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62-632: The Shavian alphabet ( / ˈ ʃ eɪ v i ə n / SHAY -vee-ən ; also known as the Shaw alphabet ) is a constructed alphabet conceived as a way to provide simple, phonemic orthography for the English language to replace the inefficiencies and difficulties of conventional spelling using the Latin alphabet . It was posthumously funded by and named after Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw and designed by Ronald Kingsley Read . Shaw set three main criteria for

124-477: A final flick added to represent the . [REDACTED] The consonants in Pitman's shorthand are pronounced pee, bee, tee, dee, chay, jay, kay, gay, eff, vee, ith, thee, ess, zee, ish, zhee, em, el, en, ray ar, ing, way, yay, and hay . When both an unvoiced consonant and its corresponding voiced consonant are present in this system, the distinction is made by drawing the stroke for the voiced consonant thicker than

186-411: A ligature of the letters Egg "𐑧" and Roar "𐑮", it is treated as a ligature of Up "𐑳" and Roar "𐑮". Based on their appearance, one would expect the ligature of these letters to be joined at the top and free at the bottom resulting in such a letter having to be written by going over pre-penned lines or by lifting your pen, yet once again, the opposite is true. Some years after the initial publication of

248-514: A n d ( 𐑯 ), t o ( 𐑑 ), and often f or ( 𐑓 ) are written with the single letters indicated. George Bernard Shaw , the writer, critic and playwright, was a vocal critic of English spelling because it often deviates from the alphabetic principle . Shaw had served from 1926 to 1939 on the BBC 's Advisory Committee on Spoken English , which included several exponents of phonetic writing. He also knew Henry Sweet , creator of Current Shorthand (and

310-622: A new alphabet. All of his interest in spelling and alphabet reform was made clear in Shaw's will of June 1950, in which provision was made for (Isaac) James Pitman , with a grant in aid from the Public Trustee, to establish a Shaw Alphabet. Following Shaw's death in November 1950, and after some legal dispute, the Trustee announced a worldwide competition to design such an alphabet, with the aim of producing

372-660: A new script is simply an adoption or a new creation (for example the Cyrillic and the Gothic alphabets, which are heavily influenced by the Greek alphabet but were nevertheless designed by individual authors). In the rare cases where a script evolved not out of a previous script, but out of proto-writing (the only known cases being the Cuneiform script , Egyptian hieroglyphs , the Chinese script and

434-466: A prototype for the character of Henry Higgins ), although Shaw himself for years wrote his literary works in Pitman shorthand . However, he found its limitations frustrating as well and realized that it was not a suitable replacement for traditional orthography, making the production of printed material difficult and impossible to type. Shaw desired and advocated a phonetic spelling reform , and this called for

496-497: A similar project. (see also: English-language spelling reform ). Taking language reform further, various proposed philosophical or auxiliary languages - such as aUI , Solresol , and the language outlined in John Wilkins ' 1668 An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language have associated writing systems. Charles K. Bliss 's Blissymbols represent a proposed international auxiliary language whose primary mode

558-450: A system of shorthand, Pitman used similar-looking symbols for phonetically related sounds. He was the first to use thickness of a stroke to indicate voicing (voiced consonants such as /b/ and /d/ are written with heavier and lighter lines than unvoiced ones such as /p/ and /t/), and consonants with similar place of articulation were oriented in similar directions, with straight lines for plosives and arcs for fricatives . For example,

620-456: A system that would be an economical way of writing and of printing the English language. A contest for the design of the new alphabet was won by four people, including Ronald Kingsley Read who had corresponded extensively with Shaw for several years regarding such an alphabet. Read was then appointed to amalgamate the four designs to produce the new alphabet. Due to the contestation of Shaw's will,

682-462: Is phonemic : with the exception of abbreviated shapes called logograms, the forms represent the sounds of the English word, rather than its spelling or meaning. Unlike Gregg, pairs of consonant phonemes distinguished only by voice are notated with strokes differing in thickness rather than length. There are twenty-four consonants that can be represented in Pitman's shorthand, twelve vowels, and four diphthongs . The consonants are indicated by strokes,

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744-502: Is a guide. There is no ability to indicate word stress ; however, in most cases the reduction of unstressed vowels is sufficient to distinguish word pairs that are distinguished only by stress in spoken discourse. For instance, the noun convict /ˈkɒnvɪkt/ and the verb convict /kənˈvɪkt/ can be spelled 𐑒𐑪𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 ˈkɒnvɪkt and 𐑒𐑩𐑯𐑝𐑦𐑒𐑑 kənvɪkt , respectively. Additionally, five common words are abbreviated as single letters. The words th e ( 𐑞 ), o f ( 𐑝 ),

806-439: Is already spelled phonemically, direct conversion between Latin and Shavian letters can be performed, though several ligatures are added for the common combinations of vowels with n and s and some common short words. Vowels use the letters of the orthographically equivalent short vowels in English (i.e. ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ ), except that o and u are reversed, as are j and w . The oo -vowel letters are reassigned to m and n , and

868-720: Is in the names of the letters: the unvoiced letter Haha is deep, while the voiced Hung, which suggests a lower position, is tall. This is often assumed to be a clerical error introduced in the rushed printing of the Shavian edition of Androcles and the Lion . This reversal obscures the system of tall letters as voiceless consonants and deep letters as voiced consonants. Proponents of traditional Shavian, however, have suggested that Kingsley Read may not have intended for this system to be all-encompassing, though it seems that vertical placement alone served this purpose in an earlier version of Shavian, before

930-418: Is not known. Many scripts are created for religious or mystical purposes. Missionaries and religious scholars may be motivated to devise new scripts for previously-unwritten languages to facilitate the translation of religious writings, as was the case for several of the scripts mentioned in the previous section. Religious leaders may promulgate new writing systems among their followers for liturgical use and/or

992-618: Is to use light or heavy dots, dashes, or other special marks drawn close to the consonant. Vowels are drawn before the stroke (or over a horizontal stroke) if the vowel is pronounced before the consonant, and after the stroke (or under a horizontal stroke) if pronounced after the consonant. Each vowel, whether indicated by a dot for a short vowel or by a dash for a longer, more drawn-out vowel, has its own position relative to its adjacent stroke (beginning, middle, or end) to indicate different vowel sounds in an unambiguous system. However, to increase writing speed, rules of "vowel indication" exist whereby

1054-433: Is usually taken as evidence for this reversal. One of the beliefs that leads to such allegations is that while Air "𐑺" appears to be a ligature of the letters Ado "𐑩" and Roar "𐑮", it is treated as a ligature of the letters Egg "𐑧" and Roar "𐑮". One would expect the ligature of these letters to be joined at the bottom and free at the top, yet the opposite is true. Another such belief is that while Err "𐑻" appears to be

1116-416: Is written as ") . |", but sit is written as ").|". Vowels are further distinguished by their position relative to the consonant stroke – beginning, middle or end – for a total of 12 possible combinations. Another feature of Pitman's shorthand allows most vowels to be omitted in order to speed up the process of writing. As mentioned above, each vowel is written next to either the beginning, middle or end of

1178-459: Is written rather than spoken. Several constructed scripts serve unique purposes not outlined above. Ong Kommandam 's Khom Script , in addition to serving a religious role, was used to conceal military communications during the Holy Man's Rebellion . Around the turn of the 18th century, Frenchman George Psalmanazar invented a purported 'Formosan' alphabet to further his fraudulent claims of being

1240-499: The Myst series of video games. Other works stop short of creating entire languages, and instead use constructed scripts as substitution ciphers or alternate orthographies for existing languages- English-language examples include the script of the Orokin language (referred to by members of the community as "Tennobet", a portmanteau of " Tenno " and "alphabet") from the video game Warframe ,

1302-584: The ConScript Unicode Registry . Some of the scripts have identifying codes assigned among the ISO 15924 codes and IETF language tags . Pitman shorthand Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for

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1364-641: The Latin alphabet , IPA also contains invented letters, Greek letters, and numerous diacritics. Other scripts, such as John Malone's Unifon , Sir James Pitman 's Initial Teaching Alphabet , and Alexander Melville Bell 's Visible Speech were invented for pedagogical purposes. Yerkish , a communication system created for use by non-human primates, involves a system of lexigrams- visual symbols corresponding to various objects and ideas. Shorthand systems may be considered constructed scripts intended to facilitate speed and ease of writing. Some constructed scripts are intended to replace existing writing systems. In

1426-642: The Mayan script , with ongoing debate as to whether the hitherto-undeciphered Indus script and Rongorongo are true writing or proto-writing), the process was nevertheless a gradual evolution of a system of symbols, not a creation by design. Some scripts were invented for spoken languages that did not have adequate writing systems, including the Hangul , Cherokee , Canadian Aboriginal syllabics , N'Ko , Fraser , Tangut and Pollard scripts. Armenian , Georgian , and Glagolitic may fit in this category, though their origin

1488-658: The Shavian alphabet and the Deseret alphabet . A proposal for Klingon pIqaD was turned down because most users of the Klingon language wrote it using the Latin alphabet , but both Tengwar and Cirth were under consideration in 2010. An unofficial project exists to coordinate the encoding of many constructed scripts in specific places in the Unicode Private Use Areas ( U+ E000 to U+F8FF and U+000F0000 to U+0010FFFF), known as

1550-510: The dental and alveolar consonants are upright: ⟨|⟩ = /t/ , ⟨ | ⟩ = /d/ , ⟨)⟩ = /s/ , ⟨ ) ⟩ = /z/ , ⟨(⟩ = /θ/ (as in thigh ), ⟨ ( ⟩ = /ð/ (as in thy ). Pitman's brother Benjamin Pitman settled in Cincinnati, Ohio , in the United States and introduced Pitman's system there. He used it in

1612-468: The litterae ignotae devised by Hildegard of Bingen to write her Lingua Ignota . Several of these scripts are described by their creators as having been revealed during or developed in response to visionary experiences . The best-known constructed scripts dedicated to fictional languages are J. R. R. Tolkien 's elaborate Tengwar and Cirth , but many others exist, such as the pIqaD script for Star Trek ' s Klingon language , and D'ni from

1674-537: The "best, potentially fastest, most versatile of various pen systems". In the 2005 film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy , The Vogons use a blockier form of Pitman 2000. In McDonald & Dodds (2020), season 1 episode 2, the victim scribbles a note on the back of a door in Pitman shorthand which DS Dodds recognizes as meaning Thirteenth Step. In the 1986 Scarecrow and Mrs. King episode " Unfinished Business " (season 4, episode 3), Pitman shorthand

1736-766: The 1865–67 trial of the conspirators behind the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . In Australia the system was introduced by another Pitman brother, Jacob . Jacob Pitman is buried in Rookwood Necropolis , Sydney . His epitaph is written phonetically: IN LUVING MEMERI OV JACOB PITMAN, BORN 28th NOV. 1810 AT TROWBRIDGE ENGLAND, SETELD IN ADELAIDE 1838, DEID 12TH MARCH 1890. ARKITEKT, INTRODIUST FONETIK SHORTHAND AND WOZ THE FERST MINISTER IN THEEZ KOLONIZ OV THE DOKTRINZ OV THE SEKOND OR NIU KRISTIAN CHURCH WHICH AKNOLEJEZ THE LORD JESUS CHRIST IN HIZ DEVEIN HIUMANITI AZ THE KREATER OV THE YUNIVERS, THE REDEEMER AND REJENERATER OV MEN. GOD OVER AUL, BLESED FOR EVER. At one time, Pitman

1798-653: The Latin script; instead of using capitalization to mark proper nouns , a " namer-dot " ( · ) is placed before a name. Sentences are typically not started with a namer-dot, unless it is otherwise called for. All other punctuation and word spacing is similar to conventional orthography. Each character in the Shavian alphabet requires only a single stroke to be written on paper. The writing utensil needs to be lifted up only once when writing each character, thus enabling faster overall writing than Latin script. Spelling in Androcles follows

1860-473: The Lion , had Shavian side-by-side with the Latin equivalent and the other was a Shavian-only edition. The second, released in 2013, was an edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland , transcribed into Shavian by Thomas Thurman. This was published as a Shaw-only edition with no side-by-side Latin equivalent. The Shavian fonts were designed by Michael Everson. In 2019, a print version of Pride and Prejudice

1922-548: The Shavian alphabet was added to Unicode 4.0 in 2003, Unicode Shavian fonts are still quite rare. Before it was standardized, fonts were made that include Shavian letters in the places of Roman letters, and/or in an agreed-upon location in the Unicode private use area, allocated from the ConScript Unicode Registry and now superseded by the official Unicode standard. The following fonts contain full Unicode support for Shavian. Windows/Mac/Linux systems need fonts such as these to display

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1984-443: The Shavian glyphs. Constructed writing system All scripts, including traditional scripts ranging from Chinese to Arabic script , are human creations. However, scripts usually evolve out of other scripts rather than being designed by an individual. In most cases, alphabets are adopted , i.e. a language is written in another language's script at first, and gradually develops peculiarities specific to its new environment over

2046-583: The Shaw alphabet, Read expanded it to create Quikscript , also known as the Read Alphabet. Quikscript is intended to be more useful for handwriting, and to that end is more cursive and uses more ligatures. Many letter forms are roughly the same in both alphabets; see the separate article for more details. An adaptation of Shavian to another language, Esperanto , was developed by John Wesley Starling ; though not widely used, at least one booklet has been published with transliterated sample texts. As that language

2108-502: The centuries (such as the letters w and j added to the Latin alphabet over time, not being formally considered full members of the English (as opposed to Latin) alphabet until the mid-1800s). In the vast majority of cases, inventors of writing systems have been either literate themselves or familiar with the concept of writing (see History of writing ). As such, constructed scripts tend to be informed by at least one older writing system, making it difficult in some cases to decide whether

2170-411: The consonant stroke is raised, kept on the line, or lowered to match whether the first vowel of the word is written at the beginning, middle, or end of a consonant stroke—without actually writing the vowel. This is often enough to distinguish words with similar consonant patterns. Another method of vowel indication is to choose from among a selection of different strokes for the same consonant. For example,

2232-416: The consonant stroke. Pitman's shorthand is designed to be written on lined paper and when a word's first vowel is a "first position" vowel (i.e. it is written at the beginning of the stroke), the whole shorthand outline for the word is written above the paper's ruled line. For a second position vowel, the outline is written on the line, and for a third position vowel, it is written through the line. In this way,

2294-434: The content was submitted by Shaw enthusiasts. In more recent years, there have been several published works of classical literature transliterated into Shavian. The first, released in 2012, was the works of Edgar Allan Poe entitled Poe Meets Shaw: The Shaw Alphabet Edition of Edgar Allan Poe , by Tim Browne. This book was published via Shaw Alphabet Books and had two editions in its original release. One, like Androcles and

2356-725: The effect of letter-height on the coastlines of words, but whether Read considered any of these is uncertain. Since the letter representing the same sound in Read's Quikscript appears identical to "Hung", it is doubtful that Read reversed the letter twice by mistake—he may have thought it best to leave things as they were, mistake or not, especially as a corrected /ng/ might in hasty or careless writing be confused with his new letter for /n/ in Quikscript. Two other letters that are often alleged to have been reversed—intentionally or not—are Air and Err. Both are ligatures , and their relation to other letters

2418-513: The first Taiwanese visitor to Europe; the Coelbren y Beirdd alphabet invented by Iolo Morganwg is another such example of linguistic forgery. Braille and most other tactile alphabets were invented to serve the needs of the visually impaired, or, in the case of Lewis Carroll 's Nyctography , of sighted people without access to light. Some neographies have been encoded in Unicode , in particular

2480-603: The list of abbreviations to reduce the memory load, officially reduced to a list of 144 short forms. The later versions dropped certain symbols and introduced other simplifications to earlier versions. For example, strokes "rer" (heavy curved downstroke) and "kway" (hooked horizontal straight stroke) are present in Pitman's New Era, but not in Pitman's 2000. Pitman was asked to create a shorthand system of his own in 1838. He had used Samuel Taylor's system for seven years, but his symbols bear greater similarity to an older system created by John Byrom . The first phonetician to invent

2542-458: The mid-1800s, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints promoted the Deseret alphabet as an alternative writing system better suited to English phonology; roughly a century later, the estate of Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw commissioned the Shavian alphabet (later developed into Quikscript ) to serve similar aims. Graphic Designer Bradbury Thompson 's Alphabet 26 represents

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2604-522: The mid-20th century, donated to the archive in 2018, and in late 2020 undergoing a transcription process. In the 1959 spy comedy film Our Man in Havana a British agent dictates a secret cable to a secretary, who records the text in Pitman Shorthand. The protagonist of David R. Palmer 's novels Emergence (1981) and Tracking (2008) purportedly writes her journals in Pitman Shorthand, declaring it

2666-531: The most part, written as they are spoken. Shorthand was referred to as phonography in the 19th century. It was first used by newspapers who sent phonographers to cover important speeches, usually stating (as a claim of accuracy) that they had done so. The practice got national attention in the United States in 1858 during the Lincoln–Douglas Debates which were recorded phonographically. The shorthand

2728-526: The new alphabet. It should be: The Shavian alphabet consists of three types of letters: tall (with an ascender), deep (with a descender) and short. All vowels but the consonant–vowel ligature yew are short. Among consonants, the short letters are liquids (r, l) and nasals (m, n); these, the semivowels (y, w) and the heng letters (h, ng) are derived from each other through rotation or reflection. Tall letters are voiceless consonants , excepting Yea 𐑘 and Hung 𐑙 . A tall letter rotated 180°, with

2790-572: The one for the unvoiced consonant. (Thus s is ⟨)⟩ and z is ⟨ ) ⟩ .) There are two strokes for r : ar and ray . The former assumes the form of the top right-hand quarter of a circle (drawn top-down), whereas the latter is like chay ⟨/⟩ , only less steep (drawn bottom to top). There are rules governing when to use each of these forms. The long vowels in Pitman's shorthand are: /ɑː/, /eɪ/, /iː/, /ɔː/, /oʊ/, and /uː/ . The short vowels are /æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/, /ʌ/, and /ʊ/ . The long vowels may be remembered by

2852-519: The phonemic distinctions of British Received Pronunciation except for explicitly indicating vocalic "r" with the above ligatures. Most dialectal variations of English pronunciation can be regularly produced from this spelling, but those who do not make certain distinctions, particularly in the vowels, find it difficult to produce the canonical spellings spontaneously. For instance, most North American dialects merge 𐑭 /ɑː/ and 𐑪 /ɒ/ (the father–bother merger ), though standard English orthography

2914-611: The position of the outline indicates that the first vowel can only be one of four possibilities. In most cases, this means that the first and often all the other vowels can be omitted entirely. i e ∨ o i 7 o w ∧ e w ∩ {\displaystyle ie\;\;\;^{\lor }\qquad oi\;\;\;^{\mathfrak {7}}\qquad ow\;\;\;_{\land }\qquad ew\;\;\;_{\cap }} There are four diphthongs in Pitman's shorthand, representing / aɪ / , / ɔɪ / , / aʊ / , / j uː / , as in

2976-488: The preface to his 1913 play Pygmalion , George Bernard Shaw cites Henry Sweet 's "Pitfall Shorthand" comment. The Christian devotional text " My Utmost for His Highest " (1924) was originally copied down by Rev. Oswald Chambers’ wife, Gertrude "Biddy" Chambers, in Pitman Shorthand. An example of a journalist's use of Pitman Shorthand can be found in The Guardian newspaper's GNM Archive, Clyde Sanger notebooks from

3038-673: The promotion of cultural identity and unity, as with Sorang Sompeng , Medefaidrin and the script invented by the Zomi religious leader Pau Cin Hau , among many others. Relatedly, some scripts are created for mystical or magical uses, such as communication with purported spiritual entities. Such is the case with John Dee and Edward Kelley 's Enochian language and alphabet, the various scripts (including Celestial , Malachim , Theban , and Transitus Fluvii ) documented by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and his teacher Johannes Trithemius , and possibly

3100-406: The rotations were introduced. Also, Read may have intentionally reversed these letters, perhaps to emphasize that these letters represent unrelated sounds, which happen to occur in complementary distribution . Both sides of the debate have suggested other reasons, including associations with various styles of Latin letters (namely, the /g/ in /-ing/, often written with a bottom-loop in script) and

3162-406: The sentence, "Pa, may we all go too?" /pɑː | meɪ wiː ɔːl ɡoʊ tuː/ , and the short vowels may be remembered by the sentence, "That pen is not much good" /ðæt pɛn ɪz nɒt mʌt͡ʃ ɡʊd/ . A vowel is represented by a dot or a dash, which is written with either a light stroke (for a short vowel) or heavy stroke (for a long vowel). For example, sate is written as ")•|", but set is written as ")·|"; seat

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3224-531: The sound "R" has two kinds of strokes: round, or straight-line, depending on whether there is a vowel sound before or after the R. There have been several versions of Pitman's shorthand since 1837. The original Pitman's shorthand had an "alphabet" of consonants, which was later modified. Additional modifications and rules were added to successive versions. Pitman New Era (1922–1975) had the most developed set of rules and abbreviation lists. Pitman 2000 (1975–present) introduced some simplifications and drastically reduced

3286-454: The tall part now extending below the baseline, becomes a deep letter, representing the corresponding voiced consonants (except Haha 𐑣 ). These rotation pairs, with the exception of the heng consonants, are the same letters that are paired in Pitman shorthand . Affricates , several diphthongs , and rhotic vowels are ligatures. The alphabet is therefore to some extent featural . There are no separate uppercase or lowercase letters as in

3348-502: The thin stroke representing "light" sounds such as /p/ and /t/; the thick stroke representing "heavy" sounds such as /b/ and /d/. Doing this requires a writing instrument responsive to the user's drawing pressure: specialist fountain pens (with fine, flexible nibs) were originally used, but pencils are now more commonly used. Pitman shorthand uses straight strokes and quarter-circle strokes, in various orientations, to represent consonant sounds. The predominant way of indicating vowels

3410-627: The trust charged with developing the new alphabet could afford to publish only one book: a version of Shaw's play Androcles and the Lion , in a bi-alphabetic edition with both conventional and Shavian spellings. (1962 Penguin Books, London). Copies were sent to major libraries in English-speaking countries. Between 1963 and 1965, 8 issues of the journal, Shaw-script , were published by Read in Worcester , U.K. The journal used Shaw's Alphabet, and much of

3472-582: The unnamed New World script from Kirby and the Forgotten Land , Aurebesh from Star Wars , and the alien writing appearing in the television series Futurama . Several writing systems have been devised for technical purposes by specialists in various fields. One of the most prominent of these is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), used by linguists to describe the sounds of human language in exhaustive detail. While based on

3534-630: The unneeded letters for th and ng are assigned to c and ĥ . Pronunciations that differ from their English values are marked in bold blue . Shavian was added to the Unicode Standard in April 2003 with the release of version 4.0. Esperanto ligatures are not supported. The Unicode block for Shavian is U+10450–U+1047F and is in Plane 1 (the Supplementary Multilingual Plane). While

3596-458: The vowels by interposed dots. [REDACTED] Common words are represented by special outlines called logograms (or "Short Forms" in Pitman's New Era). Words and phrases which have such forms are called grammalogues. Hundreds exist and only a tiny number are shown above. The shapes are written separately to show that they represent distinct words, but in common phrases ("you are", "thank you", etc.) two or three logograms may be joined together, or

3658-512: The words " I enj oy G ow' s m u sic." The first three appear as small checkmarks; the "ew" sound is written as a small arch. Both "ie" and "oi" are written in first position, while "ow" and "ew" are written in third position. In the same way, the whole outline is placed above, on or through the paper's ruled line. If the diphthong is followed by a neutral vowel, a little flick is added. Linguist Henry Sweet dubbed Pitman's Shorthand "Pitfall Shorthand" in his 1892 Manual of Current Shorthand . In

3720-494: Was converted into words during the trip back to Chicago, where typesetters and telegraphers awaited them. Pitman shorthand was the most popular shorthand system used in the United Kingdom and the second most popular in the United States . One characteristic feature of Pitman shorthand is that unvoiced and voiced pairs of sounds (such as /p/ and /b/ or /t/ and /d/) are represented by strokes which differ only in thickness;

3782-533: Was published in Shaw-only form by the website Shavian.info. Some disagreement has arisen among the Shavian community in regard to sound–symbol assignments, which have been the topic of frequent arguments. Primarily, this has concerned the alleged reversal of two pairs of letters. The most frequent disagreement of the letter reversals has been over the Haha–Hung pair. The most convincing evidence suggesting this reversal

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3844-463: Was the most commonly used shorthand system in the entire English-speaking world. Part of its popularity was due to the fact that it was the first subject taught by correspondence course . Today in many regions (especially the U.S.), it has been superseded by Gregg shorthand , developed by John Robert Gregg . Teeline has become more common in recent years, as it is based on spelling, rather than pronunciation. Like Gregg shorthand , Pitman shorthand

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