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90-720: Early construction began in 1625 by Nurhaci , the founder of the Later Jin dynasty . By 1631, additional structures were added during the reign of Nurhaci's successor, Hong Taiji . The Mukden Palace was built to resemble the Forbidden City in Beijing . However, the palace also exhibits hints of Manchu and Tibetan architectural styles. After the Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty in 1644 in Beijing,

180-612: A Korean official and scholar, contradicting Qing texts which says his clan is Giolca. The Qing texts said Dahau's family lived near Fushun in the Giolca region. In 1606, he was granted the title of Kundulun Khan by the Mongols. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan and founded the Jin dynasty ( aisin gurun ), often called the Later Jin in reference to the legacy of the earlier Jurchen Jin dynasty of

270-415: A Korean official and scholar, contradicting Qing texts which says his clan is Giolca. The Qing texts said Dahau's family lived near Fushun in the Giolca region. In 1606, he was granted the title of Kundulun Khan by the Mongols. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan and founded the Jin dynasty ( aisin gurun ), often called the Later Jin in reference to the legacy of the earlier Jurchen Jin dynasty of

360-684: A campaign against the four Hulun tribes. He began by attacking the Hada in 1599 and conquering them in 1603. Then in 1607, Hoifa was also conquered with the death of its beile Baindari , followed by an expedition against Ula and its beile Bujantai in 1613, and finally the Yehe and its beile Gintaisi at the Battle of Sarhu in 1619. As Nurhaci's power expanded, the relationship with the Ming also became increasingly strained. In 1608, Ming subjects were prohibited from cultivating

450-495: A campaign against the four Hulun tribes. He began by attacking the Hada in 1599 and conquering them in 1603. Then in 1607, Hoifa was also conquered with the death of its beile Baindari , followed by an expedition against Ula and its beile Bujantai in 1613, and finally the Yehe and its beile Gintaisi at the Battle of Sarhu in 1619. As Nurhaci's power expanded, the relationship with the Ming also became increasingly strained. In 1608, Ming subjects were prohibited from cultivating

540-521: A pterodactyloid pterosaur, is named after Nurhaci. Enthroned in 1626 as Khan , Hong Taiji changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor. In 1644, the Shunzhi Emperor began to rule over China proper , replacing the Ming dynasty . Nurhaci Nurhaci (14 May 1559 – 30 September 1626), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Qing ,

630-535: A religious feature. The Dazheng Hall and the Shiwang Pavilion constitute a complete group of buildings in the East Section. Daqing Gate ( 大清门 ), Chongzheng Hall ( 崇政殿 ), Fenghuang Building ( 凤凰楼 ), Qingning Palace ( 清宁宫 ), amongst others, were built from 1627 to 1635. It was the place where the emperor carried out political activities and the living palace of the royal wives. The most representative building of

720-587: A revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623, Nurhachi, who previously gave concessions to conquered Han subjects in Liaodong, turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted and enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them, while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong. By May 1621, Nurhaci had conquered

810-438: A revolt by Han in Liaodong in 1623, Nurhachi, who previously gave concessions to conquered Han subjects in Liaodong, turned against them and ordered that they no longer be trusted and enacted discriminatory policies and killings against them, while ordering that Han who assimilated to the Jurchen (in Jilin) before 1619 be treated equally as Jurchens were and not like the conquered Han in Liaodong. By May 1621, Nurhaci had conquered

900-467: A wild boar". Another explanation is "brave person like wild boar". Regarded as the founding father of the Qing dynasty, he is given the customary temple name of Taizu , which is traditionally assigned to founders of dynasties. His name is also alternatively spelled Nurgaci , Nurhachi , or Nu-er-ha-chi (the last of these simply the transcription of the Chinese characters used to write his name). Nurhaci

990-408: Is "brave person like wild boar". Regarded as the founding father of the Qing dynasty, he is given the customary temple name of Taizu , which is traditionally assigned to founders of dynasties. His name is also alternatively spelled Nurgaci , Nurhachi , or Nu-er-ha-chi (the last of these simply the transcription of the Chinese characters used to write his name). Nurhaci was the last chieftain of

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1080-532: Is the same with us Manchus (Jurchen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture, rather it was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", when he said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages." When

1170-482: Is the same with us Manchus (Jurchen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture, rather it was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", when he said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages." When

1260-622: The Gwanghaegun Ilgi . Indeed, the record of Sin Chung-il's trip to Jianzhou is preserved in the Seonjo Sillok . The Jiu Manzhou Dang from Nurhaci's reign also survives. A revised transcription of these records (with the dots and circles added to the script) was commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor . This has been translated into Japanese under the title Manbun roto , and Chinese, under

1350-401: The Gwanghaegun Ilgi . Indeed, the record of Sin Chung-il's trip to Jianzhou is preserved in the Seonjo Sillok . The Jiu Manzhou Dang from Nurhaci's reign also survives. A revised transcription of these records (with the dots and circles added to the script) was commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor . This has been translated into Japanese under the title Manbun roto , and Chinese, under

1440-561: The Emperor Taizu of Qing , was the founding khan of the Jurchen -led Later Jin dynasty . As the leader of the House of Aisin-Gioro , Nurhaci reorganized and united various Jurchen tribes (the later " Manchu "), consolidated the Eight Banners military system, and eventually launched attacks on both the Ming and Joseon dynasties. His conquest of Ming dynasty's northeastern Liaodong region laid

1530-595: The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties , or Forbidden City, in Beijing . The Mukden Palace covers an area of around 60,000 square metres, with over 300 buildings and 20 courtyards. According to its layout, it can be divided into three parts: East Section, Middle Section and West Section, with the Middle Section as the main body. The East and West Sections were built in the Nurhachi Period. The layout of

1620-661: The Jianzhou Jurchens and first khan of the Later Jin dynasty. His title in Manchu as khan was ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᡠᠵᡳᡵᡝ ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᡥᠠᠨ Geren gurun-be ujire genggiyen han ("brilliant khan who benefits all nations"). His era name was Tianming ( Chinese : 天命 ; Wade–Giles : T'ien-ming ; Manchu : ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ Abkai Fulingga ), in Mongolian " Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт " (Tengri-yin Süldetü). It means " Heaven's Mandate ." He

1710-708: The Manchu Veritable Records ( Chinese : 滿洲實錄 ; pinyin : Mǎnzhōu Shílù ; Manchu : ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ  ᡳ ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ , Möllendorff : manju-i yargiyan kooli). Good contemporary sources are also available. For instance, much material concerning Nurhaci's rise is preserved within Korean sources such as the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty ( Chinese : 朝鮮王朝實錄 ), especially the Seonjo Sillok and

1800-424: The Manchu Veritable Records ( Chinese : 滿洲實錄 ; pinyin : Mǎnzhōu Shílù ; Manchu : ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ  ᡳ ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ , Möllendorff : manju-i yargiyan kooli). Good contemporary sources are also available. For instance, much material concerning Nurhaci's rise is preserved within Korean sources such as the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty ( Chinese : 朝鮮王朝實錄 ), especially the Seonjo Sillok and

1890-511: The Qing conquest of the Ming by his descendants, who proclaimed the Qing dynasty in 1636. He is also generally credited with ordering the creation of a new written script for the Manchu language based on the Mongolian vertical script . Nurhaci is written as ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ in Manchu language . Some suggest that the meaning of the name in the Manchu language is "the skin of a wild boar". Another explanation

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1980-584: The "Third Class Viscount" ( 三等子爵 ; sān děng zǐjué ) title. Li Yongfang was the great-great-great-grandfather of Li Shiyao ( 李侍堯 ). The Han prisoner of war Gong Zhenglu (Onoi) was appointed to instruct Nurhaci's sons and received gifts of slaves, wives, and a domicile from Nurhaci after Nurhaci rejected offers of payment to release him back to his relatives. Nurhaci had treated Han in Liaodong differently according to how much grain they had, those with less than 5 to 7 sin were treated poorly while those with more than that amount were rewarded with property. Due to

2070-584: The "Third Class Viscount" ( 三等子爵 ; sān děng zǐjué ) title. Li Yongfang was the great-great-great-grandfather of Li Shiyao ( 李侍堯 ). The Han prisoner of war Gong Zhenglu (Onoi) was appointed to instruct Nurhaci's sons and received gifts of slaves, wives, and a domicile from Nurhaci after Nurhaci rejected offers of payment to release him back to his relatives. Nurhaci had treated Han in Liaodong differently according to how much grain they had, those with less than 5 to 7 sin were treated poorly while those with more than that amount were rewarded with property. Due to

2160-413: The 12th century. The "Later Jin" was renamed to "Qing" by his son Hong Taiji after his death in 1626, however Nurhaci is usually referred to as the founder of the Qing dynasty. In order to help with the newly organized administration, five of his trusted companions were appointed as his chief councilors, Anfiyanggū , Eidu , Hūrhan, Fiongdon , and Hohori. Only after he became Khan did he finally unify

2250-413: The 12th century. The "Later Jin" was renamed to "Qing" by his son Hong Taiji after his death in 1626, however Nurhaci is usually referred to as the founder of the Qing dynasty. In order to help with the newly organized administration, five of his trusted companions were appointed as his chief councilors, Anfiyanggū , Eidu , Hūrhan, Fiongdon , and Hohori. Only after he became Khan did he finally unify

2340-556: The Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu clan origin led to the Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around

2430-449: The Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu clan origin led to the Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around

2520-606: The Manchus were often married to women from the Aisin Gioro clan while lower-ranked defectors were given non-imperial Manchu women as wives. Nurhaci arranged for a marriage between one of his granddaughters and the Ming general Li Yongfang ( 李永芳 ) after Li surrendered Fushun in Liaoning to the Manchus in 1618 as the result of the Battle of Fushun . His son Abatai 's daughter was married to Li Yongfang. The offspring of Li received

2610-452: The Manchus were often married to women from the Aisin Gioro clan while lower-ranked defectors were given non-imperial Manchu women as wives. Nurhaci arranged for a marriage between one of his granddaughters and the Ming general Li Yongfang ( 李永芳 ) after Li surrendered Fushun in Liaoning to the Manchus in 1618 as the result of the Battle of Fushun . His son Abatai 's daughter was married to Li Yongfang. The offspring of Li received

2700-652: The Ming dynasty general Li Chengliang in Fushun , where he learned Mandarin Chinese , the official language of the courts. Nurhaci read the Chinese novels Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin learning all he knew about Chinese military and political strategies from them. He named his clan Aisin Gioro around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty. Nurhaci's grandfather Giocangga

2790-452: The Ming dynasty general Li Chengliang in Fushun , where he learned Mandarin Chinese , the official language of the courts. Nurhaci read the Chinese novels Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin learning all he knew about Chinese military and political strategies from them. He named his clan Aisin Gioro around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty. Nurhaci's grandfather Giocangga

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2880-529: The Ming dynasty, the Northern Yuan dynasty , the Joseon dynasty , and other Jurchen clans, greatly enlarging the territory under his control. The first capitals of the Later Jin dynasty established by Nurhaci were Fe Ala and Hetu Ala. Many ethnic Han participated in the construction of Hetu Ala. Defectors from the Ming side played a massive role in the Qing conquest of the Ming . Ming generals who defected to

2970-426: The Ming dynasty, the Northern Yuan dynasty , the Joseon dynasty , and other Jurchen clans, greatly enlarging the territory under his control. The first capitals of the Later Jin dynasty established by Nurhaci were Fe Ala and Hetu Ala. Many ethnic Han participated in the construction of Hetu Ala. Defectors from the Ming side played a massive role in the Qing conquest of the Ming . Ming generals who defected to

3060-611: The Ming dynasty. In the Ming period, the Koreans of Joseon referred to the Jurchen-inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen, as part of Ming China, which they called the "superior country" (sangguk). The first Manchu translations of Chinese works were the Six Secret Teachings ( 六韜 ), Sushu 素書 , and Three Strategies of Huang Shigong ( 三略 ), all Chinese military texts dedicated to

3150-440: The Ming dynasty. In the Ming period, the Koreans of Joseon referred to the Jurchen-inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen, as part of Ming China, which they called the "superior country" (sangguk). The first Manchu translations of Chinese works were the Six Secret Teachings ( 六韜 ), Sushu 素書 , and Three Strategies of Huang Shigong ( 三略 ), all Chinese military texts dedicated to

3240-550: The Mukden Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collection, including porcelain, enamel, lacquerware, sculpture, calligraphy and painting, weaving embroidery, etc. Which has both the historical and cultural features of the Early and late Qing dynasty costumes and palace art that has a rich cultural connotation and artistic value. Nurhaci Nurhaci (14 May 1559 – 30 September 1626), also known by his temple name as

3330-704: The Mukden Palace lost its status as the official residence of the Qing Emperor. Instead, the Mukden Palace became a regional palace. In 1780, the Qianlong Emperor further expanded the palace. Successive Qing emperors usually stayed at the Mukden Palace for some time each year. In 1955, the Mukden Palace was converted into the Shenyang Imperial Palace Museum. In 2004, it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as an extension of

3420-450: The Ula (clan of his consort Lady Abahai , mentioned below) and the Yehe, the clan of his consort Monggo Jerjer . Nurhaci chose to variously emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols for political reasons. Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It

3510-404: The Ula (clan of his consort Lady Abahai , mentioned below) and the Yehe, the clan of his consort Monggo Jerjer . Nurhaci chose to variously emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols for political reasons. Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It

3600-508: The age of 67. His tomb, Fu Mausoleum ( Chinese : 福 陵 ; pinyin : Fúlíng ), is located east of Shenyang. Among the most lasting contributions Nurhaci left his descendants was the establishment of the Eight Banners , which would eventually form the backbone of the military that dominated the Qing Empire. The status of Banners did not change much over the course of Nurhaci's lifetime, nor in subsequent reigns, remaining mostly under

3690-454: The age of 67. His tomb, Fu Mausoleum ( Chinese : 福 陵 ; pinyin : Fúlíng ), is located east of Shenyang. Among the most lasting contributions Nurhaci left his descendants was the establishment of the Eight Banners , which would eventually form the backbone of the military that dominated the Qing Empire. The status of Banners did not change much over the course of Nurhaci's lifetime, nor in subsequent reigns, remaining mostly under

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3780-564: The arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic, like Sun-Tzu's work The Art of War . The military related texts which were translated into Manchu from Chinese were translated by Dahai. Manchu translations of Chinese texts included the Ming penal code and military texts were performed by Dahai. These translations were requested of Dahai by Nurhaci. The military text Wuzi was translated into Manchu along with The Art of War . Chinese history, Chinese law, and Chinese military theory classical texts were translated into Manchu during

3870-564: The arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic, like Sun-Tzu's work The Art of War . The military related texts which were translated into Manchu from Chinese were translated by Dahai. Manchu translations of Chinese texts included the Ming penal code and military texts were performed by Dahai. These translations were requested of Dahai by Nurhaci. The military text Wuzi was translated into Manchu along with The Art of War . Chinese history, Chinese law, and Chinese military theory classical texts were translated into Manchu during

3960-535: The back, an architectural feature of the Manchu People. Xitai ( 戏台 ), Jiayintang ( 嘉荫堂 ), Wenshangge ( 文溯阁 ) and Yangxizhai ( 仰熙斋 ) were built in 1782. When an emperor of the Qing dynasty was on his "East Tour" to Shengjing (Shenyang), it was the place for reading books, watching dramas and the room for storing the " Complete Library of the Four Treasuries ". The entire architectural design and layout reflect

4050-490: The buildings from the Eight Banners system in the East Section is a unique feature of the Mukden Palace. It combines architectural features of the Manchu, Han and Mongol peoples. The main part of the Middle Section is located in the centre of the ancient city of Shenyang, built in the Hong Taiji period. The buildings are arranged on a central axis with a number of symmetrical out-buildings on either side. The West Road building

4140-758: The cities of Liaoyang and Shenyang . In April 1625, he designated Shenyang the new capital city, which would hold that status until the Qing conquest of the Ming in 1644. In 1626, Nurhaci was defeated by Ming general Yuan Chonghuan at the Battle of Ningyuan , in what was the first serious military defeat of his life. During this battle, Nurhaci was wounded by Portuguese gunners using Macau manufactured cannons placed in Yuan's army. Unable to recover either physically or mentally, Nurhaci died of his wounds two days later in Aijipu (靉雞堡; present-day Da'aijinpu Village, Dijia Township, Yuhong District , Shenyang ) on 30 September 1626, at

4230-662: The cities of Liaoyang and Shenyang . In April 1625, he designated Shenyang the new capital city, which would hold that status until the Qing conquest of the Ming in 1644. In 1626, Nurhaci was defeated by Ming general Yuan Chonghuan at the Battle of Ningyuan , in what was the first serious military defeat of his life. During this battle, Nurhaci was wounded by Portuguese gunners using Macau manufactured cannons placed in Yuan's army. Unable to recover either physically or mentally, Nurhaci died of his wounds two days later in Aijipu (靉雞堡; present-day Da'aijinpu Village, Dijia Township, Yuhong District , Shenyang ) on 30 September 1626, at

4320-821: The city, taking Nurhaci's father Taksi with him. During the ensuing battle, both Giocangga and Taksi were killed. Nurhaci sought revenge against Nikan Wailan for the deaths of his father and grandfather. The Ming returned his father's remains, grant him trade patents, and recognized him as the successor of Giocangga. However, Nurhaci's demand that they hand over Nikan Wailan was refused. Nurhaci therefore started to expand his own power, starting only from thirteen sets of armor inherited from his father. In 1584, he attacked Nikan Wailan at Turun. Nikan Wailan fled away to Erhun, which Nurhaci attacked again in 1587. Nikan Wailan this time fled to Li Chengliang's territory. Li relented and gave Nikan Wailan over to Nurhaci, who beheaded Nikan Wailan immediately. Nurhaci gradually grew his strength in

4410-821: The city, taking Nurhaci's father Taksi with him. During the ensuing battle, both Giocangga and Taksi were killed. Nurhaci sought revenge against Nikan Wailan for the deaths of his father and grandfather. The Ming returned his father's remains, grant him trade patents, and recognized him as the successor of Giocangga. However, Nurhaci's demand that they hand over Nikan Wailan was refused. Nurhaci therefore started to expand his own power, starting only from thirteen sets of armor inherited from his father. In 1584, he attacked Nikan Wailan at Turun. Nikan Wailan fled away to Erhun, which Nurhaci attacked again in 1587. Nikan Wailan this time fled to Li Chengliang's territory. Li relented and gave Nikan Wailan over to Nurhaci, who beheaded Nikan Wailan immediately. Nurhaci gradually grew his strength in

4500-587: The control of the royal family. The two elite Yellow Banners were consistently under Nurhaci's control. The two Blue Banners were controlled by Nurhaci's brother Šurhaci until he died, at which point the Blue Banners were given to Šurhaci's two sons, Chiurhala and Amin. Nurhaci's eldest son, Cuyen , controlled the White Banner for most of his father's reign until he rebelled. Then the Bordered White Banner

4590-413: The control of the royal family. The two elite Yellow Banners were consistently under Nurhaci's control. The two Blue Banners were controlled by Nurhaci's brother Šurhaci until he died, at which point the Blue Banners were given to Šurhaci's two sons, Chiurhala and Amin. Nurhaci's eldest son, Cuyen , controlled the White Banner for most of his father's reign until he rebelled. Then the Bordered White Banner

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4680-406: The day after Nurhaci's death, they coerced his primary consort Lady Abahai (1590–1626) – who had borne him three sons: Ajige , Dorgon , and Dodo – to commit suicide to accompany him in death. This gesture has made some historians suspect that Nurhaci had in fact named the fifteen-year-old Dorgon as a successor, with Daišan as regent. By forcing Dorgon's mother to kill herself,

4770-406: The day after Nurhaci's death, they coerced his primary consort Lady Abahai (1590–1626) – who had borne him three sons: Ajige , Dorgon , and Dodo – to commit suicide to accompany him in death. This gesture has made some historians suspect that Nurhaci had in fact named the fifteen-year-old Dorgon as a successor, with Daišan as regent. By forcing Dorgon's mother to kill herself,

4860-424: The emperor's so-called "dignity" and strict feudal hierarchy. In Mukden Palace, the roof alone was worth 680,000 Tael , equivalent to the annual ration of 450,000 poor peasants. Today, the Mukden Palace hosts a rich and precious collection of items. The Mukden Palace Museum displays a large number of artifacts, such as the sword of Nurhachi and the waist knife and antler chairs of Hong Taiji . The collections of

4950-437: The end of Hong Taiji's reign. The details of Hong Taiji's succession as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty are unclear. When he died in late 1626, Nurhaci did not designate an heir; instead he encouraged his sons to rule collegially. Three of his sons and a nephew were the "four senior beiles": Daišan (43 years old), Amin (son of Nurhaci's brother Šurhaci ; 40 or 41), Manggūltai (38 or 39), and Hong Taiji himself (33). On

5040-437: The end of Hong Taiji's reign. The details of Hong Taiji's succession as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty are unclear. When he died in late 1626, Nurhaci did not designate an heir; instead he encouraged his sons to rule collegially. Three of his sons and a nephew were the "four senior beiles": Daišan (43 years old), Amin (son of Nurhaci's brother Šurhaci ; 40 or 41), Manggūltai (38 or 39), and Hong Taiji himself (33). On

5130-473: The following years and subdued the core Jianzhou Jurchen tribes and towns from 1583 to 1588. At the same time, Nurhaci still considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power. He received the title of assistant commissioner-in chief in 1589 and the honor of "dragon-tiger general" in 1595. He consolidated his relationship with the Ming by personally leading multiple tributary missions to Beijing from 1590 onward, and

5220-473: The following years and subdued the core Jianzhou Jurchen tribes and towns from 1583 to 1588. At the same time, Nurhaci still considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power. He received the title of assistant commissioner-in chief in 1589 and the honor of "dragon-tiger general" in 1595. He consolidated his relationship with the Ming by personally leading multiple tributary missions to Beijing from 1590 onward, and

5310-401: The groundwork for the Qing conquest of the Ming by his descendants, who proclaimed the Qing dynasty in 1636. He is also generally credited with ordering the creation of a new written script for the Manchu language based on the Mongolian vertical script . Nurhaci is written as ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ in Manchu language . Some suggest that the meaning of the name in the Manchu language is "the skin of

5400-621: The land or gathering ginseng , one of the main Jurchen export products, within Nurhaci's boundary. In 1599, Nurhaci gave two of his translators, Erdeni Baksi ('Jewel Teacher' in Mongolian) and Dahai Jargūci, the task of creating a Manchu alphabet by adapting the Mongolian script . Dahai was described with his origin from the Liao valley and his ethnicity as Han Chinese in the Korean book "Nanjung chamnok; Sok chamnok" (亂中雜錄) by Cho Kyŏng-nam (趙慶南) (1570-1641)

5490-472: The land or gathering ginseng , one of the main Jurchen export products, within Nurhaci's boundary. In 1599, Nurhaci gave two of his translators, Erdeni Baksi ('Jewel Teacher' in Mongolian) and Dahai Jargūci, the task of creating a Manchu alphabet by adapting the Mongolian script . Dahai was described with his origin from the Liao valley and his ethnicity as Han Chinese in the Korean book "Nanjung chamnok; Sok chamnok" (亂中雜錄) by Cho Kyŏng-nam (趙慶南) (1570-1641)

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5580-514: The middle section is the Fenghuang Building, a palace which was built on a 4-meter-tall blue- brick platform, as the place of the emperor holding banquets. While facing east the palace of Fenghuang Building is connected with a religious ritual square, the room in the west is surrounded by a Kang bed-stove , a traditional way of keeping warm in the Northern part of China. The chimney is located in

5670-536: The military content in Romance of the Three Kingdoms , which is why it was translated. The Art of War was translated into Manchu as ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠᡳ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ Abkai: qoohai baita be gisurengge, Möllendorff : coohai baita be gisurengge, Discourse on the art of War. Another later Manchu translation was made by Aisin Gioro Qiying. Information concerning Nurhaci can be found in later, propagandistic works such as

5760-432: The military content in Romance of the Three Kingdoms , which is why it was translated. The Art of War was translated into Manchu as ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠᡳ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ Abkai: qoohai baita be gisurengge, Möllendorff : coohai baita be gisurengge, Discourse on the art of War. Another later Manchu translation was made by Aisin Gioro Qiying. Information concerning Nurhaci can be found in later, propagandistic works such as

5850-661: The military texts Sushu and Three Strategies of Huang Shigong , and the Da Ming Huidian ( 大明會典 ) done by Dahai was ordered by Nurhaci. While it was mainly administrative and ethical guidance which made up most of the Three Strategies of Huang Shigong and the Sushu , military science was indeed found in the Six Secret Teachings and Chinese military manuals were eagerly translated by the Manchus. They were also attracted to

5940-436: The military texts Sushu and Three Strategies of Huang Shigong , and the Da Ming Huidian ( 大明會典 ) done by Dahai was ordered by Nurhaci. While it was mainly administrative and ethical guidance which made up most of the Three Strategies of Huang Shigong and the Sushu , military science was indeed found in the Six Secret Teachings and Chinese military manuals were eagerly translated by the Manchus. They were also attracted to

6030-552: The name from Jurchen to Manchu by Hong Taiji was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, were ruled by the Chinese. The Qing dynasty carefully hid the two original editions of the books of " Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu " and the " Manzhou Shilu Tu " (Taizu Shihlu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by

6120-431: The name from Jurchen to Manchu by Hong Taiji was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, were ruled by the Chinese. The Qing dynasty carefully hid the two original editions of the books of " Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu " and the " Manzhou Shilu Tu " (Taizu Shihlu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by

6210-545: The office of the Eight Banners Ministry. Dazheng Temple is an octagonal heavy-duty building with a yellow glazed tile and green trimming, 16 multicoloured glazed ridges, large wooden frame structure with Mortise and tenon joint, flying roof arch, colour paintings and dragon plates, which is the traditional architectural form of the Han Dynasty . Additionally, the decoration of Cintamani and ceilings with Sanskrit add

6300-468: The origin of the Aisin Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast. In 1618, Nurhaci commissioned a document titled the Seven Grievances in which he enumerated seven problems with Ming rule and began to rebel against the domination of the Ming dynasty . A majority of the grievances dealt with conflicts against Yehe, and Ming favouritism of Yehe. Nurhaci led many successful engagements against

6390-410: The origin of the Aisin Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast. In 1618, Nurhaci commissioned a document titled the Seven Grievances in which he enumerated seven problems with Ming rule and began to rebel against the domination of the Ming dynasty . A majority of the grievances dealt with conflicts against Yehe, and Ming favouritism of Yehe. Nurhaci led many successful engagements against

6480-426: The other beile were willing to accept Hong Taiji as Khan, but Amin then would have wanted to leave with his Bordered Blue Banner, threatening to dissolve Nurhaci's unification of the Jurchens . Eventually the older Daišan worked out a compromise that allowed Hong Taiji as the Khan, but almost equal to the other three senior beiles. Hong Taiji would eventually find ways to become the undisputed leader. The change of

6570-426: The other beile were willing to accept Hong Taiji as Khan, but Amin then would have wanted to leave with his Bordered Blue Banner, threatening to dissolve Nurhaci's unification of the Jurchens . Eventually the older Daišan worked out a compromise that allowed Hong Taiji as the Khan, but almost equal to the other three senior beiles. Hong Taiji would eventually find ways to become the undisputed leader. The change of

6660-425: The princes removed a strong base of support for Dorgon. The reason such intrigue was necessary is that Nurhaci had left the two elite Yellow Banners to Dorgon and Dodo, who were the sons of Lady Abahai. Hong Taiji exchanged control of his two White Banners for that of the two Yellow Banners, shifting their influence and power from his young brothers onto himself. According to Hong Taiji's later recollections, Amin and

6750-425: The princes removed a strong base of support for Dorgon. The reason such intrigue was necessary is that Nurhaci had left the two elite Yellow Banners to Dorgon and Dodo, who were the sons of Lady Abahai. Hong Taiji exchanged control of his two White Banners for that of the two Yellow Banners, shifting their influence and power from his young brothers onto himself. According to Hong Taiji's later recollections, Amin and

6840-451: The rule of Hong Taiji in Mukden (now Shenyang ), with the Manchus placing significance upon military and governance related Chinese texts. A Manchu translation was made of the military-themed novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . Chinese literature, military theory and legal texts were translated into Manchu by Dahai and Erdeni. The translations were ordered in 1629. The translation of

6930-402: The rule of Hong Taiji in Mukden (now Shenyang ), with the Manchus placing significance upon military and governance related Chinese texts. A Manchu translation was made of the military-themed novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . Chinese literature, military theory and legal texts were translated into Manchu by Dahai and Erdeni. The translations were ordered in 1629. The translation of

7020-518: The title Manwen Laodang ( Chinese : 满文老檔 ). A project is or was (as of 2006 ) under way at Harvard University to translate them into English, as The Old Manchu Chronicles . According to the account of Korean ambassadors, Nurhaci was a physically strong man with a long and stern-looking face and a big, straight nose. Like most of the other Manchu men, he shaved most of his facial hair and kept only his moustache . Primary Consort Secondary Consort Concubine The genus Nurhachius ,

7110-518: The title Manwen Laodang ( Chinese : 满文老檔 ). A project is or was (as of 2006 ) under way at Harvard University to translate them into English, as The Old Manchu Chronicles . According to the account of Korean ambassadors, Nurhaci was a physically strong man with a long and stern-looking face and a big, straight nose. Like most of the other Manchu men, he shaved most of his facial hair and kept only his moustache . Primary Consort Secondary Consort Concubine The genus Nurhachius ,

7200-610: Was a chieftain of the Jurchens in Hetu Ala who enjoyed the patronage of Li. He frequented the Fushun market as official delegation leader, and accompanied Li to Beijing at least once. In 1582, Nikan Wailan , a rival Jurchen chief, led Ming forces to attack the Fort Gure (古勒城, now in Xinbin County ). Giocangga feared for his granddaughter who was married to Atai, the town's chief. He rushed into

7290-404: Was a chieftain of the Jurchens in Hetu Ala who enjoyed the patronage of Li. He frequented the Fushun market as official delegation leader, and accompanied Li to Beijing at least once. In 1582, Nikan Wailan , a rival Jurchen chief, led Ming forces to attack the Fort Gure (古勒城, now in Xinbin County ). Giocangga feared for his granddaughter who was married to Atai, the town's chief. He rushed into

7380-454: Was built in 1783. This structure has a strict functional division with a clear distinction between primary and secondary status buildings, the overall composition displays distinct Manchu living features. The Dazheng Hall (大政殿) and the Shiwang Pavilion (十王亭) were built during the Nurhachi period. It was completed in 1625 and was the place where the emperor held the "Great Ceremony" as well as

7470-468: Was given a posthumous name in 1736 (see infobox), the shortened form of which was "Emperor Gao" Chinese : 高皇帝 , Manchu : ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ Dergi Hūwangdi ) Nurhaci was born in 1559. Being a member of the Gioro clan of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from Mentemu , a Jurchen headman who lived some two centuries earlier. The young man grew up as a soldier in the household of

7560-412: Was given a posthumous name in 1736 (see infobox), the shortened form of which was "Emperor Gao" Chinese : 高皇帝 , Manchu : ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ Dergi Hūwangdi ) Nurhaci was born in 1559. Being a member of the Gioro clan of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from Mentemu , a Jurchen headman who lived some two centuries earlier. The young man grew up as a soldier in the household of

7650-570: Was given to Nurhaci's grandson and the Plain White was given to his eighth son and heir, Hong Taiji . However, by the end of Nurhaci's reign, Hong Taiji controlled both White Banners. Finally, the Red Banner was run by Nurhaci's second son Daišan . Later in Nurhaci's reign, the Bordered Red Banner was handed down to his son. Daišan and his son would continue holding the two Red Banners well into

7740-401: Was given to Nurhaci's grandson and the Plain White was given to his eighth son and heir, Hong Taiji . However, by the end of Nurhaci's reign, Hong Taiji controlled both White Banners. Finally, the Red Banner was run by Nurhaci's second son Daišan . Later in Nurhaci's reign, the Bordered Red Banner was handed down to his son. Daišan and his son would continue holding the two Red Banners well into

7830-563: Was seen in by the Ming a loyal subject. His aggressive tactics against other Jurchen tribes were fueled by the high status that the Ming had given him. In 1593, the Yehe called upon a coalition of nine tribes: the Hada, Ula, Hoifa, Khorchin Mongols , Sibe , Guwalca, Jušeri, Neyen, and the Yehe themselves to attack the Jianzhou Jurchens. The coalition was defeated at the Battle of Gure and Nurhaci emerged victorious. From 1599 to 1618, Nurhaci set out on

7920-468: Was seen in by the Ming a loyal subject. His aggressive tactics against other Jurchen tribes were fueled by the high status that the Ming had given him. In 1593, the Yehe called upon a coalition of nine tribes: the Hada, Ula, Hoifa, Khorchin Mongols , Sibe , Guwalca, Jušeri, Neyen, and the Yehe themselves to attack the Jianzhou Jurchens. The coalition was defeated at the Battle of Gure and Nurhaci emerged victorious. From 1599 to 1618, Nurhaci set out on

8010-400: Was the founding khan of the Jurchen -led Later Jin dynasty . As the leader of the House of Aisin-Gioro , Nurhaci reorganized and united various Jurchen tribes (the later " Manchu "), consolidated the Eight Banners military system, and eventually launched attacks on both the Ming and Joseon dynasties. His conquest of Ming dynasty's northeastern Liaodong region laid the groundwork for

8100-479: Was the last chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens and first khan of the Later Jin dynasty. His title in Manchu as khan was ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᡠᠵᡳᡵᡝ ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᡥᠠᠨ Geren gurun-be ujire genggiyen han ("brilliant khan who benefits all nations"). His era name was Tianming ( Chinese : 天命 ; Wade–Giles : T'ien-ming ; Manchu : ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ Abkai Fulingga ), in Mongolian " Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт " (Tengri-yin Süldetü). It means " Heaven's Mandate ." He

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