Liaoning is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang , it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea , and is the northernmost coastal province of the People's Republic of China .
135-515: Shenyang is the capital of Liaoning , China. It is the provincial capital of Liaoning and the province's most populous city with a population of 9,070,093 as of the 2020 census , also making it the largest city in Northeast China by urban population , and the second-largest by metropolitan population behind Harbin . The Shenyang metropolitan area is one of the major megalopolises in China , with
270-510: A continental monsoon climate, and rainfall averages to about 440 to 1130 mm annually. Summer is rainy while the other seasons are dry. Major cities: Liaoning contains some of the foremost paleontological sites in the world. Known collectively as the Jehol Group , they include the Yixian Formation , Jiufotang Formation and Tiaojishan Formation . The name Jehol derives from
405-624: A monsoon -influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ) characterised by hot, humid summers due to the monsoon, and dry, cold winters due to the Siberian anticyclone . The four seasons here are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. Monthly mean temperatures range from −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) in January to 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) in July, for an annual average of 8.6 °C (47.5 °F). The frost-free period
540-576: A North Korean city. It promotes industries such as electronic information, machinery manufacturing, and bio-pharmaceuticals. The Central Liaoning city cluster is a megalopolis centered on Shenyang (urban population 4 million). Within its 150 km (93 mi) radius, it includes Anshan (urban population 1.3 million), Fushun (1.3 million), Yingkou (1.1 million), Benxi (0.95 million), Liaoyang (0.7 million), and Tieling (0.4 million). Yan (state) Yan ( Chinese : 燕 ; pinyin : Yān ; Old Chinese pronunciation: * ʔˤe[n] )
675-606: A direct evolutionary link between theropod dinosaurs and modern birds. Since then, dozens of ground-breaking finds have been discovered throughout the Jehol group. These including the earliest flower, earliest eutherian mammal , known as Eomaia , the earliest known metatherian , an intact embryo of a pterosaur , Repenomamus robustus —a 15 kg heavy mammal that ate dinosaurs, Sinornithosaurus millenii , as well as many birds and feathered dinosaurs . Discoveries such as Dilong paradoxus , another feathered theropod, date to
810-423: A joint expedition against Qi. Led by the brilliant tactician Yue Yi , it was highly successful and within a year most of Qi's seventy walled cities had fallen, with the exception of Zimu and Lu. However, with the death of King Zhao and the expulsion of Yue Yi to Zhao by the new king, King Wei of Yan, General Tian Dan managed to recapture all of the cities from the 5 kingdoms. Despite the wars, Yan survived through
945-593: A largely common culture. In the Yu Gong (Tribute of Yu), a section of the Book of Documents which was most likely composed in the 4th century BC, the author describes a China that is divided into nine regions, each with its own distinctive culture and products. The core theme of this section is that these nine regions are unified into one state by the travels of the eponymous sage, Yu the Great and by sending each region's unique goods to
1080-565: A liability, as many of the large state-run enterprises have experienced economic difficulties. Recognizing the special difficulties faced by Liaoning and other provinces in Northeast China because of their heritage of heavy industry, the Chinese central government recently launched a " Revitalize the Northeast " Campaign. It is possible to think of Liaoning as three approximate geographical regions:
1215-571: A museum in the north part of Huanggu District . It is complemented by a recreated village on site. The city now known as Shenyang was first established c. 300 BCE during the Warring States period by Yan general Qin Kai , who conquered the Liaodong region from Gojoseon . It was then named Hou City ( 侯城 ; Hóu Chéng ). Around 350 years later, during the reign of Emperor Guangwu of Han ,
1350-455: A now defunct provincial division of that name, which covered an area that is now Western Liaoning, Eastern Hebei, and a small part of Inner Mongolia. Fossils were first found there during the 1920s. During the Japanese occupation of the area through the 1930s and early 1940s, more fossils were found, but records of them were lost after World War II ended. The area remained relatively unexplored until
1485-589: A population of 764,419. In May 2002, the Shenyang city government annexed a large area of suburban land from the neighbouring Yuhong District to establish a new state-level development zone—the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Zone ( 沈阳经济技术开发区 ), and transferred its administration to Tiexi District to form the Tiexi New District ( 铁西新区 ), thus giving Tiexi District the current "necked" shape on
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#17328407321941620-555: A population of over 23 million. The city's administrative region includes the ten metropolitan districts of Shenyang, the county-level city of Xinmin , and the counties of Kangping and Faku . Shenyang has been controlled by numerous different states and peoples during its history. In the 14th century, the city came under the control of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), for whom it served as an important military stronghold. The 1621 Battle of Shen-Liao resulted in Shenyang briefly serving as
1755-633: A pretext to formally invade and occupy most of Manchuria, and Mukden became a Russian stronghold in the Far East with the building of what would become the South Manchurian Railway - from Harbin via Mukden to Dalny . During the Russo-Japanese War (1904—1905), Mukden became the site of the Battle of Mukden from February 19 to March 10, 1905. Involving more than 600,000 combat participants, it
1890-553: A secret treaty with Russian foreign minister Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky , allowing the Russian Empire to build a Russian-gauge railway through Manchuria, which opened the door towards further Russian expansionism in the form of another lease convention in 1898 , effectively allowing Russia to annex Port Arthur in all but name. However, after the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Russian forces used that anti-foreigner insurgency as
2025-428: A wide range of industries, including machinery , electronics , metal refining, petroleum , chemical industries, construction materials and coal . The sea off Dalian abounds with quality seafood , such as abalone , sea cucumber , scallops , prawns , crabs , and sea urchins . The big fish of Dandong , the jellyfish of Yingkou , and the clams of Panjin are known worldwide for their taste fresh from
2160-459: Is 183 days, which is long considering the severity of the winters. The city receives 2,421 hours of bright sunshine annually; monthly percent of possible ranges from 42 percent in July to 64 percent in February. Extreme temperatures range from −33.1 °C (−28 °F) to 39.3 °C (103 °F). See or edit raw graph data . Shenyang's metropolitan area traditionally consisted of
2295-615: Is a part of the downtown and was also the most developed district in Shenyang. Until 2015, it held the seat of the City Government. The old city wall is entirely located in Shenhe District. It has an area of 60 km (23 sq mi) and a registered population of 716,417 (as per 2014). There is the Central Temple ( 中心庙 ; Zhōngxīn Mìao ), built during the Ming dynasty , showing the center of ancient Shenyang. This temple
2430-442: Is an important production base of equipment and machinery manufacturing, with Shenyang and Dalian being the industrial centers. Enterprises such as Shenyang Jinbei Co. Ltd., Daxian Group Co. Ltd., and Shenyang Machine Tool Co. Ltd., are leaders in their sectors. The province's light industry mainly focuses on textiles and clothing industries which include cotton and wool spinning, chemical fiber production, knitting, silk production, and
2565-468: Is an industrial zone and used to be the largest of the inner city districts. Its name derives from the fact that the district started off as the residential area immediately outside the old inner city wall's Fujin Gate ( 撫近門 ), which is also called Great East Gate ( 大東門 ). It has an area of 100 km (39 sq mi) and a population of 689,576 (2014). The district contains popular tourist landmarks such as
2700-522: Is available, which includes road, water, gas, and power supply, telecommunication, and so on. A Zone promotes industries such as home appliances, lighting, machinery, construction materials, and medical instruments. The Dalian Free Trade Zone was approved to be set up by the government in May, 1992. Policies include duty-free trade. It has attracted some leading industries, such as electronics, machinery, and plastics. The Dalian Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
2835-410: Is located in the downtown of Shenyang, bordered Shenhe District. It is currently the most developed district in Shenyang. It has an area of 59 km (23 sq mi) and a population of 645,399 (2014). Heping District has all manner of commercial businesses that are brightly neon -lit at night, centered around Taiyuan Street ( 太原街 ; Taìyuán Jīe ), one of the most famous shopping district in
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#17328407321942970-544: Is located in the central part of Liaoning province. The western parts of the city's administrative area are located on the alluvial plain of the Liao River system, while the eastern part consists of the hinterlands of the Changbai Mountains , and is covered with forests. The highest point in Shenyang is 414 m (1,358 ft) above sea level and the lowest point only 7 m (23 ft). The average elevation of
3105-514: Is located just south of the Middle Street ( 中街 ; Zhōng Jiē ), one of the most famous shopping streets and the first commercial pedestrian zone in China. Shenhe District is also home to the famous Wu'ai Market ( 五爱市场 ; Wǔài Shìchǎng ), the largest light industry wholesale trading center in the entire Bohai Economic Rim . Shenhe District is the site of the Mukden Palace , just south of
3240-625: Is not administered by Marriott International ). The major thoroughfare of Youths Avenue ( 青年大街 ; Qīngnián Dà Jiē ), the city's primary north–south arterial road that traverses past the City Government Square ( 市府广场 ; Shìfǔ Guǎngchǎng ) at the modern center of the city linking Beiling Park to the Taoxian Airport , separates the southern portion of Shenhe District from the neighbouring southern Heping District. The iconic 305.5 m (1,002 ft) Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower
3375-432: Is represented by the star Zeta Capricorni in the "Twelve States" asterism , part of the lunar mansion " Girl " in the " Black Tortoise " symbol . Yan is also represented by the star Nu Ophiuchi in the "Left Wall" asterism in the "Heavenly Market" enclosure . Before the state of Qin unified China in 221 BC, each region had its own unique customs and culture, although all were dominated by an upper class that shared
3510-527: Is situated alongside this avenue. Shenhe District is also home to Northeast China's main railway hub , the Shenyang North Railway Station (locally known as the "North Station"). The railways leading to the station forms the border between Shenhe District and the neighbouring eastern portion of Huanggu District. The station building has recently undergone a major overhaul and extension. The Heping District ( 和平区 ; 'peace district')
3645-519: Is the largest stretch of vegetated urban open space in Shenyang, contributing significantly to the city's 40-percent " greening ratio", and was instrumental in the city being awarded the "national forest city" title in 2005. According to the Shenyang Environmental Protection Bureau, winter usage of coal by boiler stations for hydronic district heating is the source of 30 percent of the air pollution in Shenyang. Half of
3780-484: Is widely considered to be one of the world's premier fossil sites. The high level of preservation is believed to be due to how the animals died. The area was volcanically active, and large plumes of volcanic dust repeatedly covered the area, instantly killing and burying any living thing in the area. The extremely fine grain of the sediment and the chemical composition of the ash prevented the usual bacterial decay. In some specimens, extremely fine details can be seen such as
3915-973: The 12th National Games in 2013 . Around 2.5 km (1.6 mi) outside Shenyang's former outer wall, there were four pagodas each located within an associated Tibetan Buddhist temple, namely the East Pagoda in Yongguang Temple ( 永光寺 ), the South Pagoda in Guangci Temple ( 廣慈寺 ), the West Pagoda in Yanshou Temple ( 延壽寺 ) and the North Pagoda in Falun Temple ( 法輪寺 ). They were built in 1643 and completed in 1645. The four pagodas are identical white Buddha- stupas as tall as 26 m (85 ft). Nowadays only
4050-628: The 9.18 Historical Museum, the North and East Pagodas, Bawang Temple and the Wanquan Park. The oldest airfield in Shenyang, the now-defunct East Pagoda Airport, is also located in Dadong District. The Huanggu District ( 皇姑区 ; 'royal aunt district') is named after Huanggutun ("tun" means village), where the Huanggutun Incident took place. The name is actually a mis-transliteration of
4185-597: The Battle of Port Arthur and the Battle of Mukden , which was, to that point, the largest land battle ever fought. During the Warlord Era in the early twentieth century, Liaoning was under the Fengtian clique , including Zhang Zuolin and his son Zhang Xueliang . The province first received its present name on January 29, 1929; the Zhongdong Railway Incident took place later that year. In 1931, Japan invaded and
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4320-485: The Cultural Revolution Liaoning also took in a part of Inner Mongolia , though this was reversed later. Liaoning was one of the first provinces in China to industrialize, first under Japanese occupation, and then even more in the 1950s and 1960s. The city of Anshan, for example, is home to one of the largest iron and steel complexes in China. In recent years, this early focus on heavy industry has become
4455-536: The General Electric Co. , Tyco International , and Mitsubishi Group operate in the zone. Liaoning Historically a gateway between China proper and Manchuria , the modern Liaoning province was established in 1907 as Fengtian or Fengtien province and was renamed Liaoning in 1929. It was also known at that time as Mukden Province for the Manchu name of Shengjing , the former name of Shenyang. Under
4590-707: The Great Wall . The central part of Liaoning consists of a basin drained by rivers such as the Liao , Daliao , and their tributaries. This region is mostly flat and low-lying. The eastern part of Liaoning is dominated by the Changbai Mountains and Qianshan Mountains which extend into the sea to form the Liaodong Peninsula . The highest point in Liaoning, Mount Huabozi (1336 m), is found in this region. Liaoning has
4725-495: The Han dynasty during the war between Han and Chu in order to keep his title, but once the war was finished he revolted. Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu of Han ) sent Fan Kuai and Zhou Bo to put down the rebellion, and they captured and executed Zang Tu. His son Zang Yan fled to exile among the Xiongnu . Lu Wan became the new King of Yan and reigned there for most of Liu Bang's life, until
4860-599: The Li Keqiang index , an alternative measure of economic performance where GDP figures are unreliable. Main agricultural products of Liaoning include maize , sorghum , and soybeans . The region around Dalian produces three-quarters of China's exported apples and peaches . Cotton is also produced. Liaoning's fruits include apples from Dalian and Yingkou , golden peaches from Dalian, pears from Beizhen of Jinzhou , white pears from Huludao and Suizhong, and apricots and plums from Gushan of Dandong . Liaoning has
4995-476: The Liao River that runs through the province. Ning ( 宁 , "peace") is used frequently in Chinese place names including Ningxia , Xining and Nanning . The current name was first adopted in 1929, and restored in 1954 upon the merging of the Liaoxi ("West Liao") and Liaodong ("East Liao") provinces. Prior to 3rd century BC, Donghu , Gojoseon and Yemaek peoples inhabited Liaoning. The state of Yan conquered
5130-519: The Liao River were either abandoned, or hardly had a few hundred residents left. In the Governor's words, " Tieling and Fushun only have a few vagrants". West of the Liao, only Ningyuan , Jinzhou , and Guangning had any significant populations remaining. In the latter half of the seventeenth century (starting with laws issued in 1651 and 1653), the imperial Qing government recruited migrants from south of
5265-545: The Little Shen River ( 小瀋水 ) or Wuli River ( 五里河 ; 'five- li river'), which was a principal water source for the old city. These are reinforced on the peripheries by smaller rivers such as Xi River ( 细河 ), Puhe River ( 蒲河 ) and Mantang River ( 满堂河 ), and drains into the Hun River at three different locations on the southeast, due south and southwest side of the city. There was also previously another canal on
5400-707: The Manchu people ). Although similar in purpose to the Great Wall of China , this "Liaodong Wall" was of a lower-cost design. While stones and tiles were used in some parts, most of the wall was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides. Despite the Liaodong Wall, the Jurchens conquered Liaodong, or eastern Liaoning, in the early 17th century, decades before the rest of China fell to them. The Jurchen dynasty, styled " Later Jin " before being renamed to Qing , established its capital in 1616–1621 in Xingjing ( 兴京 ), which
5535-631: The North Canal ) from the north and northeast, and the Weigong River ( 卫工河 , formerly the Weigong Nullah ) from the west, all interconnected by channels as a continuous waterway . The South Canal in particular, famous for the series of linear parks and gardens along it, was canalized from the old course of the Wanquan River ( 萬泉河 ; 'ten thousand springs river'), historically also called
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5670-695: The Northern Theater Command (previously the Shenyang Military Region ), General Logistics Department and the consulates-general of the United States, Japan. South Korea, North Korea and other countries. Northeast Electricity, China Post , railways, other such industrial hubs and many media outlets such as Liaoning Radio and Television , Shenyang Radio and Television and Shenyang Daily newspaper are also located in this district. The Dadong District ( 大东区 ; 'great east district')
5805-641: The Qin dynasty . In 207 BC, the Qin dynasty collapsed and China resumed a state of civil war . King Wu Chen of Zhao eventually sent General Han Guang to conquer Yan for Zhao, but upon his conquest, Han Guang appointed himself King of Yan. Han Guang had sent General Zang Tu to assist Xiang Yu , the king of Chu , in his war against Qin. When Zang Tu returned, Han Guang was ordered to become King of Liaodong instead. When Han Guang refused, Zang Tu killed him and declared himself King of both Yan and Liaodong. Zang Tu submitted Yan to
5940-878: The Qing Dynasty Liaoning was known as the province of Fengtian ( 奉天 ), and was governed by a zǒngdū or Viceroy (The Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces, 东三省总督 ), along with the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang . The province itself also had a governor ( 巡抚 ; xúnfǔ ). Liaoning is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions , all prefecture-level cities (including two sub-provincial cities ): These prefecture-level cities are in turn divided into 100 county-level divisions (56 districts , 17 county-level cities , 19 counties , and 8 autonomous counties ), which are then further subdivided into 1511 township-level divisions (613 towns , 301 townships , 77 ethnic townships , and 520 subdistricts ). At
6075-568: The UNESCO World Heritage Site -listed tombs dedicated to Nurhachi , the founder of Later Jin , and his empress Monggo-Jerjer . The large suburban district is located on the east and southeast side of urban Shenyang, with most of its territory south of the Hun River, hence its current name. It has an area of 734 km (283 sq mi) and a population of 324,074 (2014). The Shenyang municipal government moved to Hunnan District on 13 October 2015. The Shenyang Botanical Garden and
6210-630: The Yellow River to the Yalu River and from the mountains of Shanxi to the Liaodong Peninsula . As the northernmost of all the Chinese states during this time period, Yan faced incursions from steppe nomads and as such, built great walls. According to Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian , King Wu of Zhou deposed King Zhou of Shang at the Battle of Muye ( c. 1046 BC ) and conferred titles to nobles within his domain, including
6345-516: The province's border with North Korea , emptying into the Korea Bay between Dandong in Liaoning and Sinuiju in North Korea. Liaoning is also one of China's leading provinces in research and education. As of 2023, two major cities in Liaoning ranked in the world's top 200 cities ( Dalian 37th and Shenyang 124th) by scientific research output, as tracked by Nature Index . Liaoning is named after
6480-648: The "Dalian Development Area") was established in September 1984, as one of the first of the China National Economic and Technological Development Zones. The zone had a GDP of 70.31 billion yuan in 2007 and the total volume of its import and export trade was 14.92 billion dollars, which accounts for a quarter of such trade for all of Liaoning Province. Most of the enterprises in Dalian ETDZ are factories owned by foreign enterprises, especially from Japan, South Korea and
6615-431: The "peripheral gates" ( 邊門 ; Biān Mén ). The corresponding inner and outer gates were linked by roads that intersected within the inner city in a "#" pattern around the Mukden Palace . Nearly all of these city walls and gates were demolished after 1949. Two gates and one corner tower of the inner wall were rebuilt during the 1990s. There had, however, been proposals to rebuild the other gates and towers in preparation to
6750-469: The 16 million metric tons of coal consumed by the city during the winter of 2013–2014 were used for heating. Other major factors include dust from construction sites (20 percent), vehicle exhaust (20 percent), industrial emissions (10 percent) and extraterritorial dust (20 percent, mostly yellow dust from Gobi Desert ). However, air quality was described by the Bureau as "slowly improving". Shenyang has
6885-424: The 1930s, and the spearhead of the Chinese central government's Northeast Area Revitalization Plan , the city has been diversifying its industry, including expanding into the service sector . Growing industries include software, automotive and electronics. Shenyang is also a major city for scientific research and education in Northeast China. As of 2023, it was listed among the top 125 cities by scientific output in
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#17328407321947020-510: The 1990s. It was in 1996 that Liaoning made the headlines with the announcement of the discovery of Sinosauropteryx prima , the first example of a filamented "feathered" dinosaur . Sinosauropteryx prima was a small feathered meat-eating dinosaur, from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation . This discovery pushed the evolution of feathers back in time and showed that dinosaurs, not only birds, had feathers. It also showed
7155-497: The 5 small inner urban districts, surrounded by 4 larger outer suburban districts, and accompanied by 4 rural counties on the north and west sides. In general, agriculture , animal husbandry and agricultural product processing dominate northeastern Shenyang; eastern Shenyang is an automotive parts hub; southern Shenyang is a high-tech industrial base; and western Shenyang is home to heavy machinery manufacturing. The city center specialises in retail and financial services. Out of
7290-493: The Central Temple. It is also the site of Zhang Zuolin 's former home and headquarters, Shengjing Ancient Cultural Street. In the western Shenhe District there is a Muslim town, and the South Pagoda ( 南塔 ; Nán tǎ ) is located in southern Shenhe District. There are a lot of high-end hotels located in Shenhe District, such as Sheraton , Kempinski , Lexington, Marriott (which is the first Marriott Hotel directly named "Marriott" in mainland China , but due to finance conflicts
7425-603: The General of Shengjing (Mukden i Jiyanggiyūn) ruled much of modern Liaoning. In 1860, the Manchu government began to reopen the region to migration, which quickly resulted in Han Chinese becoming the dominant ethnic group in the region. In the 20th century, the province of Fengtian was set up in what is Liaoning today. When Japan and Russia fought the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, many key battles took place in Liaoning, including
7560-476: The Great Wall (notably, from Shandong ) to settle the relatively sparsely populated area of Fengtian Province (roughly corresponding to today's Liaoning). Many of the current residents of Liaoning trace their ancestry to these seventeenth century settlers. The rest of China's Northeast, however, remained officially off-limits to Han Chinese for most of the Manchu era. To prevent the migration of Chinese to those regions (today's Jilin and Heilongjiang , as well as
7695-406: The Japanese to produce war goods for the Imperial Army and nationalized after World War II. As late as the early 1980s, the factories here employed about one million workers, but all of them went jobless in the 1990s. The Hunnan District ( 浑南区 ; 'South of Hun River'), was formerly called the Dongling District ( 东陵区 ; ' East Mausoleum district') before June 17, 2014, referring to
7830-431: The Japanese-puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored for a brief time in 1945 and then again in 1954. Liaoning borders the Yellow Sea ( Korea Bay ) and Bohai Sea in the south, North Korea 's North Pyongan and Chagang provinces in the southeast, Jilin to the northeast, Hebei to the southwest, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks
7965-425: The King of Zhou in present-day Xi'an and was awarded a position in the king's court. Some time during the 7th century BC in the late Western Zhou or early Eastern Zhou , Yan absorbed the State of Ji , a smaller kingdom to the north and moved its capital to that of Ji in modern-day Xicheng District , Beijing. To the south, the bordering states of Zhao and Qi were Yan's main rivals. The mountainous border in
8100-429: The Korean's rendering of the name Shenyang (심양). The official name was changed to Mukden ( Manchu : ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠨ ), or Shengjing ( 盛京 ; Shèng Jīng ; 'rising capital') in 1634. The new name derives from the Manchu word, mukdembi ( Manchu : ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ ), meaning 'to rise' as reflected also by its Han Chinese name. Under Nurhaci 's orders, the Imperial Palace was constructed in 1626, symbolizing
8235-432: The Ming dynasty, Shenyang became one of the most important Chinese military strongholds beyond the Shanhai Pass . In 1625, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci captured Shenyang from the Ming and decided to relocate his entire administrative infrastructure to the city, which was then called Simiyan hoton ( Manchu : ᠰᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ )in the Manchu language , Simiyan itselt being the Manchu's homophonic translation of
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#17328407321948370-504: The Northeast. The Project 985 university, Northestern University , is also located in Heping District. The district, better known as the downtown, sprung up around Shenyang Railway Station (known locally as the "South Station" in contrast to the "North Station" in Shenhe District), the former hub of the South Manchurian Railway . At the center of the district is Zhongshan Square ( 中山广场 ; Zhōngshān Guǎngchǎng ), which features one of China's largest statues of Chairman Mao —a record of
8505-464: The Qing era. The Qing conquest of Liaoning resulted in a significant population loss in the area, as many local Chinese residents were either killed during fighting, or fled south of the Great Wall , many cities being destroyed by the retreating Ming forces themselves. As late as 1661, the Civil Governor ( Fuyin ) of Fengtian Province, Zhang Shangxian reported that, outside of Fengtian City (Shenyang), Liaoyang , and Haicheng , all other cities east of
8640-441: The Qing government tried to stop the migrants flow to Fengtian or even to make some settlers return to their original places of residence – or, failing that, to legalize them. For example, an edict issued in 1704 commented on the recent Han Chinese settlers in Fengtian having failed to comply with earlier orders requiring them to leave, and asked them either to properly register and join a local defense group ( 保 ; bao ), or to leave
8775-529: The Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone was approved to be established by State Council. The Shenyang Cross-Strait Science Industrial Zone is the only zone established as part of the Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone. It has a total area of 5 km (1.9 sq mi). It welcomes international investment. It focuses on the development of instruments manufacturing, telecommunication, bio-pharmaceuticals, electronics, and new materials. The Liaoning Shenyang Zhangshi Export Processing Zone
8910-430: The Shenyang International Expo Garden (which hosted the 2006 International Horticultural Exposition ) are also located in this district. Hunnan District hosts the city's only operational commercial airport, the Taoxian International Airport , and is rapidly becoming high-end residential areas with luxury apartments, fine neighbourhoods and commercial developments, as Hunnan becomes the new center of Shenyang steadily with
9045-461: The Shenyang region was captured by the Liao dynasty and was known as Shen Prefecture ( 瀋州 ; Shěn Zhōu ) until the end of Jin dynasty (who conquered the region in 1116). The area became known as the Shenyang Circuit ( 瀋陽路 ; Shěnyáng Lù ) during the Yuan dynasty . After the fall of the Yuan, Shenyang came under the control of the Ming dynasty , and it was designated a guard town named Shenyang Central Guard ( 瀋陽中衛 ; Shěnyáng Zhōngwèi ). During
9180-483: The Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky , the Far East Command of the Red Army occupied Manchuria in early August 1945 following the surrender of Japan. On 16 August 1945, Manchurian Emperor Puyi was captured in Shenyang Airport by the Soviets while he was in an airplane fleeing to Japan. On 20 August, Soviet troops captured Shenyang. British and US reports indicate that the Soviet troops that occupied Northeast China and Eastern Inner Mongolia region looted and terrorized
9315-405: The United States, such as Canon, Pfizer, Toshiba, and Intel. The Dalian Export Processing Zone was approved to be set up by the State Council in April 2000, with a planned area of 2.95 km (1.14 sq mi). It is divided into two parts, A Zone and B Zone. A Zone has a construction area of 1.5 km (0.58 sq mi), and started operation in May 2001. All the basic infrastructure
9450-421: The Warring States period. In 227 BC, with Qin troops on the border after the collapse of Zhao, Crown Prince Dan sent an assassin named Jing Ke to kill the king of Qin (later Qin Shi Huang ), hoping to end the Qin threat. The mission failed, with Jing Ke dying at the hands of the King of Qin in Xianyang . Surprised and enraged by such a bold act, the king of Qin called on Wang Jian to destroy Yan. Crushing
9585-402: The act, then used the false flag explosion as pretext to launch a full attack on Mukden, and captured the city the following morning (September 19). After the Mukden Incident , the Japanese further invaded and occupied the rest of Northeast China, and created the puppet state of Manchukuo with the deposed emperor Aisin Gioro Puyi as the figurehead . During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945),
9720-455: The adjacent parts of Inner Mongolia ), the so-called Willow Palisade was constructed ( c. 1638 – c. 1672 ). The Palisade encircled the agricultural heartlands of Fengtian, running in most areas either somewhat outside the old Ming Liaodong Wall, or reusing it, and separating it from the Manchu forests to the northeast and the Mongol grazing lands to the northwest. Later on,
9855-570: The area around 300 BC. Two commanderies, Liaodong ("east of the Liao River ") and Liaoxi ("west of the Liao River"), were established within the Liaoning region. The Yan city of Xiangping , the center of Liaodong, was located on the site of the present Liaoyang city. As the Han dynasty fell , warlord Gongsun Du and his family established and maintained a semi-independent state based in Liaodong, until it
9990-774: The area came under the rule of the Japanese -controlled puppet state of Manchukuo . The Chinese Civil War that took place following Japanese defeat in 1945 had its first major battles (the Liaoshen Campaign ) in and around Liaoning. At the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Liaoning did not exist; instead there were two provinces, Liaodong and Liaoxi , as well as five municipalities , Shenyang, Lüda (present-day Dalian ), Anshan , Fushun , and Benxi . These were all merged into "Liaoning" in 1954, and parts of former Rehe province were merged into Liaoning in 1955. During
10125-565: The bulk of the Yan army at the frozen Yi River , Ji fell the following year and the ruler, King Xi, fled to the Liaodong Peninsula. In 222 BC, Liaodong fell as well, and Yan was overrun by Qin. Yan was the third to last state to fall, and with its destruction the fates of the remaining two kingdoms were sealed. In 221 BC, Qin conquered all of China, ending the Warring States period and founding
10260-496: The capital as tribute. Other texts also discussed these regional variations in culture and physical environments. One of these texts was The Book of Master Wu , written in response to a query by Marquis Wu of Wei on how to cope with the other states. Wu Qi , the author of the work, declared that the government and nature of the people were reflective of the terrain they live in. Of Yan, he said: Yan's defensive formations are solid but lack flexibility(燕陳守而不走). and: The Yan are
10395-573: The capital of the Jurchen Later Jin dynasty, the direct predecessor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). The 1905 Battle of Mukden took place south of Shenyang as part of the Russo-Japanese War . The subsequent Japanese victory allowed its annexation of the region west of the old city and the increase of Japanese influence in Shenyang. In 1931, the Mukden incident led to the Japanese invasion and occupation of
10530-480: The city changed back to its old name Shenyang, but continued to be known as Mukden (sometimes spelled Moukden) in some English sources and in Japan through much of the first half of the 20th century. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling "MOUKDEN/ 奉天 " for usage on international mails until the late 1920s. After that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type "SHENYANG (MUKDEN)/ 瀋陽 ( 奉天 )" datestamp
10665-602: The city was again called Fengtian (and Mukden in English), and was developed by the Japanese into a center of heavy industry. Japan was able to exploit resources in Manchuria using the extensive network of railroads. For example, vast expanses of Manchurian forest were chopped down. The development of Shenyang was also unbalanced in this period; municipal facilities were mostly located in Japanese residential areas, while Chinese residential areas had poor living conditions. Under Marshal of
10800-469: The city was called Gaemo. They established the cities of Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng in the region. The Sui dynasty recaptured the area and established a new Liaodong Commandery in what is now modern Shenyang. In 645, the Tang dynasty invaded Goguryeo and captured Xuantucheng and Gaimoucheng. Soon after, Liaodong was administratively reorganized and enjoyed nearly 250 years of stability and development. In 916,
10935-607: The city was sacked and burnt by the Donghu nomads and subsequently abandoned. The area of modern Shenyang was divided between two commanderies called Liaodong and Xuantu c. 107 CE . Liaodong was seized by a Han governor in 189. Liaodong and Xuantu were briefly united under Cao Wei and the Jin dynasty (266–420) . The region was in disarray during the fourth century until the Goguryeo occupied both commanderies in 404. Under Goguryeo,
11070-500: The city's center in a "+" fashion. This Ming wall was heavily damaged in 1625 when the Manchus laid siege and captured the city, with only the north wall and gate tower (which had undergone reinforcing reconstructions in 1545 under the orders of Jiajing Emperor ) remained intact. The Manchu leader Nurhachi however saw the city's strategic value and decided to formally relocate his Later Jin capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, and ordered
11205-665: The city's emerging status as the Jurchen political center. The palace featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power and grandeur. After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 and the routing of the Shun army in the Battle of Shanhai Pass just a day later, the Manchus successfully entered the Shanhai Pass to establish the Qing dynasty in China proper . The capital
11340-447: The early Cretaceous Period. This is some 60 million years before Tyrannosaurus , and thus these discoveries push the evolution of feathers earlier than previously thought. The Liaoning fossils are noted for their high degree of preservation—often including soft body tissues, which is rare. Aside from the famous birds and feathered dinosaurs, the Liaoning fossils include insects, fish, aquatic arthropods, and plants. The Liaoning deposit
11475-815: The east side called Huishan Nullah ( 辉山明渠 ) that drains into Xinkai River's lower section, but is now no longer existent due to land reclamation from urban constructions. Shenyang has many parks , among the most famous are the 14.5 km (9.0 mi) South Canal Linear Parks ( 南运河带状公园 ) situated along the homonymous river traversing the southern parts of Dadong, Shenhe and Heping Districts. It comprises 6 large parks and 18 riverside gardens covering an area of approximately 1,400,000 m (350 acres), with exotic variety of vegetations such as rose , apricot , bladder cherry , honeylocust , natal lily , scarlet sage , morning glory and black-eyed-Susan , and extensive greenspaces of peach , pear , crabapples , ginkgos , weeping willows , pines and black locusts . It
11610-557: The emperor discovered that he had sent officials to the courts of the rebel Chen Xi and the Xiongnu chanyu Modu . Summoned to the imperial court, Lu Wan feigned illness and then fled to the Xiongnu, who honored him as the King of the Eastern Nomads ( Donghu ) until his death. In the meantime, Yan came under direct control of the Han dynasty and was treated as a princely appanage . Yan
11745-452: The end of the year 2017, the total population is 43.69 million. Liaoning has the largest and wealthiest provincial economy of Northeast China. Its nominal GDP for 2017 was 2.39 trillion yuan (ca. US$ 354 billion), making it the 14th largest in China (out of 31 provinces). Its per capita GDP was 54,745 yuan (US$ 8,108). Among the three provinces of Northeast China , Liaoning is the largest in terms of GDP and GDP per capita. In 2008, Liaoning
11880-567: The era of the Cultural Revolution . Northwest of Zhongshan Square lies the West Pagoda Korean Neighborhood or Koreatown . Many of the boulevards in this area are lined of very large ginkgo trees, which become golden in color and produce their distinctive fruits in autumn. Heping District is also the core area for many political institutions in the Northeast, including CPC Liaoning Provincial Committee, headquarters of
12015-539: The expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. Around 1442, a defense wall was constructed to defend the agricultural heartland of the province from a potential threat from the Jurchen-Mongol Oriyanghan (who were Ming's tributaries) from the northwest. Between 1467 and 1468, the wall was expanded to protect the region from the northeast as well, against attacks from Jianzhou Jurchens (who were later to become known as
12150-713: The fine chemical industry. The Shenyang Hunnan Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone used to be called the Shenyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone. Established in 1988, it is a national high-tech development zone approved by the State Council. The zone is located in western Shenyang City with an area of 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi). Its encouraged industries include electronic information, new materials, biological engineering, energy saving, and environmental protection. The Dalian Economic & Technological Development Zone (now known as
12285-547: The first quarter of 2016. Leading industries include petrochemicals, metallurgy, electronics telecommunications, and machinery. On a national level, Liaoning is a major producer of pig iron, steel and metal-cutting machine tools, all of whose production rank among the top three in the nation. Liaoning is one of the most important raw materials production bases in China. Industries such as mining, quarrying, smelting and pressing of ferrous metals, petroleum and natural gas extraction, are all of great significance. Meanwhile, Liaoning
12420-638: The highlands in the west, plains in the middle, and hills in the east. The highlands in the west are dominated by the Nulu'erhu Mountains , which roughly follow the border between Liaoning and Inner Mongolia . The entire region is dominated by low hills. A narrow strip of coastal plains, known as the Liaoxi Corridor , connects the Liao River Basin to the North China Plain , ending at the Shanhai Pass of
12555-669: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Second World War , and China's Civil War (Shenyang became the main battleground between the Communists and Nationalists ). Directed by state efforts to reduce pollution and close unprofitable industry, the city has undergone deindustrialization , with the shutdown of large plants. Most notably, a large 1930s smelter in the central city was closed in 2000. The redevelopment of former polluted industrial land has resulted in gentrification . The old city of Shenyang resided almost entirely within
12690-414: The manufacturing of both garments and textile machinery. In 2008, its tertiary industry accounted for 34.5 percent of total GDP. In the future, Liaoning will continue its efforts to restructure large and medium-sized state enterprises. Meanwhile, the province will concentrate in developing its four pillar industries – petrochemicals, metallurgy, machinery and electronics. Liaoning is the place of origin of
12825-554: The map. The new Tiexi District now has a population of 907,091 (2014), a total area of 286 km (110 sq mi), and enjoys the same administrative rank as a municipality (Administrative Committee of Shenyang). The district is featured in a 9-hour epic documentary film West of the Tracks by a young filmmaker Wang Bing. It shows the transition in this rust belt district—a palimpsest of not only Chinese but also world history. The first factories of this place were built in 1934 by
12960-411: The minister took advantage and seized power. While this crisis happened, in 314 BC Qi invaded and in a little over several months practically conquered the country. However, due to the misconduct of Qi troops during the conquest of Yan a revolt eventually drove them away and the borders of Yan were restored. Yan's new king, King Zhao of Yan then plotted with the states of Zhao, Qin , Han and Wei for
13095-507: The modern day Shenhe District , and used to have two city walls . Situated roughly within the area bounded by the four "Shuncheng" ( 顺城 ; 'along the city') roads/streets in Shenhe District, the (now-demolished) square-shaped inner city wall marked the bounds of ancient Shenyang. The earliest wall was built in 926 during early Liao dynasty to settle Northern Song civilians the Khitans abducted from raids to use as slave labourers , and
13230-483: The most iron , magnesite , diamond , and boron deposits among all province-level subdivisions of China. Liaoning is also an important source of petroleum and natural gas . Salt is produced along the coast. Along with Liaoning's rich mineral reserves, the province also has abundant deposits of crude oil, especially in the Liaohe Oilfield . Liaoning is one of China's most important industrial bases, covering
13365-902: The new government being developed there. The district is traversed by two corridors along two major highways, one leading to the Eastern Mausoleum and the neighbouring city of Fushun , and the other leading to the airport. Launched in 1988 as the Shenyang National New and High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and elevated to a national-level zone in 1991, the Hunnan New Area ( 浑南新区 ) focuses on electronic and information technology products such as software, computers, network systems, communication equipment and audio/visual equipment; advanced manufacturing technologies, especially for automobiles, medical equipment; advanced materials and biological and pharmaceutical products. Foreign companies such as
13500-480: The newly appointed city commissioner of the Shenyang Central Guard, wrote to Hongwu Emperor immediately upon his tenure requesting permission to upgrade the city wall, and the old wall was made taller and thoroughly reinforced with overlaid bricks. According to History of Ming , the reconstructed Ming-era wall was 2.5 zhàng (8 metres or 26 feet) tall, more than 1 zhàng (3.2 metres or 10.5 feet) wide at
13635-552: The northern nomadic tribes. The currency of Yan was crafted into the shape of a knife, a form closely associated with the nomads. This form of currency might have been specially made for trade with the nomads, demonstrating the importance of commercial relations with them. The strongest opposition came from the Qi, one of the strongest states in China. A succession crisis started in Yan in 325 BC when king Zikuai symbolically resigned his throne in favor of his minister Zizhi to prove his humility;
13770-567: The old Ming-era north gate tower was preserved but sealed shut, later known as the "Ninth Gate" ( 九門 ). The outer city wall, called the "peripheral wall" ( 邊牆 ; Biān Qiáng ) or " pass wall" ( 關牆 ; Guān Qiáng ), was actually a rammed earth rampart built in 1680 to expand the urban area outside the inner city. It was almost round in shape, standing at a height of 7.5 chi (around 2.7 metres or 8 feet 10.3 inches) and an overall length of 32 li and 24 bu (about 20.7 kilometres or 12.9 miles), and also had eight towerless gates known as
13905-605: The people of Shenyang, and were not discouraged by Soviet occupation authorities from "three days of rape and pillage". The Soviets were replaced by the Republic of China Army , who were flown in on U.S. transport planes. During the Chinese Civil War , Shenyang remained a Kuomintang stronghold supplied by Claire Lee Chennault 's Civil Air Transport from 1946 to 1948, although the Chinese Communist Party controlled
14040-493: The proboscis of the bee Florinemestruis used to drink nectar from the earliest flowers. In other specimens, colours are still visible, including stripes on fish and spots on turtles. The politics of Liaoning is structured in a single party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Liaoning ( 辽宁省省长 ) is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Liaoning. However, in
14175-602: The pronunciation for Fiyanggū ( Manchu : ᡶᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡ , Chinese: 費揚武 , 1605–1643), the Manchu Prince Jian of the First Rank whose tomb was in the area. It has an area of 66 km (25 sq mi) and a population of 817,288 (2014). The district is the site of Beiling park , the large historical mausoleum of Qing dynasty emperor Huang Taiji , as well as the Liaoning Mansion Hotel. It also hosts
14310-527: The province for their original places within the next ten years. Ten years later, naturally, another edict appeared, reminding of the necessity to do something with illegal migrants ... In any event, the restrictive policy was not as effective as desired by the officials in Beijing, and Fengtian's population doubled between 1683 and 1734. During the Qing Dynasty, Manchuria was ruled by three generals, one of whom,
14445-651: The province's single party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Chinese Communist Party Liaoning Provincial Committee Secretary ( 辽宁省委书记 for short), colloquially termed the "Liaoning Party Chief". Prior to 1949 and the Chinese Communist Revolution , Liaoning was governed by the Fengtian clique of warlords and interchangeably officials of the Chiang Kai-shek bureaucracy. During
14580-632: The rest of Northeast China, and the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo . After the Japanese surrender in 1945, Shenyang remained a stronghold of the Kuomintang until its capture by the Communists in 1948 following the Liaoshen campaign . Together with its surrounding cities, Shenyang is an important industrial center in China, and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast—particularly involved in links with Japan, Russia, and Korea. A center of heavy industry in China since
14715-515: The rulers of the Yan. In the 11th century BC, Yan's capital was based in what is now Liulihe Township , Fangshan District , Beijing , where a large walled settlement and over 200 tombs of nobility have been unearthed. Among the most significant artifacts from the Liulihe Site is a bronze ding with inscriptions that recount the journey of the eldest son of the Duke of Yan, who delivered offerings to
14850-528: The rural counties, the Xinmin County was upgraded to a county-level city in 1993, and the Liaozhong County was incorporated into a new suburban district in 2016 as part of the provincial/national development plan . As a result, Shenyang now officially has direct jurisdiction over 10 city districts , 1 satellite city and 2 rural counties : The Shenhe District ( 沈河区 ; 'Shen River district')
14985-609: The sea, and in products made for domestic and international export. The cities of Dalian , Dandong and Yingkou have been developed as major ports and economic gateways to all of northeast China . Of the development zones formally recognized by the PRC State Council, 56 are located in Liaoning, including 14 on the national level and 42 on the provincial level. These zones are further grouped into Economic Development Zones, High-Tech Zones, Free Trade and Export Processing Zones, and Special Development Zones. In October 1995,
15120-676: The seat of the Provincial Government of Liaoning. The Tiexi District ( 铁西区 ; 'railway's west district') is the most populous district and makes up the western part of the inner city, west of the South Manchurian Railway (hence the district's name) and south of the Jingshen Railway , and is famous for its heavy industry . This mixed-use district also contains large blocks of residential complexes, so as well as strips of small to medium-sized shopping districts. It previously had only an area of 39 km (15 sq mi) and
15255-485: The southern side of the city. According to Chinese naming tradition, a river's north bank and a mountain's south slope are angled more towards direct sunlight and thus are considered the "sunny", or "yang", side. Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8000 years ago. The remains of the Xinle culture , a late Neolithic period society over 6800–7200 years old, are located in
15390-547: The strongest states in China. During the Warring States period from the 5th to 3rd centuries BC, Yan was one of the last states to be conquered by the armies of Qin Shihuang : Yan fell in 222 BC, the year before the declaration of the Qin Empire . Yan experienced a brief period of independence after the collapse of the Qin dynasty in 207 BC, but it was eventually absorbed by the victorious Han . During its height, Yan stretched from
15525-499: The surrounding countryside. By February 1948 the city was suffering from drastic shortages, and by the summer 140,000 refugees per month were fleeing. It was captured by the People's Liberation Army on October 30, 1948, following a series of offensives led by Lin Biao known as the Liaoshen Campaign . Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang managed to grow and increase its industrial might during consecutive wars with Russia and Japan in
15660-544: The temple for the North Pagoda is well preserved, the East and South has only the pagodas left, and the temple for the West Pagoda was rebuilt in 1998. Both the Temple of Heaven and Temple of Earth were also to be found in the old city during the Qing dynasty . They were smaller replicas of Beijing's counterparts. Neither exists today. Shenyang ranges in latitude from 41° 11' to 43° 02' N and in longitude from 122° 25' to 123° 48' E, and
15795-496: The top, and 9 li and 30 bu (about 5.2 kilometres or 3.2 miles) long. It has two layers of moats dug outside, each being 3 zhàng (9.6 metres or 31.5 feet) wide and 8 chi (2.56 metres or 8 feet 4.8 inches) deep, fed with water from the Little Shen River (the present day South Canal). There were four city gates , each at the center of one side, connected by two main roads that intersected at Central Temple of
15930-511: The urban area is 45 m (148 ft). The city's main urban area is located to the north of Hun River , formerly the largest tributary of the Liao River proper and often locally referred as the city's "mother river". The central urban area is surrounded by three artificial rivers — respectively the South Canal ( 南运河 ) from the south and southeast, the Xinkai River ( 新开河 , formerly
16065-492: The wall to be rebuilt. According to Annals of Mukden ( 盛京通志 ), the new city wall was a standard black brick wall standing at a height of 3.5 zhàng (about 12.5 metres or 41.0 feet), a width of 1.8 zhàng (about 6.4 metres or 21.0 feet) and a total length of 9 li and 332 bu (about 6.4 kilometres or 4.0 miles), complete with 12 towers (8 gates and 4 corners) and a widened 14.5- zhàng (about 52-metre or 171-foot) moat. The city gates were increased from four to eight, though
16200-455: The west between Zhao and Yan became the area in which their armies often clashed. Despite this, the war between Zhao and Yan usually dragged on into a stalemate, requiring the help of other kingdoms to conclude. At the turn of the 3rd century BC, General Qin Kai launched a series of campaigns against the Donghu and Gojoseon , expanding the kingdom's frontiers nearly one thousand kilometers east to northwestern Korean Peninsula . A Great Wall
16335-634: The world, as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to several major universities , notably Northeastern University and Liaoning University , listed as prestigious universities in the Double First-Class Construction . Shenyang literally means "the yang side of the Shen River" and refers to the location of the Hun River (formerly called the Shen River, 瀋水 ; Shěn Shuǐ ), on
16470-643: Was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty . Its capital was Ji (later known as Yanjing and now Beijing ). During the Warring States period, the court was also moved to another capital at Xiadu at times. The history of Yan began in the Western Zhou in the early first millennium BC. After the authority of the Zhou king declined during the Spring and Autumn period in the 8th century BC, Yan survived and became one of
16605-425: Was approved to be a national-level development zone in 1991. It has a total area of 35.6 square kilometres (13.7 sq mi). It focuses on and encourages the following industries: electronic information, bio-pharmaceuticals, and new materials. The Dandong Border Economic Corporation Zone was approved to be a national-level development zone in 1992. It is located in the bank of Yalu River, and opposite Sinuiju ,
16740-454: Was approved to be established by the state government in June 2005. It is located in the national-level Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone, with a planned area of 62 km (24 sq mi) and current area of 14.1 km (5.4 sq mi). It encourages and focuses on the development of auto and auto parts, electronics, precision machinery, new energy, new materials, and
16875-623: Was blown up on 4 June 1928 at a Japanese-guarded railway bridge. At the time, several factories were built by Zhang to manufacture ammunition in the northern and eastern suburbs. These factories laid the foundation for Shenyang's industrial development. At around 10:20 pm on 18 September 1931, a small quantity of dynamite was detonated close to a railway line near Mukden owned by the Japanese South Manchuria Railway Company by Kwantung Army Lt. Kawamoto Suemori. The Imperial Japanese Army , accusing Chinese dissidents of
17010-504: Was constructed on Yan's new northern borders, and five commanderies , Shanggu , Yuyang , Youbeiping , Liaoxi and Liaodong , were subsequently established for the defense against the Donghu. The Central Plains states seemed to hold Yan culture and other peripheral states like Qin in low regard. Archaeological discoveries in the state of Yan have uncovered ornaments that, while inscribed with Chinese writing, were close in style to that of
17145-478: Was defeated by Cao Wei in 238. The state, also known as Yan , conducted numerous maritime diplomatic and trade expeditions, and had a lasting influence on Northeast Asian culture despite being short-lived. After the end of Western Jin dynasty, Liaoning was ruled by Xianbei states of the Murong tribe – Former Yan , Later Yan , and Northern Yan . In 436, as Northern Wei seized the Yan capital, Liaodong Peninsula
17280-563: Was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden. After the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan coerced the annexation of the Liaodong Peninsula with the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, but had to give it up due to diplomatic pressure from the 1895 Triple Intervention . In the aftermath of the Japanese threat, Qing viceroy Li Hongzhang visited Moscow in 1896 and signed
17415-451: Was located outside of the Liaodong Wall in the eastern part of the modern Liaoning Province. It was moved to Dongjing (east of today's Liaoyang , Liaoning), and finally in 1625 to Shengjing (now, Shenyang , Liaoning). Although the main Qing capital was moved from Shengjing to Beijing after it fell to the Qing in 1644, Shengjing retained its importance as a regional capital throughout most of
17550-618: Was subsequently relocated from Shenyang to Beijing . However, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and spiritual home of the Qing dynasty through the centuries. Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture ( 奉天府 ; Fèngtiān Fǔ ; Manchu : ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡠ , Möllendorff : abkai imiyangga fu , Abkai : abkai imiyangga fu or Manchu : ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ , Möllendorff : fung tiyian , Abkai : fung tiyian )
17685-722: Was taken over by Goguryeo . The Tang dynasty annexed the region during the Goguryeo–Tang War . However, when the An Lushan Rebellion drained Tang's resources away from its frontiers, Bohai gradually expanded into Liaodong. Eventually, Liaoning was conquered by the Khitan Liao dynasty , followed by the Jurchen Jin dynasty and the Mongol Empire . The Ming Empire took control of Liaoning in 1371, just three years after
17820-601: Was the largest battle since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, and also the largest modern-era battle ever fought in Asia before World War II . Following this Japanese victory, Mukden became one of the chief bases of Japanese presence and economic expansion into southern Manchuria . It also became the government seat of Fengtian province in 1910. Mukden became one of the main epicenters of the Manchurian plague (1910—1911), which ultimately resulted in approximately 60,000 deaths. In 1914,
17955-439: Was the region with the highest GDP growth among global G8x8 , the eight provinces or states below national level with the highest GDP of the top eight GDP nations. According to preliminary statistics, Liaoning maintained its GDP growth rate of 13.1 percent in 2009 and held its position as the province with the highest economic growth. Economic growth has since slowed down, with the economy expanding 3% in 2015 and contracting 1.3% in
18090-450: Was then made of rammed earth because the city was merely a small settlement at the time (historically the administrative center of the Liaodong region was at Liaoyang ). However, in 1368, Hongwu Emperor of the newly founded Ming dynasty ordered a new regional military command—the Liaodong Regional Military Commission ( 遼東都指揮使司 )—to be established, and Shenyang was made a prominent regional "guard town" ( 衛所 ). In 1388, Min Zhong ( 閔忠 ),
18225-420: Was used until 1933. In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls. The Shenyang Railway Station on the South Manchurian Railway and the Shenyang North Railway Station on the Jingfeng Railway , both west of the old city, became the new commercial centers of Shenyang. In the 1920s, Mukden was the capital of the warlord Zhang Zuolin , who was later assassinated when his train
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