were chiefdoms . They were organized around earthwork mounds built over decades for ceremonial, religious and burial purposes. Villages and towns were often situated by lakes, as
368-655: A year. The Red River band in Louisiana integrated with other Indian groups, and many eventually went west with the Muscogee. When Florida was transferred to Britain in 1763, several Apalachee families from mission San Joseph de Escambe , then living adjacent to the Spanish presidio of Pensacola in a community consisting of 120 Apalachee and Yamasee Indians, were moved to Veracruz , Mexico . Eighty-seven Indians living near St. Augustine, some of whom may have been descended from Apalachees, were taken to Guanabacoa , Cuba . In
414-598: Is a Native American archaeological site located in northern Tallahassee , Leon County , Florida, United States. The site was first occupied by peoples of the Fort Walton Culture (a regional variation of the Mississippian culture ) in the late prehistoric period and during the protohistoric period was part of the extensive Apalachee Province of the panhandle. The site is now owned by the State of Florida and managed as
460-414: Is currently a subject of ongoing research. The three extant taxa of Taxodium are treated here as distinct species, though some botanists treat them in just one or two species, with the others considered as varieties of the first described. The three are distinct in ecology , growing in different environments, but hybridise where they meet. The trees are especially prized for their wood , of which
506-500: Is now owned by the State of Florida. Taxodium Taxodium / t æ k ˈ s oʊ d i ə m / is a genus of one to three species (depending on taxonomic opinion) of extremely flood -tolerant conifers in the cypress family, Cupressaceae . The name is derived from the Latin word taxus , meaning " yew ", and the Greek word εἶδος ( eidos ), meaning "similar to." Within
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#1732845539682552-725: The Apalachee massacre . When rumors of a third raid reached the Spanish in San Luis de Talimali, they decided to abandon the province. About 600 Apalachee survivors of Moore's raids were settled near New Windsor, South Carolina . Following the Yamasee War the New Windsor band joined the Lower Creek , and many returned to Florida . When the Spanish abandoned Apalachee province in 1704, some 800 surviving Indians, including Apalachees, Chacatos, and Yamasee, fled west to Pensacola , along with many of
598-501: The Carolinas , Georgia , and Alabama . The Apalachee language was a Muskogean language , about which little more is known. It went extinct in the late 18th century. The only surviving Apalachee document is a 1688 letter written by Apalachee chiefs to the Spanish king. Ethnographer John Reed Swanton wrote that Apalachee may have come from the Hitchiti language term for "people on
644-659: The Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes , and westward to what is now Oklahoma . The Apalachee acquired copper artifacts, sheets of mica , greenstone , and galena from distant locations through this trade. The Apalachee probably paid for such imports with shells, pearls, shark teeth, preserved fish and sea turtle meat, salt, and cassina leaves and twigs (used to make the black drink ). The Apalachee made tools from stone, bone and shell. They made pottery , wove cloth and cured buckskin . They built houses covered with palm leaves or
690-423: The heartwood is extremely rot - and termite -resistant. The heartwood contains a sesquiterpene called cypressene, which acts as a natural preservative . It takes decades for cypressene to accumulate in the wood, so lumber taken from old-growth trees is more rot resistant than that from second-growth trees. However, age also increases susceptibility to Pecky Rot fungus ( Stereum taxodii ), which attacks
736-517: The shoots , twisted at the base so as to appear in two flat rows on either side of the shoot. The cones are globose, 0.8–1.4 in (2–3.5 cm) diameter, with 10–25 scales, each scale with one or two seeds ; they are mature in 7–9 months after pollination , when they disintegrate to release the seeds. The male ( pollen ) cones are produced in pendulous racemes , and shed their pollen in early spring. Taxodium species grow cypress knees , when growing in or beside water. The function of these knees
782-659: The "Preserve America" Presidential Award in 2006. In the 1670s, tribes north and west of the Apalachee (including Chiscas , Apalachicolas , Yamasees and other groups within the Muscogee Confederacy) raided Apalachee missions and seized captives. They traded the captives to the British colony of Carolina , where they were sold as slaves to Carolinian colonists. Seeing that the Spanish could not fully protect them, some Apalachees joined their enemies. Apalachee reprisal raids, made in part to try to capture English traders, pushed
828-537: The Apalachee domain and headed north into what is now the state of Georgia. About 1600, the Spanish Franciscan priests founded a successful mission among the Apalachee, adding several settlements over the next century. Apalachee acceptance of the priests may have related to social stresses, as they had lost population to infectious diseases brought by the Europeans. Many Apalachee converted to Catholicism , in
874-943: The Native people hunted fish and used the water for domestic needs and transport. The largest Apalachee community was at Lake Jackson , just north of present-day Tallahassee . This regional center had several mounds and 200 or more houses. Some of the surviving mounds are protected in Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park . The Apalachee cultivated maize , beans, and squash, as well as amaranth and sunflowers. They also harvested wild plants including persimmons, maypops, acorns, walnuts, hickory nuts, sassafras, yaupon holly , cabbage palm ( Sabal palmetto ), and saw palmetto ( Serenoa ). They hunted deer , black bears , rabbits , opossums , squirrels, geese, wild turkeys, and mountain lions. The Apalachee were part of an expansive trade network that extended from
920-554: The Pensacola area returned to Apalachee province around 1718, settling near a recently built Spanish fort at St. Marks, Florida . Many Apalachees from the village of Ivitachuco moved to a site called Abosaya near a fortified Spanish ranch in what is today Alachua County, Florida . In late 1705, the remaining missions and ranches in the area were attacked, and Abosaya was under siege for 20 days. The Apalachees of Abosaya moved south of St. Augustine, but most of them were killed in raids within
966-532: The Spanish in the province. Unhappy with conditions in Pensacola, most of the Apalachees moved further west to French-controlled Mobile . They encountered a yellow-fever epidemic in the town and lost more people. Later, some Apalachees moved on to the Red River in present-day Louisiana , while others returned to the Pensacola area, to a village called Nuestra Señora de la Soledad y San Luís. A few Apalachees from
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#17328455396821012-673: The bark of cypress or poplar trees. They stored food in pits in the ground lined with matting , and smoked or dried food on racks over fires. (When Hernando de Soto seized the Apalachee town of Anhaico in 1539, he found enough stored food to feed his 600 men and 220 horses for five months.) The Apalachee men wore a deerskin loincloth . The women wore a skirt made of Spanish moss or other plant fibers. The men painted their bodies with red ochre and placed feathers in their hair when they prepared for battle. The men smoked tobacco in ceremonial rituals, including ones for healing. The Apalachee scalped opponents whom they killed, exhibiting
1058-631: The base camps of the raiders eastward, from which they continued to raid Apalachee missions as well as missions in Timucua Province . Efforts were also made to establish missions along the Apalachicola River to create a buffer zone. In particular, several missions were established among the Chacato tribe. In 1702, the Apalachicolas ambushed nearly 800 Apalachee, Chacato, and Timucuan warriors with
1104-602: The family, Taxodium is most closely related to Chinese swamp cypress ( Glyptostrobus pensilis ) and sugi ( Cryptomeria japonica ). Species of Taxodium occur in the southern part of the North American continent and are deciduous in the north and semi-evergreen to evergreen in the south. They are large trees , reaching 100–150 ft (30–46 m) tall and 6.5–10 ft (2–3 m) (exceptionally 36 ft or 11 m) trunk diameter. The needle-like leaves , 0.2–0.8 in (0.5–2 cm) long, are borne spirally on
1150-617: The fourth-oldest surviving European place name in the United States. Two Spanish expeditions encountered the Apalachee in the first half of the 16th century. The expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez entered the Apalachee domain in 1528, and arrived at a village, which Narváez believed was the main settlement in Apalachee. Apalachee resisted attacks by the Spanish, and the Narváez expedition fled to Apalachee Bay, where they built five boats and attempted to sail to Mexico . Only four men survived their ordeal. In 1539, Hernando de Soto landed on
1196-405: The game was "as ancient as memory", and that they had "no other entertainment ... or relief from ... misery". No indigenous name for the game has been preserved. The Spanish referred to it as el juego de la pelota , "the ballgame." The game involved kicking a small, hard ball against a single goalpost . The same game was also played by the western Timucua , and was as significant among them as it
1242-489: The game. Players began asking priests to make the sign of the cross over pileups during a game. The densely populated Apalachee had a complex, highly stratified society of regional chiefdoms . They were one of the Mississippian cultures and part of an expansive trade network reaching to the Great Lakes . Their reputation was such that when tribes in southern Florida first encountered the Pánfilo de Narváez expedition, they said
1288-417: The games. As the Apalachee did not normally use money, their bets were made with personal goods. Each team consisted of 40 to 50 men. The best players were highly prized, and villages gave them houses, planted their fields for them, and overlooked their misdeeds in an effort to keep such players on their teams. Players scored one point if they hit the goalpost with the ball, and two points if the ball landed in
1334-667: The heartwood and causes some damaged trees to become hollow and thus useless for timber. Bald Cypress wood was much used in former days in the southeastern United States for roof shingles . The shredded bark of these trees is used as a mulch . In earth's history Taxodium was much more widespread in the Northern Hemisphere than today. The oldest fossils were found in Late Cretaceous deposits from North America. The trees persisted in Europe until around 2.5 million years ago, during
1380-515: The late 18th century, some remnant Apalachees who had converted to Christianity merged with the Lower Creeks and neighboring tribes into the Seminoles . Several organizations claim to represent descendants of the Apalachee people today. None of these are federally recognized tribes or state-recognized tribes . These unrecognized tribes include: Velda Mound Velda Mound ( 8LE44 )
1426-458: The main Apalachee town of Anhaica , somewhere in the area of present-day Tallahassee, Florida , probably near Lake Miccosukee. The Spanish subsequently adapted the Native American name as Apalachee and applied it to the coastal region bordering Apalachee Bay , as well as to the tribe which lived in it. Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528. "Appalachian" is
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1472-492: The nest. Eleven points won the game. Play was rough.. They would try to hide the ball in their mouths; other players would choke them or kick them in the stomach to force the ball out. There were occasional deaths. According to Father Paiva, five games in a row had ended in riots. The game's origin story was elaborate. Challenging a team to a game, erecting goalposts and players' benches, and other aspects were governed by strict ceremonial protocols. Christian elements became part of
1518-512: The other side" or the Choctaw language word apelachi meaning "a helper." It has sometimes been spelled Abalache , Abalachi , or Abolachi . The Apalachee are thought to be part of Fort Walton Culture , a Florida culture influenced by the Mississippian culture . The Apalachee were horticulturalists with stratified chiefdoms and sedentary towns and villages. Like many other Southeastern tribes, they have an alternating dual governmental system with
1564-494: The precious metal. Because of their prior experience with the Narváez expedition and reports of fighting between the de Soto expedition and tribes along the way, the Apalachee feared and hated the Spanish. When the de Soto expedition entered the Apalachee domain, the Spanish soldiers were described as "lancing every Indian encountered on both sides of the road." De Soto and his men seized the Apalachee town of Anhaica , where they spent
1610-501: The process creating a syncretic fashioning of their traditions and Christianity. In February 1647, the Apalachee revolted against the Spanish near a mission named San Antonio de Bacuqua in present-day Leon County, Florida . The revolt changed the relationship between Spanish authorities and the Apalachee. Following the revolt, Apalachee men were forced to work on public projects in St. Augustine or on Spanish-owned ranches. San Luis de Talimali ,
1656-430: The region. A village would challenge another village to a game, and the two villages would then negotiate a day and place for the match. After the Spanish missions were established, the games usually took place on a Sunday afternoon, from about noon until dark. The two teams kicked a small ball (not much bigger than a musket ball ), made by wrapping buckskin around dried mud, trying to hit the goalpost. The single goalpost
1702-413: The result of their depleting nearby natural resources, such as trees for building homes and for firewood. The soil may have become depleted as well. The people would move to new lands which were more fertile, and allow older areas to recover. No evidence exists showing occupation of the mound by the later Spanish or British colonists. In March 1922, a Florida State College for Women instructor, Emma Boyd,
1748-619: The riches which the Spanish sought could be found in Apalachee country. The " Appalachian " place name is derived from the Narváez Expedition 's encounter in 1528 with the Tocobaga , who spoke of a country named Apalachen far to the north. Several weeks later the expedition entered the territory of Apalachee north of the Aucilla River. Eleven years later the Hernando de Soto expedition reached
1794-446: The scalps as signs of warrior ability. Taking a scalp was a means of entering the warrior class, and was celebrated with a scalp dance. The warriors wore headdresses made of bird beaks and animal fur. The village or clan of a slain warrior was expected to avenge his death. The Apalachee played a ball game, sometimes known as the "Apalachee ball game", described in detail by Spaniards in the 17th century. The fullest description, however,
1840-453: The west coast of the peninsula of Florida with a large contingent of men and horses to search for gold . The Native Americans told him that gold could be found in "Apalachee." Historians have not determined if the Native people meant the mountains of northern Georgia , an actual source of gold, or valuable copper artifacts which the Apalachee acquired through trade. Either way, de Soto and his men went north to Apalachee territory in pursuit of
1886-554: The western capital of Spanish Florida from 1656 to 1704, is a National Historic Landmark in Tallahassee, Florida . The historic site is being operated as a living history museum by the Florida Department of Archeology. Including an Indigenous council house, it re-creates one of the Spanish missions and Apalachee culture, showing the closely related lives of Apalachee and Spanish in these settlements. The historic site received
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1932-438: The winter of 1539 and 1540. Apalachee fought back with quick raiding parties and ambushes. Their arrows could penetrate two layers of chain mail . They targeted Spaniards' horses, which otherwise gave the Spanish an advantage against the unmounted Apalachee. The Apalachee were described as "being more pleased in killing one of these animals than they were in killing four Christians." In the spring of 1540, de Soto and his men left
1978-561: Was among the Apalachee. A related but distinct game was played by the eastern Timucua; René Goulaine de Laudonnière recorded seeing this played by the Saturiwa of what is now Jacksonville, Florida in 1564. Goalposts similar to those used by the Apalachee were also seen in the Coosa chiefdom of present-day in Alabama during the 16th century, suggesting that similar ball games were played across much of
2024-527: Was killed when a portion of the mound collapsed while she and her friends were excavating it. During the 1950s, the area around the mound was part of the pastures used by the large Velda Dairy operation. During this era, looters continued digging into the mound to search for artifacts , which damaged the mound and altered its structure. The dairy property was later sold for redevelopment as the Arbor Hill residential subdivision. The mound has since been repaired and
2070-403: Was triangular, flat, and taller than it was wide, on a long post (Bushnell described it, based on a drawing in a Spanish manuscript, as "like a tall, flat Christmas tree with a long trunk"). There were snail shells , a nest and a stuffed eagle on top of the goalpost. Benches, and sometimes arbors to shade them, were placed at the edges of the field for the two teams. Spectators gambled heavily on
2116-527: Was written as part of a campaign by Father Juan de Paiva , a priest at the mission of San Luis de Talimali , to have the game banned, and some of the practices described may have been exaggerated. The game was embedded in ritual practices that Father Paiva regarded as heathen superstitions. He was also concerned about the effect of community involvement in the games on the welfare of the villages and Spanish missions. In particular, he worried about towns being left defenseless against raiders when inhabitants left for
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