British colonial victory
69-748: The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina from September 10, 1711, until February 11, 1715, between the Tuscarora people and their allies on one side and European American settlers , the Yamasee , and other allies on the other. This was considered the bloodiest colonial war in North Carolina. The Tuscarora signed a treaty with colonial officials in 1718 and settled on a reserved tract of land in Bertie County, North Carolina . The war incited further conflict on
138-658: A force of 33 colonists and nearly 1,000 Native Americans, which arrived in December 1712. The settlers offered Blount control of the entire Tuscarora tribe if he assisted them in defeating Hancock. Blount captured Hancock, and the settlers executed him in 1712. In 1713, the Southern Tuscarora lost their Fort Neoheroka in Greene County . Neoheroka was one of several Tuscarora forts of that time. Others include Torhunta, Innennits, and Catechna. These forts were all destroyed during
207-569: A lengthy series of trials. Eventually, it was decided they were both guilty of crimes against the Tuscarora people and should be killed. Von Graffenried defended himself, saying that he had no part in any quarrels with the Natives and that he was under the protection of the Queen of England who would surely avenge his death. Ultimately, the Tuscarora spared Von Graffenried but killed Lawson. The manner of his death
276-473: A local government official and income from his estate were insufficient to cover expenses and growing debts. Around 1708, he became acquainted with the explorer-adventurer Franz Ludwig Michel who persuaded him to join an initiative to mine American silver deposits and establish a colony of Swiss refugees who were either poor or religiously persecuted. In 1709, Von Graffenried met with his former contacts in England and
345-457: A new settlement site around the falls of Potomac. Before leaving, he arranged with Franz Michel to transport any willing colonists to Virginia by ship. In Virginia, the baron contracted French-Canadian explorer and adventurer, Martin Chartier , to serve as a guide. In addition to locating a suitable site for settlement, Graffenried was anxious to find a source of silver that was rumored to exist in
414-555: A preemptive attack. As one historian put it, "[b]etter to stand together as Indians, hit the colony now before it became any stronger, kill the traders, destroy the plantations, burn Charles Town, and put an end to the slave buyers." During the Yamasee War, Col. Maurice Moore, the brother of Colonel James Moore, led a regiment in the battle against the Yamasee. Among his regiment were some seventy Tuscarora warriors who were keen to fight against
483-454: A quick start to their settlement, the colonists were in desperate need of food and other supplies. The deputy governor of North Carolina was supposed to provide funds to purchase what was needed but a religious and political dispute between factions in the Carolina government meant that no money was forthcoming. Von Graffenried appealed unsuccessfully to the lords proprietors, other investors, and
552-584: A single representative in the North Carolina House of Burgesses in 1775 . Campbellton and the town of Cross Creek (established in 1765) were combined in 1783 to form the town of Fayetteville. There were two primary branches of government, the governor and his council and the assembly, called the House of Burgesses. All provincial officials were appointed by either the lords proprietor prior to 1728 or The King afterwards. The King received advice for appointment of
621-440: Is unknown. In negotiations with Native tribes on Virginia's border, Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia interceded on behalf of Von Graffenried and demanded his release. Von Graffenried was freed after six weeks of captivity. When he finally reached New Bern, he found it abandoned and in flames. On September 22, 1711, while Graffenried was held captive, the Tuscarora and their allies had attacked white settlers in
690-623: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy and were accepted as the Sixth Nation in 1722. Some Tuscarora bands remained in North Carolina with Blount for decades, with the last leaving for New York in 1802. The Tuscarora War did not ensure lasting peace in the region. On Good Friday, April 15, 1715, a group of Native Americans attacked South Carolina. Among them were Apalachees, Savannahs, Lower Creeks, Cherokees, and Yamasees, as well as others. These were all allies of Colonels Barnwell and Moore during
759-707: The Proclamation of 1763 in order to stifle potential conflict with Indians in that region, including the Overhill Cherokee . This barred any settlement near the headwaters of any rivers or streams that flowed westward towards the Mississippi River . It included several North Carolina rivers, such as the French Broad and Watauga . This proclamation was not strictly obeyed and was widely detested in North Carolina, but it somewhat delayed migration westward until after
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#1732848824038828-515: The War of the Spanish Succession . In January 1710, Von Graffenried sent 650 Palatine settlers to Carolina under the leadership of John Lawson , the provincial surveyor general. Lawson had recently returned from Carolina in order to publish his book, A Voyage to Carolina . Lawson was knowledgeable of the country and promised to guide the settlers to the best sites for their communities. Their voyage
897-690: The "deluded people of this Province" would see their error and return to their allegiance to the King. The Court Act of 1746 established a supreme court, initially known as the General Court, which sat twice a year at Newbern, consisting of a Chief Justice and three Associate Justices. The 14 chief justices of the Supreme Court appointed by the King included the following: Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg Christoph von Graffenried, 1st Baron of Bernberg (15 November 1661 – 27 October 1743)
966-575: The Bear River tribe, Coree , Cothechney, Machapunga , Mattamuskeet, Neuse , Pamlico , Senequa , and Weetock to attack the settlers in a wide range within a short time period. They attacked homesteads along the Roanoke, Neuse , and Trent rivers and in the city of Bath beginning on September 22, 1711, and killed hundreds of settlers, including several key colonial political figures, such as John Lawson of Bath, while driving off others. The Baron of Bernberg
1035-608: The Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy , all Iroquoian-speaking peoples, as the sixth nation. The Tuscarora are an Iroquoian people who are believed to have migrated from the Great Lakes area into the Piedmont centuries before European colonization. The other Iroqoian-speaking peoples were based largely in what became New York and Pennsylvania. As the English settled Carolina,
1104-560: The French and English to control North America. Because colonists sought to ally themselves with Native Americans, the enslavement of Black Americans began to proliferate. Nearly 300 years after the Tuscarora were defeated at Fort Neoheroka, the fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 2009. A monument was constructed and commemorated there in March 2013. The ceremony
1173-637: The King were: The last provincial council included the following members: Governor Martin issued a proclamation on April 8, 1775, dissolving the General Assembly after they presented a resolve endorsing the Continental Congress that was to be held in Philadelphia . The provincial council met for the last time onboard HMS Cruizer in the Cape Fear River on July 18, 1775, they believed that
1242-620: The Lords Proprietors of Carolina granted the Swiss venture 19,000 acres along the Neuse and Trent rivers in Carolina, including 5,000 acres purchased by Von Graffenried himself. As a significant landowner, Von Graffenried was named a "Landgrave of Carolina" and was later granted the provincial title, "Baron of Bernburg." In addition, Queen Anne provided £4,000 to pay for the transportation of 100 German Palatine families that had fled to England to escape
1311-535: The Mississippi. Toward the end of this period, the boundaries were more well defined and extended to include the Cherokee lands in the west. Two important maps of the province were produced: one by Edward Moseley in 1733, and another by John Collet in 1770. Moseley was surveyor general of North Carolina in 1710 and from 1723 to 1733. He was also the first provincial treasurer of North Carolina, starting in 1715. Moseley
1380-496: The Native attacks was met with resentment. Some of the settlers followed him back to New Bern but others remained at the Brice plantation. A dispute over ownership of some blacksmith tools nearly led to open warfare between the factions. The disaffected colonists filed a protest with the colonial government and Graffenried was forced to appear before the assembly to defend his actions. During
1449-578: The Neuse-Trent area. He quickly laid out a town at the fork of the Trent and Neuse Rivers and christened it New Bern. When a local tribe complained that the land belonged to them, Graffenried negotiated a settlement and purchased the site of the new town from the tribe. The craftsmen in the group were assigned to the town while the farmers were given 250-acre plots in the outlying areas up the Trent River. Despite
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#17328488240381518-597: The Province of North Carolina between 1729 and 1775. Major towns during this period included: Bath (chartered in 1705), Brunswick (founded after 1726, destroyed during the Revolution), Campbellton (established in 1762), Edenton (chartered in 1712), Halifax (chartered in 1757), Hillsborough (1754), Newbern (settled in 1710, chartered in 1723), Salisbury (chartered in 1753), and Wilmington (founded in 1732, chartered in 1739 or 1740). Each of these nine major towns had
1587-515: The Revolution. Settlers continued to flow westwards in smaller numbers, despite the prohibition, and several trans-Appalachian settlements were formed. Most prominent was the Watauga Association , formed in 1772 as an independent territory within the bounds of North Carolina which adopted its own written constitution . Notable frontiersmen such as Daniel Boone traveled back and forth across
1656-560: The Tuscarora War by North Carolina colonists. An archaeological analysis of Fort Neoheroka indicates that the Tuscarora were adapting to modern methods of warfare in North America, specifically the advent of firearms, explosives and artillery. Ultimately, it was not the defensive limitations of the Tuscarora that cost them at Fort Neoheroka, which was in fact "...equal to, if not superior to, comparable Euro-American frontier fortifications of
1725-526: The Tuscarora War. This attack began what is known as the Yamasee War . The Yamasee and other tribes in South Carolina learned from the Tuscarora War that colonial settlers were heavily invested in the slave trade of Native Americans. Furthermore, the Tuscarora War had drastically cut down the number of Native Americans in the area who could be enslaved. With this in mind, the tribes of South Carolina decided on
1794-530: The Tuscarora and the growing population of Anglo colonists. There were two groups of Tuscarora in North Carolina in the early 18th century, a northern group led by Chief Tom Blount and a southern group was led by Chief Hancock. Blount occupied the area around Bertie County on the Roanoke River ; Hancock was closer to New Bern , occupying the area south of the Pamlico River . Blount became close friends with
1863-460: The Tuscarora benefited from trade with the colonists. By acquiring weapons and metal goods from the English, they were able to develop commercial dominance over other tribes in the region. These benefits were experienced to a greater degree by Northern Tuscarora than their Southern counterparts, who became cut off from the prosperous Northern Tuscarora by increasing numbers of European settlers. Over time colonists continued to push into territory held by
1932-468: The Tuscarora had deteriorated. In September 1711, he and John Lawson began an exploratory journey up the Neuse. They hoped the river might provide a route for trade with Virginia. The trip was planned to last about two weeks and they brought along two Black slaves and two Native guides. The route took the group through the heart of Tuscarora territory. The Natives captured Von Graffenried, Lawson, and their Black slaves and subjected Von Graffenried and Lawson to
2001-408: The Tuscarora. As the settlers moved closer to the Tuscarora and the two began interacting more frequently, conflict arose over competition for resources, shared hunting grounds and cultural differences. The Tuscarora held John Lawson accountable for his role in the settlers' expansion into their territory. Lawson's writings emphasized the potential that the lands held for European settlement, and he
2070-465: The Yamasee War were turning points in the Carolinas' slave trade. By 1717, South Carolina began to regulate its slave trade. Additionally, after two wars between colonists and Native Americans, the number of Native Americans available to be enslaved had fallen considerably. The most valuable role of Native Americans also shifted during this time from slave to ally because of the ongoing power struggle between
2139-412: The Yamasee, a tribe who had fought against them during the Tuscarora War. Following the Yamasee War, these Tuscarora were asked by South Carolina officials to remain in South Carolina as their allies and to protect the colony from Spain and its Native American allies. As part of the arrangement, South Carolina would return to the Tuscarora one slave taken during the Tuscarora War for each Tuscarora killed in
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2208-473: The colonial legislature for support. In the summer of 1711, an outbreak of yellow fever hit the colony and several settlers died, including two Swiss servants in Von Graffenried's household. Meanwhile, relations between colonists and Native Americans in the region continued to deteriorate. The Natives resented the steady encroachment of Europeans on their territory and felt abused in their trading deals with
2277-690: The company landholdings to Thomas Pollock of Chowan County. He returned to Switzerland in 1714. Late in 1714, Graffenried returned to Worb bankrupt and broken in spirit. It was several days before he could bring himself to face his father who had been critical of his efforts from the start. Perhaps in an effort to defend himself from critics, Graffenried soon wrote a manuscript entitled Relation of My American Project , detailing his exploits in America. He wrote at least three versions, one in German and two in French. In 1731, Anton von Graffenried sold to his son Christoph
2346-639: The eighteenth century from the provincial seats of power on the coast, particularly after the conclusion of the Tuscarora and Yamasee wars, in which the largest barrier was removed to provincial settlement farther inland. Settlement in large numbers became more feasible over the Appalachian Mountains after the French and Indian War and the accompanying Anglo-Cherokee War , in which the Cherokee and Catawba were effectively neutralized. King George III issued
2415-456: The emergence of private clubs meeting in the taverns showed that genteel culture was spreading from London to the periphery of the English world. The courthouse was usually the most imposing building in a county. Jails were often an important part of the courthouse but were sometimes built separately. Some county governments built tobacco warehouses to provide a common service for their most important export crop. Expansion westward began early in
2484-400: The five ports in North Carolina, and a council. The Council advised the governor and also served as the upper house of the legislature. Members of the lower house of the legislature, the House of Burgesses, were elected from precincts (counties after 1736) and from districts (also called boroughs or towns, which were large centers of population). The eight provincial governors appointed by
2553-464: The force was supplemented by 50 local militiamen and attacked the Tuscarora, who retreated to Fort Neoheroka in Greene County. The Tuscarora negotiated a truce and released their prisoners. Barnwell's expedition did not win the war. Barnwell left for South Carolina, displeasing the North Carolina settlers who wished for a total victory over the Tuscarora. The South Carolinians were unhappy that there
2622-646: The governor from the Secretary of State for the Southern Department . The governor was accountable to the Secretary of State and the Board of Trade . The governor was also responsible for commissioning officers and provisioning the provincial militia. Besides the governor, other provincial officials included a secretary, attorney general, surveyor general, the receiver general, Chief Justice, five Customs Collectors for each of
2691-554: The influential Blount family of the Bertie region, but Hancock's people had suffered raids and kidnappings by slave traders. Hancock's tribe began to attack the settlers, but Blount's tribe did not become involved in the war at this point. Some historians including Richard White and Rebecca Seaman have suggested that the war grew out of misunderstandings between the colonists and the Tuscaroras. The Southern Tuscaroras led by Hancock allied with
2760-634: The invisible proclamation line as market hunters, seeking valuable pelts to sell in eastern settlements, and many served as leaders and guides for groups who settled in the Tennessee River valley and the Kentucke County . The oldest counties were Albemarle County (1664–1689) and Bath County (1696–1739). During the period of 1668 to 1774, 32 counties were created. As western counties, such as Anson and Rowan Counties were created, their western borders were not well defined and extended west as far as
2829-473: The land in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660. The granted lands included all or part of the present-day U.S. states of North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The northern half of the Province of Carolina differed significantly from the southern half, and transportation and communication were difficult between
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2898-438: The line of duty and for each enemy Native American they captured. During this time, the Tuscarora came to be so well respected by the South Carolina government that they were given land in the colony. The Yamasee War and other conflicts between the remaining Tuscarora and other Native American groups in the region are examples of how the Tuscarora War destabilized relationships among southern Native Americans. The Tuscarora War and
2967-562: The mail between Wilmington, North Carolina and Suffolk, Virginia . By the late eighteenth century, the tide of immigration to North Carolina from Virginia and the Province of Pennsylvania began to swell. The Scots-Irish ( Ulster Protestants ) from present-day Northern Ireland were the largest immigrant group from the British Isles to the colonies before the American Revolution . Indentured servants , who arrived mostly in
3036-470: The management of the estate which went with the office, reserving for himself the revenues of the office. The management of the estate was not very lucrative, but the father thought he had made a rather generous settlement for his spendthrift son. Later, when Anton became Mayor of Murton he wanted a representative in Iverton; and although Christoph did not relish the place, still to please his wife he ran for it and
3105-442: The part of the Tuscarora and led to changes in the slave trade of North and South Carolina . The first successful English settlement of North Carolina had begun in 1653. The Tuscarora lived in peace with the settlers for more than 50 years, while nearly every other colony in America was involved in some conflict with Native Americans . After the early 18th century war, most of the Tuscarora migrated north to New York . They joined
3174-750: The province was retained by members of the Carteret family until 1776, part of the Province of North Carolina known as the Granville District . In 1755 Benjamin Franklin , the Postmaster-General for the American colonies, appointed James Davis as the first postmaster of North Carolina colony at New Bern . In October of that year the North Carolina Assembly awarded Davis the contract to carry
3243-406: The province was rural and thinly populated. Local taverns provided multiple services ranging from strong drink and beds for travelers to meeting rooms for politicians and businessmen. In a world sharply divided along lines of ethnicity, gender, race, and class, the tavern keepers' rum proved a solvent that mixed together all sorts of locals and travelers. The increasing variety of drinks on offer and
3312-591: The region. Chartier took him to Sugarloaf Mountain and then to the Shenandoah Valley , where they visited Massanutten Mountain , the supposed site of silver mines which the baron hoped would repair his fortune. However, they found no trace of silver. When it became apparent that Michel would not be transporting any colonists (he later claimed his ship was not seaworthy), Graffenried decided to return to North Carolina. On his return, he stopped to confer with Governor Edward Hyde just as an epidemic of yellow fever
3381-556: The region. The conflict became known as the Tuscarora War . Sixty Swiss and Palatines in New Bern and the surrounding area were killed and fifteen taken captive. The survivors fled New Bern and sought shelter at a fort built by plantation owner William Brice. The colonists were surprised to see that Graffenried was still alive but they had lost confidence in his leadership and he never regained full authority. His refusal to seek revenge for
3450-669: The right to settle lands in the present-day U.S. states of North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. King Charles II granted the Charter of Carolina in 1663 for land south of the British Colony of Virginia and north of Spanish Florida . He granted the land to eight lords proprietor , namely Edward, Earl of Clarendon ; George, Duke of Albemarle ; William, Lord Craven ; John, Lord Berkeley ; Anthony, Lord Ashley ; Sir George Carteret ; Sir William Berkeley ; and Sir John Colleton . Charles granted
3519-458: The same era." However, the Tuscarora's arsenal lacked a large supply of the sophisticated artillery and explosives employed by their opponents. About 950 people were killed or captured and sold into slavery in the Caribbean or New England by Colonel Moore and his South Carolina troops. Following the decisive defeat, many Tuscarora began a migration to New York . There they joined the Five Nations of
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#17328488240383588-487: The settlers. Perhaps their greatest grievance was the native slave trade that flourished in the frontier regions—Native children in particular were kidnapped and sold into slavery by white slave traders. Von Graffenried's new colony was not a specific target of this resentment and in later years, Von Graffenried would insist that he treated the Indians justly. Von Graffenried was apparently unaware of how seriously relations with
3657-416: The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, comprised the majority of English settlers prior to the Revolution. On the eve of the Revolution, North Carolina was the fastest-growing British colony in North America. Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina , or the low country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the eighteenth until
3726-474: The so-called cohee —poor, non-Anglican, independent farmers. During the Revolution, the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the King because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh , Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence. With no cities and very few towns or villages,
3795-555: The twentieth century. The small family farms of the Piedmont contrasted sharply with the plantation economy of the coastal region, where wealthy planters grew tobacco and rice with slave labor . The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands . The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots-Irish, English and German Protestants , and
3864-473: The two regions, so a separate deputy governor was appointed to administer the northern region in 1691. The partition of Carolina into the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina was completed at a meeting of the lords proprietor held at Craven House in London on December 7, 1710, although the same proprietors continued to control both colonies. The first provincial governor of North Carolina
3933-459: The winter of 1711–1712, Graffenried and the remaining loyal settlers barricaded themselves in the town of New Bern and made plans to move their settlement to Virginia. When supplies ran low, Graffenried went to Albemarle County and obtained a shipload of corn, gunpowder and other provisions. Unfortunately, the ship caught fire on the voyage back to New Bern and the supplies were lost. In the spring of 1712, Graffenried traveled to Virginia to scout for
4002-477: Was Edward Hyde . Unrest against the proprietors in South Carolina in 1719 led King George I to directly appoint a governor in that province, whereas the lords proprietor continued to appoint the governor of North Carolina. Both Carolinas became royal colonies in 1729, after the British government had tried for nearly 10 years to locate and buy out seven of the eight lords proprietor. The remaining one-eighth share of
4071-431: Was a Swiss nobleman and explorer who was one of the founders of New Bern, North Carolina . Born in Worb Castle in the Canton of Bern , he played a major role in the colonisation of North America by German and Swiss settlers . In c. 1716 , von Graffenried published a memoir entitled Relation of My American Project , which recounted his life in both Switzerland and North America. Christoph von Graffenried
4140-635: Was a prisoner of the Tuscarora during the raids, and he recounted stories of women impaled on stakes, more than 80 infants slaughtered, and more than 130 settlers killed in the New Bern settlement. In 1711, the North Carolina colony had been weakened by Cary's Rebellion , and Governor Edward Hyde asked South Carolina for assistance. South Carolina sent Colonel John Barnwell with a force of 30 white officers and about 500 Native Americans from South Carolina, including Yamasee , Wateree , Congaree , Waxhaw , Pee Dee , and Apalachee . Barnwell's expedition traveled over 300 miles and arrived in January 1712. There
4209-452: Was attended by Tuscarora descendants, some from New York and others from North Carolina. Province of North Carolina The Province of North Carolina , originally known as Albemarle Province , was a proprietary colony and later royal colony of Great Britain that existed in North America from 1712 to 1776. It was one of the five Southern colonies and one of the thirteen American colonies . The monarch of Great Britain
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#17328488240384278-592: Was born on 15 November 1661 in Worb Castle in the Swiss canton of Bern . He was the son of Anton von Graffenried and Catherine Jenner. His father was lord of Worb and a minor government official. Von Graffenried studied at both Heidelberg University and Leiden University before visiting England c. 1680 . While in England, he came to know John Colleton and other Lords Proprietors of Carolina. In 1683, he returned home and on 25 April 1684 he married Regina Tscharner, with whom he had thirteen children. As his family grew, Von Graffenried found that his salary as
4347-410: Was elected. In 1730 at Anton's death the estate of Worb came to Christoph without encumbrance, and he held it till 1740, when he retired in favor of his sons. Three years later, in 1743, Graffenried died and was buried in the choir of the Church at Worb. His son, Christoph, emigrated to America and married Barbara Tempest Needham, of Hertfordshire, England. Their offspring founded the American branch of
4416-480: Was hindered by a series of winter storms and it was thirteen weeks before they landed in Virginia and then proceeded overland to Carolina. Hardship and disease took a heavy toll on the group and half of the original 650 colonists died before reaching their destination. In July, Von Graffenried sailed with a contingent of about 150 Swiss colonists. Their crossing was relatively uneventful and after landing at Hampton, Virginia, in September, he joined Michel and Lawson in
4485-428: Was no payment for their help. Additionally, some South Carolina officers retained Tuscarora to sell as slaves , which incited the Tuscarora into a new wave of attacks. These attacks came amid a yellow fever outbreak that weakened the North Carolina colony; the combined pressure caused many settlers to flee. Governor Thomas Pollack requested the aid of South Carolina. South Carolina dispatched Colonel James Moore with
4554-474: Was represented by the Governor of North Carolina , until the colonies declared independence on July 4, 1776 . "Carolina" is taken from the Latin word for " Charles " ( Carolus ), honoring King Charles II , and was first named in the 1663 Royal Charter granting to Edward, Earl of Clarendon ; George, Duke of Albemarle ; William, Lord Craven ; John, Lord Berkeley ; Anthony, Lord Ashley ; Sir George Carteret , Sir William Berkeley , and Sir John Colleton
4623-407: Was resented for his perceived role in the founding of New Bern , a settlement that encroached on Tuscarora territory. Settlers found eastern North Carolina to be swampy and difficult to farm, so they pushed westward, attracted by the more fertile uplands. As settlement expanded, their demand for workers increased demand for the Indian slave trade in the region. These factors all led to tension between
4692-490: Was responsible, with William Byrd , for surveying the boundary between North Carolina and Virginia in 1728. Other maps exist dating to the early period of the Age of Discovery that depict the coastline of the province along with that of South Carolina. The ports for which there were Customs Agents in the Province of North Carolina included: Bath , Roanoke , Currituck Precinct , Brunswick (Cape Fear), and Beaufort (Topsail Inlet). There were 52 new towns established in
4761-437: Was sweeping the province. The disease hit the governor's household and Graffenried became ill but recovered, while the governor was not so fortunate and died. Graffenried tried for a while longer to find some way of reviving his colonial venture but his investors had lost faith in him and creditors were threatening to have him arrested and thrown into debtors' prison . On Easter, 1713, he sailed for England, after mortgaging all
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