107-556: Li Keqiang ( Chinese : 李克强 ; pinyin : Lǐ Kèqiáng ; 3 July 1955 – 27 October 2023) was a Chinese economist and politician who served as the 7th premier of China from 2013 to 2023. He was also the second-ranked member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 2012 to 2022. Li was a major part of the " fifth generation of Chinese leadership " along with Xi Jinping ,
214-543: A Master of Economics and a Doctor of Philosophy in Economics from Peking University in 1995. At the invitation of Li Yining, Li Keqiang's doctoral dissertation review committee was composed of well-known Chinese economists and researchers. Because of the high academic rigor of the committee, Li Keqiang postponed the defense of his dissertation by half a year. Described as being able to "withstand any kind of inspection" by his doctoral advisor, Li Keqiang's doctoral dissertation, "On
321-403: A "decisive" role in the allocation of resources, ostensibly looking to decrease government regulation on the free market. In early 2014, Li said that local governments were still ineffective at following the central government's reform directives, and that some governments meddle in affairs they shouldn't be involved in, and some don't pay attention to things they should be doing. Li emphasized that
428-570: A bid to resolve border disputes and to stimulate economic relations. He said the choice of India as the first international visit highlights Chinese importance in its relations with the country. During prime minister Narendra Modi's visit to China in 2015, Li and Modi took a selfie together at the Temple of Heaven . During his visit to Pakistan, Li met with the country's top leadership and expressed his views: "As Pakistan's closest friend and brother, we would like to provide as much assistance as we can for
535-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓ ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏ ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of
642-608: A consultative body to the CYLC. The All-China Youth Federation is also an umbrella organization which includes the Young Pioneers of China , among other youth-focused groups. The CYLC is also the parent entity of other youth-related projects, such as the China Youth Development Fund . The CYLC supervises university student societies through one of its departments. The CYLC operates a dating platform in an effort to boost
749-776: A contributing factor. SCMP reported that he had also undergone coronary artery bypass surgery . Li's remains were flown to Beijing on 27 October. On 2 November, a memorial ceremony was held at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery and he was cremated. Attendees of the ceremony included Xi Jinping, his wife Peng Liyuan , Premier Li Qiang , all other members of the 20th Politburo Standing Committee , and Vice President Han Zheng . According to state media, former leader Hu Jintao sent flowers and did not attend. National flags were flown at half-mast at Chinese government buildings, diplomatic missions, and in Hong Kong and Macau. Li
856-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst
963-438: A critical historical inflection point where a fundamental shift in the structure of the economy must take place in order for the country to continue its path of growth. Li particularly emphasized the need to boost domestic consumption , and emphasized the importance of continued urbanization. Li also emphasized that China should be moving towards a more middle class-oriented society with an "olive"-shaped wealth distribution , with
1070-790: A database known as Smart League Building. As of 2020 , CYLC members outside of China are required to "regularly report personal situations" while abroad. By the end of 2023, the CYLC had 74.167 million members and 4.316 million organizations throughout China. Among them, there were 3,000 local committees, 193,000 grassroot committees, 1.905 million organizations at schools with 38.245 million members, 910 thousand enterprise organizations with 7.21 million members, 360 thousand government organizations with 4.419 million members, 942 thousand organizations at subdistricts , townships , communities, and administrative villages with 21.737 million members, and 199 thousand organizations in social organizations and other fields with 2.556 million members. CYLC's newspaper
1177-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as
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#17328475791681284-728: A heart attack, after leaving office just a few months prior. Li Keqiang was born on 3 July 1955 in Dingyuan County of Hefei , Anhui province. His father was a local official in Anhui. Li graduated from Hefei No. 8 Senior High School in 1974, during the Cultural Revolution , and was sent for rural labour in an agriculture commune in Fengyang County, Anhui . There, he joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1976 and became
1391-599: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as
1498-514: A number of top echelon leaders of the CCP-led government of the People's Republic of China. The proliferation of leaders with a Youth League background has led to the informal name " Tuanpai " (abbreviation for "Youth League faction") being used to describe certain members of the leadership at different times. The first "Youth League faction" was represented by Hu Yaobang . The second "Youth League faction"
1605-568: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),
1712-514: A public sense of his "bad luck" grew due to the occurrence of three major fires in the province. Li was known to be outspoken and led economic development in Henan, transforming the poor inland region into an attractive area for investment. He trekked through all regions of the province trying to search for a comprehensive solution to its growing problems. In December 2002, the Central Committee of
1819-544: A senior citizen applying for welfare benefits being forced by government employees to provide proof that "they are still alive." Regarding the latter two incidents, Li said, "this is not a joke, it's all real!" From January 2020, Li was in charge of the Chinese government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic . On 27 January, Li visited Wuhan , the original epicenter of the pandemic, to direct outbreak prevention work. Li Keqiang made his first foreign visit to India on 18 May 2013 in
1926-599: A total of 1,500 representatives to the CYLC National Congress, which is held every five years. The National Congress in turn elects the CYLC Central Committee, which is composed of 200 representatives and 120 alternates. Smaller CYLC congresses and committee plenums are also held. The CYLC directly manages the All-China Youth Federation . The All-China Youth Federation in turn serves as
2033-469: A well-known British-educated expert on Western political systems. Together with his classmates, he translated important legal works from English to Chinese, including Lord Denning 's book The Due Process of Law . He received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1982. In 1982, Li became the Communist Youth League of China (CYLC) Committee Secretary at Peking University. He entered the top leadership of
2140-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌 'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊ 'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,
2247-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with
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#17328475791682354-562: Is just repeat the same old bureaucratic, stereotypical talk". Political commentators have noted that the diminishing of the Tuanpai curtailed the influence of former paramount leader Hu Jintao, solidifying Xi's own political faction. Following Xi's more critical stance of the CYLC, its membership has decreased. CYLC's budget was cut, dropping from around 700 million yuan ($ 96 million) in 2012 to 260 million yuan ($ 40 million) in 2021, while its membership dropped from 90 million to 74 million in
2461-462: Is more often than not bigger than two." In February 2010, Li gave a speech to ministerial and provincial-level leaders about the importance of changing the economic structure of the country in order to be better poised for future growth. The speech was published with minor omissions in the 1 June issue of Qiushi , the Communist Party's political theory publication. Li said that China had come to
2568-809: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at
2675-609: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c. 100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to
2782-463: Is represented by Hu Jintao . While there is no direct political lineage between the two Hus, Hu Jintao's administration formally elevated the memory of the earlier Hu. In 2005, the 90th anniversary of Hu Yaobang's birth, a new museum and a series of commemorative books and television programs were launched. During the Hu Jintao era, CYLC membership expanded as the organization recruited broadly. During
2889-608: Is the China Youth Daily . As it lost political influence under Xi, CYLC has started to increase its presence on social media, appealing to nationalism and attacking foreign brands in China accused of misbehavior. The social media accounts of the CYLC have engaged in harassment of foreign journalists, including during the 2021 Henan floods when the Communist Youth League asked its social media followers to locate and report
2996-540: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,
3103-587: The 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the CYLC mobilized 1.7 million volunteers to assist with the Olympics. The death of the son of Ling Jihua and Gu Liping, a couple associated with the Communist Youth League, may have tarnished the reputation of the organization as a path to power. Current CCP general secretary Xi Jinping has sought to reduce the prominence of the CCP's youth wing, stating that "All they [cadres] can do
3210-503: The CCP general secretary . Born in Hefei , Anhui province, in 1955, Li initially rose through the ranks of Chinese politics through his involvement in the Communist Youth League of China (CYLC), serving as its first secretary from 1993 to 1998. From 1998 to 2004, Li served as the governor of Henan and the province's party secretary . From 2004 to 2007 he served as the party secretary of Liaoning ,
3317-656: The Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of
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3424-473: The country's fertility rate . The CYLC's offices and staff salaries are paid for with government funding. Its employees are public servants who must pass the examinations required of public servants. CYLC collects membership dues on a sliding scale depending on a member's salary. Officially defined as a "reserve force" for the CCP, the CYLC's purpose is to recruit and train young people who may become future party members and officials. In addition to
3531-463: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Communist Youth League of China The Communist Youth League of China ( CYLC ; also known as the Young Communist League of China or simply the Communist Youth League or CYL ) is a people's organization of the People's Republic of China for youth between
3638-456: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across
3745-476: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3
3852-508: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of
3959-848: The CCP, and therefore became a unified organization in China. In the 3rd National Congress in January 1925, the Chinese Socialist Youth League was renamed as the Chinese Communist Youth League. After the Second Sino-Japanese War , in order to adapt to the new social and political situation, it was officially renamed as the Chinese New Democracy Youth League in April 1949. Later in May 1957, its name as
4066-444: The CYLC and make it more "responsive", the CYLC diversified its activities, beginning to organize classes for CCP applicants and hosting leisure activities in addition to the CYLC's political activities. Along with university student unions, the CYLC began hosting on-campus cultural activities like singing, poetry, and sports competitions. In 1989, the CYLC's central body organized a national "challenge cup" science competition, which
4173-480: The CYLC members it trains for future involvement in the party, the CYLC employs young party cadre who lead the organization, providing them with experience for subsequent leadership roles in other aspects of the party-state. Joining the league is relatively easy. Prospective members must submit an application statement and be approved by the local branch, which do not typically take a highly selective stance. All CYLC members and their personal details are tracked in
4280-672: The China Youth Development Foundation's Project Hope , which focuses on educational assistance to primary school children in China's least developed regions. In 2003, the CYLC started the “plan for university graduates voluntary service to the West” ( daxuesheng zhiyuan fuwu xibu jihua , 大学生志愿服务 西部计划) as part of its effort to promote volunteer service. If accepted into the program after passing an exam, university graduates work for three years in underdeveloped parts of western China . The Communist Youth League has contributed
4387-587: The Chinese Communist Party decided to appoint Li Keqiang to replace Chen Kuiyuan as the Secretary of the Henan Provincial Party Committee , and left his post as governor in 2003. Henan jumped in national GDP rankings from 28th in the early 1990s to 18th in 2004, when Li left Henan. However, his government was relatively ineffective at curbing the HIV/AIDS epidemic that was affecting the rural areas of
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4494-489: The Chinese Communist Youth League was resumed, historically combining the congresses of all three leagues (the Chinese Socialist Youth League, the Chinese Communist Youth League as well as the Chinese New Democracy Youth League). Prior to the Cultural Revolution , the CYLC was a major mass organization which had an important role in political mobilization and implementing party-state policies. During
4601-589: The Chinese far west. As vice premier, Li was instrumental in pushing through an economic stimulus program in 2008, which was aimed for the economy to rebound from the Sichuan earthquake as well as the Great Recession . Li's appeared at the 2010 World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland, where he presented China's long-term vision for development in front of world business and political leaders. In particular, Li briefed
4708-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components
4815-549: The Chinese government's shifting of priorities from export-led growth to a greater focus on internal consumption. During his term Li headed the State Council and was one of the leading figures behind China's Financial and Economic Affairs , Foreign Affairs , National Security and Deepening Reforms . Additionally, Li and his cabinet initiated the Made in China 2025 strategic plan in May 2015. Given his Youth League experience, Li
4922-572: The Cultural Revolution, the CYLC was accused of revisionism and stopped operating in 1966. Various local CYLC operations began resuming after the end of the Cultural Revolution and the CYLC was resumed national operations in 1978. Following the Mao era, the CYLC has been a major path to CCP membership. This became especially true after the 1982 establishment of the "Recommendation of Outstanding CYL Members" system, which emphasized that those under
5029-486: The NPC appointed Zhang Gaoli , Liu Yandong , Wang Yang , and Ma Kai as vice premiers following their respective nominations from Li Keqiang. He gave his first major speech 17 March at the conclusion of the NPC, calling for frugality in government, a fairer distribution of income and continued economic reform. Li focused his attention on China to move towards a consumption based economy instead of relying on export led growth. Li
5136-517: The National People's Congress , who ranked second. On 15 March 2013, Li Keqiang was elected by the 1st Session of the 12th National People's Congress (NPC) as premier, succeeding Wen Jiabao. Of the nearly 3,000 legislators assembled at the Congress, 2,940 voted for him, three against, and six abstained. At the same Congress, Party general secretary Xi Jinping was elected President . On 16 March,
5243-634: The Pakistani side". Li also visited Switzerland and Germany on his first Europe trip, and met with the two countries' leaders. United States lieutenant general H. R. McMaster wrote of Li that, "If anyone in the American group had any doubts about China's view of its relationship with the United States, Li's monologue would have removed them. He began with the observation that China, having already developed its industrial and technological base, no longer needed
5350-522: The Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (上海中医药大学附属曙光医院) in Pudong at 00:10 CST on 27 October 2023 at the age of 68 after a heart attack the previous day. The South China Morning Post (SCMP) reported that the heart attack occurred as he swam at Shanghai's Dongjiao State Guest Hotel. The Standard reported that long-term use of anti-rejection drugs following a liver transplant were
5457-517: The United States." There has been speculation that Li may have been sidelined by Xi Jinping's consolidation of power, with some calling him the "weakest premier" since the CCP took power in 1949. At the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee held in the fall of 2013, the CCP announced far-reaching economic and social reforms. However, the document outlining the reforms was drafted under the leadership of Xi, Liu Yunshan and Zhang Gaoli , and Li
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#17328475791685564-497: The WEF on China's commitment to sustainable development , green energy , decreasing the income gap and modernizing key strategic industries . While reiterating China's commitment to peaceful development and its focus in increasing domestic demand in the face of external pressures during the global financial crisis, Li also warned against protectionism , saying "opening up can be both bilateral and multilateral... in this sense, one plus one
5671-405: The age of 28 who wish to join the CCP should be recommended by the CYLC. In 1988, reformist Chinese policymakers proposed a project to loosen CCP control of the CYLC and make the organization more independent. However, CCP leadership set aside the reform proposal following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre . Also in the late 1980s and in an attempt to increase the relevance of
5778-422: The ages of 14 and 28, run by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The league is organized on the party pattern. Its leader is its First Secretary, who is an alternate member of the Central Committee of the CCP. The incumbent First Secretary is A Dong , appointed in May 2023. The Communist Youth League is also responsible for guiding the activities of the Young Pioneers (for children below the age of 14). CYLC
5885-508: The central leadership ranks in Beijing. This rank order ostensibly signaled that it would be Xi, not Li, who would eventually succeed Hu as party general secretary and president. At the 1st Session of the 11th National People's Congress , Li was elected as the first-ranking vice premier, reinforcing the speculation that Li would become premier and was being groomed to succeed Premier Wen Jiabao . Li's portfolio as vice premier included economic development, government budgets, land and resources,
5992-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between
6099-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant
6206-406: The contact), and the government official overseeing the matter asked the citizen to provide a notarized document to "prove your mom is your mom." Li called this incident "absolutely preposterous". In another case, he referred to a grassroots civil servant who asked for proof that a one-year old does not have a criminal record in order to deliver a government service. In yet another case, Li referred to
6313-465: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from
6420-472: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see
6527-557: The economic realm normally handled by the premier, and was seen as having the effect of reducing Li's institutional power. However, Li appeared in official press releases as Xi's foremost lieutenant, being named Vice Chairman of the National Security Commission, in addition to becoming the deputy leader of leading groups on "deepening reforms", internet security, and the economy and finance . On 11 March 2022, Li confirmed that he would be stepping down as premier of China upon
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#17328475791686634-595: The environment, and health. He also became the head of central commissions overseeing the Three Gorges Dam and the South–North Water Transfer Project , as well as the leader of steering committees in charge of health care reform, food safety, and AIDS-related work. In addition, Li was the principal lieutenant to premier Wen Jiabao in the broad portfolios of climate change, energy, information technology, northeastern China revitalization, and developing
6741-509: The event resulted in the Hong Kong 818 incident , an event that caused controversy in the territory. Li was elevated to the number two spot on the PSC at the 18th CCP National Congress held in the fall of 2012. As he was expected to become premier, this was a shift from previous convention on the PSC set in 1997 whereby the premier ranked third, after the chairman of the Standing Committee of
6848-631: The expiry of his second term in March 2023. However, there was speculation that he might continue serving as CCP Politburo Standing Committee member in another post, such as the chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee , which were ultimately without foundation. During the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in October 2022, Li stepped down from the CCP Central Committee. Li's term officially ended on 11 March 2023, and he
6955-1880: The first anthem of CYLC was composed. (Guāngróng a! Zhōngguó gòngqīngtuán) 我们 ( Wǒmen ) 是 ( shì ) 五 ( wǔ ) 月 ( yuè ) 的 ( de ) 花 ( huā ) 海 ( hǎi, ) ， 用 ( Yòng ) 青春 ( qīngchūn ) 拥抱 ( yǒngbào ) 时代 ( shídài; ) ; 我们 ( Wǒmen ) 是 ( shì ) 初 ( chū ) 升 ( shēng ) 的 ( de ) 太阳 ( tàiyáng, ) ， 用 ( Yòng ) 生命 ( shēngmìng ) 点燃 ( diǎnrán ) 未来 ( wèilái. ) 。 五四 ( Wǔsì ) 的 ( de ) 火炬 ( huǒjù, ) ， 唤起了 ( Huànqǐle ) 民族 ( mínzú ) 的 ( de ) 觉醒 ( juéxǐng. ) 。 壮丽 ( Zhuànglì ) 的 ( de ) 事业 ( shìyè, ) ， 激励着 ( Jīlìzhe ) 我们 ( wǒmen ) 继往开来 ( jìwǎngkāilái. ) 。 光荣啊 ( Guāngróng a, ) ， 中国 ( zhōngguó ) 共青团 ( gòngqīngtuán, ) ， 光荣啊 ( Guāngróng a, ) ， 中国 ( zhōngguó ) 共青团 ( gòngqīngtuán. ) 。 母亲 ( Mǔqīn ) 用 ( yòng ) 共产 ( gòngchǎn ) 主义 ( zhǔyì ) 为 ( wèi ) 我们 ( wǒmen ) 命名 ( mìngmíng, ) ， 我们 ( Wǒmen ) 开 ( kāi ) 创新 ( chuàngxīn ) 的 ( de ) 世界 ( shìjiè. ) 。 We are
7062-616: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over
7169-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including
7276-429: The first time since 1989. Li's government then responded with tax cuts for small businesses, renovation projects of poor urban areas, and another round of rail construction, particularly focused on the country's interior. After the announcement of comprehensive reforms at the Third Plenum in 2013, Li became a leading figure of the government's reform implementation efforts. The Third Plenum called for market forces to play
7383-465: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility
7490-406: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during
7597-445: The grassroots level. He stated his belief that many lower-level officials fail to provide services to the public in an effective manner. Regarding his disdain for the matter, Li's many quotable anecdotes have become viral. Li referred to a case in which a citizen filling out a form to travel overseas (normal in the PRC) had to write down an emergency contact (the citizen put down their mother as
7704-479: The hands of Xi as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. Following the Third Plenum of 2013, Xi amassed a series of leadership roles on four new powerful supra-ministerial bodies overseeing " comprehensively deepening reforms ", the internet , military reform , and also the National Security Commission . The "deepening reforms" leading group was said to be encroaching on the affairs in
7811-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d. 782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what
7918-477: The investment bank Barclays Capital . Likonomics consisted of a three-prong approach that included the across-the-board reduction of debt, an end to massive stimulus practices of the Wen Jiabao government, and structural reforms. However, by 2014, global economic pressures and a decrease in demand of Chinese exports led to lower than expected economic growth rates. Year-on-year GDP growth amounted to less than 7.5% for
8025-459: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d. 208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,
8132-450: The location of a BBC News journalist on assignment covering the story. They also accused foreign reporters in general of slandering China with their reporting about the floods. CYLC has also spread COVID-19 disinformation and attacked Chinese dissidents . In 2022, the CYLC's social media account exclaimed that "[e]xtreme feminism has become a poisonous tumour on the Internet." In 1987,
8239-540: The majority of the country's population and wealth belonging to the middle class. He also reiterated the importance of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization in China in order to improve its competitiveness , food security , energy security , affordable housing , and healthcare . In August 2011, Li went on an official visit to Hong Kong, including a trip to the University of Hong Kong . The political sensitivities and heightened security surrounding
8346-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,
8453-494: The national CYLC in 1983 as an alternate member of CYLC Central Committee's Secretariat, and worked closely with future Party General Secretary Hu Jintao , who also rose through the ranks of the CYLC. He was appointed as a secretary of the CYLC Secretariat in 1985. In 1988, he returned to Peking University for graduate studies. He studied economics under prominent economist Li Yining , who was his doctoral advisor. He received
8560-535: The often unreliable official provincial GDP numbers, which were often artificially inflated, and thus serve as a better indicator of economic health. Instead of gathering data on total economic output alone, Li used railway cargo volume, electricity consumption, and total loans disbursed by banks to keep tabs on the economy. Li joined the CCP Politburo Standing Committee after the 17th Party Congress held in October 2007 as its 7th-ranking member. He
8667-543: The organization as the "party's loyal assistant and reliable reserve force." The CYLC is active at every political level of China, and most active in social structures which include many young people like schools and universities. By the end of 2002, there were approximately 210,000 committee members of fundamental organizations. 2021 estimates put the number of Youth League members at over 81 million. CYLC local groups (including those which are associated with institutions like universities or state-owned enterprises ) send
8774-449: The party head of the local production team . He was awarded the honor of Outstanding Individual in the Study of Mao Zedong Thought during this time. Li refused his father's offer of grooming him for the local county's party leadership and entered Peking University Law School in 1978, where he became the president of the university's student council. He studied under Professor Gong Xiangrui,
8881-422: The previous administration, namely the large abundance of non-performing loans that many of the giant infrastructure projects the country had embarked on since the global financial crisis was overloaded with crushing debt, lower than expected revenues, and the increasingly large wealth gap . Under these circumstances, Li was said to have responded with what became known as "Likonomics", a term coined by economists at
8988-562: The province. Li was transferred to work as the Party secretary of Liaoning in December 2004. There he was known for the "Five Points and One Line" project, where he linked Dalian , Dandong , and a series of other ports into a comprehensive network to improve trade flow. During his leadership in Liaoning, Li designed the " Li Keqiang index ", an unconventional economic indicator that aimed to bypass
9095-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted
9202-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on
9309-626: The same period. Xi effectively closed the Central School of China Communist Youth League, folding it into the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences . He also effectively demoted Qin Yizhi , first secretary of the CYLC in 2017. During the Xi-era, the CYLC's rule that non-cadre over the age of 28 must leave the organization has been more strictly enforced. At the CYLC's centennial in May 2022, Xi described
9416-476: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted
9523-461: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊
9630-424: The success of reforms came down to "execution and implementation", and criticized local governments for failing to act in support of reforms. Li encouraged the policy of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", which sought to explore new avenues of economic growth, such as e-commerce , at a time when traditional models appeared to lose momentum. Li was critical of unnecessary government bureaucracy, particularly at
9737-522: The ternary structure of Chinese economy", published in 1991, was awarded the Sun Yefang Prize, China's highest prize in economics, in 1996. Li became the CYLC's first secretary in 1993 and served in that role until 1998. In 1993, Li proposed the CYLC's Youth Volunteers Operation, which recruits and channels volunteers intro educational, social, and environmental projects. It is regarded as an important achievement of his tenure as CYLC first secretary. Li
9844-414: The top political office in the province. From 2008 to 2013, Li served as the first-ranked vice premier under then-premier Wen Jiabao , overseeing a broad portfolio which included economic development , price controls , finance, climate change , and macroeconomic management. Initially seen as a candidate for becoming the paramount leader , Li instead assumed the post of premier in 2013, and facilitated
9951-427: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to
10058-817: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes
10165-516: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of
10272-646: Was a representative member of the first generation to have risen from the CYLC leadership. In 1997, he became a full member of the CCP Central Committee . Li became the youngest Chinese provincial governor in June 1998 when he was appointed governor of Henan at the age of 43. He also became Henan's Deputy Communist Party Secretary . According to provincial officials working with him at the time, Li refused to participate in any banquets or large fancy events not related to government activities. During his time as governor,
10379-461: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by
10486-678: Was described as representing the less ideological and more pragmatic and technocratic side of China's leadership. In August 2022, Li gave a speech in Shenzhen praising Deng Xiaoping and his economic reforms, which was later censored by the Chinese government. Wang Juntao , a Chinese dissident and former colleague of Li during his studies at the Peking University , said that Li was "very interested" in political reform. Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write
10593-498: Was generally considered a political ally of former leader Hu Jintao and a member of the Tuanpai faction. Economically seen as advocating reform and liberalization, Li has been described as representing the more pragmatic and technocratic side of China's leadership. Li stepped down from the Politburo Standing Committee in October 2022 and was succeeded as premier by Li Qiang in March 2023. Li died in October 2023 from
10700-542: Was historically seen as a vehicle that could promote the future careers of CCP officials, with these officials being collectively named the Tuanpai , also known as the Youth League Faction. Though prominent Youth League officials have held important posts within the CCP, most notably CCP general secretary Hu Jintao , the influence of the CYLC has decreased under CCP general secretary Xi Jinping . Founded in May 1920, it
10807-509: Was later also adopted by various universities. After the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, community service activities expanded in the 1990s. In 1993, the CYLC started The Young Volunteers Operation. Through this program, the CYLC has channeled millions of volunteers into poverty alleviation, educational assistance, and environmental protection projects. The CYLC has also mobilized university student volunteers to participate in
10914-612: Was married to Cheng Hong , a professor in English Language and Literature (especially American Naturalism) at the Capital University of Economics and Business in Beijing. His father-in-law was once the deputy secretary of the Communist Youth League Central Committee. Alongside Mandarin, he also spoke conversational English. Li was generally regarded as advocating economic reform and liberalization. He
11021-563: Was originally named as the Socialist Youth League of China . While the CCP was officially established in July 1921, the Chinese Socialist Youth League was organized prior to the CCP's establishment. In May 1922, the 1st National Congress ( simplified Chinese : 全国代表大会 ; traditional Chinese : 全國代表大會 ; pinyin : Quánguó Dàibiǎo Dàhuì ) of the League was held under the leadership of
11128-399: Was ostensibly not involved in preparing the document. This departure from convention (Wen Jiabao was the principal drafter of documents behind the reforms announced at the Third Plenum of 2003) led to speculation that Li was becoming marginalized in the new administration, and that the widely touted " Xi–Li Administration " in fact did not exist, as power was increasingly being centralized under
11235-490: Was ranked 14th of the 2013 Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People , after taking the office of Chinese premier. On 18 March 2018, Li was reappointed premier of China after receiving 2,964 votes in favour and just two against by the NPC. Li was a firm believer in the use of robust economic data to aid in government decision making. When Li initially entered office, China was facing numerous structural problems inherited from
11342-575: Was succeeded by Li Qiang , a close ally of Xi. Although it was excluded from the official transcript, his farewell speech included the remark: "While people work, heaven watches. It looks like that heaven has eyes." After Li stepped down as Premier in March 2023, he has visited Mogao Caves in Gansu in August 2023, which is his first public appearance after his retirement and last public appearance before his death. Li Keqiang died at Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to
11449-504: Was succeeded in his Liaoning party secretary post by governor Zhang Wenyue . Given his Youth League experience and his association with then paramount leader Hu Jintao , Li was viewed from early on in Hu's term as a contender to succeed Hu when his term as party leader ended in 2012. While Li's political future seemed promising, he was outranked on the Standing Committee by Xi Jinping , who had just left his role as party secretary of Shanghai to join
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