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61-664: The tale is included in the Aarne–Thompson classification system as type 156. The story reappeared in the Middle Ages as "The Shepherd and the Lion" and was then ascribed to Aesop's Fables . It is numbered 563 in the Perry Index and can be compared to Aesop's The Lion and the Mouse in both its general trend and in its moral of the reciprocal nature of mercy. The earliest surviving account of

122-497: A tale type as follows: The Aarne–Thompson Tale Type Index divides tales into sections with an AT number for each entry. The names given are typical, but usage varies; the same tale type number may be referred to by its central motif or by one of the variant folktales of that type, which can also vary, especially when used in different countries and cultures. The name does not have to be strictly literal for every folktale. For example, The Cat as Helper (545B) also includes tales where

183-450: A bone in its teeth that was preventing its feeding. Thereafter the lion shared a portion of its prey with Elpis until his departure. Later versions of the story, sometimes attributed to Aesop , began to appear from the mid-sixth century under the title "The Shepherd and the Lion". In Chrétien de Troyes ' 12th-century romance, " Yvain, the Knight of the Lion ", the knightly main character helps

244-460: A cave, which turns out to be the den of a wounded lion , from whose paw he removes a large thorn. In gratitude, the lion becomes tame towards him and henceforward shares his catch with the slave. After three years, Androclus craves a return to civilization but is soon imprisoned as a fugitive slave and sent to Rome . There, he is condemned to be devoured by wild animals in the Circus Maximus in

305-412: A design by Gian Lorenzo Bernini , was struck in 1659. It depicts on one side a relief bust of Pope Alexander VII surrounded by an acanthus leaf border. On the reverse a lion prostrates itself at the feet of an armed Androcles. The complimentary Latin inscription reads 'Domenico Jacobacci to the generous prince: Even a wild animal remembers a favor'. Jacobacci was the donor of the medal, which commemorates

366-522: A flower of everything! His diction all Latin, and his thoughts all English!" The charm of Bourne's poems lies not so much in the elegance of his Latinity as in the breadth and humour of his subject matter. He had quick sympathy for his fellow-men, and loving tenderness towards all animals. His epitaphs are models of simplicity and grace. A later critic commented on his epigrammatic style that "his natural taste brought to that form an almost lyrical delicacy of touch which makes his vignettes of contemporary life

427-785: A fox helps the hero. Closely related folktales are often grouped within a type. For example, tale types 400–424 all feature brides or wives as the primary protagonist, for instance The Quest for a Lost Bride (400) or the Animal Bride (402). Subtypes within a tale type are designated by the addition of a letter to the AT number, for instance: tale 510, Persecuted Heroine (renamed in Uther's revision as Cinderella and Peau d'Âne ["Cinderella and Donkey Skin"]), has subtypes 510A, Cinderella , and 510B, Catskin (renamed in Uther's revision as Peau d'Asne [also "Donkey Skin"]). (See other examples of tale types in

488-604: A house in Westminster and farm in Bungay . In later years, Mrs Bourne became a Sister at the Royal Hospital and Collegiate Church of Saint Katharine . She was followed there by her daughter, who died unmarried in 1807. There were nine editions of Bourne's Latin poems in all, of which the posthumous 1772 quarto was criticised for containing several that demonstrably did not belong to him. Later editions were sometimes accompanied by

549-510: A lion licking its paw and a kneeling and grey-bearded Androcles. At mid-century in 1856 comes "Androcles and the Lion" by the English artist Alexander Davis Cooper (1820–95). There a young man in Arab dress looks towards the viewer as he walks across a desert landscape with his hand in the lion's mane. In the 20th century, Jean-Léon Gérôme depicted Androcles in a painting tentatively dated 1902 and now in

610-540: A lion that is attacked by a serpent. The lion then becomes his companion and helps him during his adventures. A century later, the story of taking a thorn from a lion's paw was related as an act of Saint Jerome in the Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine ( c.  1260 ). Afterwards the lion joins him in the monastery and a different set of stories follows. The later retelling, "Of the Remembrance of Benefits", in

671-507: A magic lantern show, a pair of spectacles, a coach too full of people, or a crowd milling about street ballad singers. His playfulness is particularly apparent in treating animal subjects such as a jackdaw inhabiting a steeple, a snail, or sparrows feeding in a Cambridge college, all poems translated by Cowper. Another, Canis et Echo , features a dog barking at the Moon reflected in the Thames, and then at

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732-479: A master at Westminster School, and continued to hold this appointment until his death. He was a man of peaceful temperament, content to pass his life in indolent repose. As a teacher he wanted energy, and he was a very lax disciplinarian. The poet William Cowper , who was one of his pupils and particularly fond of Bourne, commented that he was so inattentive to his pupils, and so indifferent whether they brought him good or bad exercises, that "he seemed determined, as he

793-454: A new genre … In Bourne it is the exact and sympathetic observation of the particular contemporary scene which charms us. His work shows the final and complete emancipation of the eighteenth-century Latin poet from the theory of imitating the classics which had dominated the Renaissance." Some of his subjects tested his linguistic ingenuity to the full, having to encompass a man smoking a pipe,

854-448: A poet rested on the fact that he was "a man with a warm heart and a capacious eye, finding any trait of human character, any grouping of the grotesque or tender furniture of life, interesting and memorable....Absent-minded he may have been, but observant he was to a peculiar degree, and that not of broad poetical effects, but of the minute detail and circumstance of every-day life." In addition, Bourne translated into Latin poems by some of

915-535: A pope who had been generous in rebuilding parts of Rome. The lion represents the grateful city paying homage at the feet of the 'warrior' on its behalf. The image of the grateful beast was a natural choice for the medals awarded in yearly recognition of prize-winners at the Royal Dick Veterinary College in Edinburgh. Struck in copper and silver during the 1890s, they picture Androcles kneeling to relieve

976-457: A subject for French table ornaments. One from 1820 shows him sword in hand in the arena as the lion crouches at his feet, while another from 1825 has him tending the injured paw. About 1898, Jean-Léon Gérôme, who was soon to paint that scene too, produced a sculpture of Androcles leading the lion about on his tour of the Roman taverns. Titled Le Mendiant (the beggar), it is made of bronze gilt and shows

1037-566: A tailor; he is also given Christian beliefs for the purposes of the play, which on the whole takes a sceptical view of religion. The first film adaptation of the story in the US was also made in 1912. Afterwards there were several others for both cinema and TV. Rob Englehart's The Lion, the Slave and the Rodent (2010) was a much later American approach to the fable. A one-act chamber opera for five voices, it combined

1098-515: Is a catalogue of folktale types used in folklore studies . The ATU index is the product of a series of revisions and expansions by an international group of scholars: Originally published in German by Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne (1910), the index was translated into English, revised, and expanded by American folklorist Stith Thompson (1928, 1961 ), and later further revised and expanded by German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther (2004). The ATU index

1159-536: Is an essential tool for folklorists, used along with the Thompson (1932) Motif-Index of Folk-Literature . Austrian consul Johann Georg von Hahn devised a preliminary analysis of some 40 tale "formulae" as introduction to his book of Greek and Albanian folktales , published in 1864. Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould , in 1866, translated von Hahn's list and extended it to 52 tale types, which he called "story radicals" . Folklorist J. Jacobs expanded

1220-424: Is then quoted as relating: Afterwards we used to see Androclus with the lion attached to a slender leash, making the rounds of the tabernae throughout the city; Androclus was given money, the lion was sprinkled with flowers, and everyone who met them anywhere exclaimed, "This is the lion, a man's friend; this is the man, a lion's doctor". The story was repeated a century later by Claudius Aelianus in his work On

1281-575: The Gesta Romanorum (Deeds of the Romans) of about 1330 in England, has a mediaeval setting and again makes the protagonist a knight. In the earliest English printed collection of Aesop's Fables by William Caxton , the tale appears as The lyon & the pastour or herdman and reverts to the story of a shepherd who cares for the wounded lion. He is later convicted of a crime and taken to Rome to be thrown to

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1342-524: The Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires) . There Androcles is sitting cross-legged on the floor of the cave as he draws the thorn from the lion's paw while it roars in agony. Briton Riviere 's 1908 painting of him standing to perform the same task is in the Auckland Art Gallery . Another approach was to show the earlier incident of Androcles surprised in the cave by the lion's entrance. This

1403-406: The motifs by which they are classified. Furthermore, Propp contended that using a "macro-level" analysis means that the stories that share motifs might not be classified together, while stories with wide divergences may be grouped under one tale type because the index must select some features as salient. He also observed that although the distinction between animal tales and tales of the fantastic

1464-499: The online resource links at the end of this article.) As an example, the entry for 510A in the ATU index (with cross-references to motifs in Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk Literature in square brackets, and variants in parentheses) reads: 510A Cinderella . (Cenerentola, Cendrillon, Aschenputtel.) A young woman is mistreated by her stepmother and stepsisters [S31, L55] and has to live in

1525-562: The 18th century. That by Charles Meynier , which was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1795, is now lost. However, a study for the painting has recently been discovered and shows Androcles as a nearly naked warrior brandishing his sword in the stadium while the lion lies on the ground and is – following the account of Aulus Gellius – "gently licking his feet". There are also studies for an unachieved painting by American artist Henry Ossawa Tanner dating from his student years in 1885-86. They include

1586-635: The Androcles episode is found in Aulus Gellius 's 2nd century Attic Nights . The author relates there a story told by Apion in his lost work Aegyptiaca /Αἰγυπτιακά (Wonders of Egypt) , the events of which Apion claimed to have personally witnessed in Rome. In this version, Androclus (going by the Latin variation of the name) is a runaway slave of a former Roman consul administering a part of Rome . He takes shelter in

1647-473: The Duke of Newcastle offered him valuable ecclesiastical preferment, which he declined from conscientious motives. In a letter to his wife, written shortly before his death, he summed up his feelings: "I own and declare that the importance of so great a charge, joined with a mistrust of my own sufficiency, made me fearful of undertaking it: if I have not in that capacity assisted in the salvation of souls, I have not been

1708-617: The Elder 's sandstone statue, executed between 1700 and 1725, is now at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and shows a triumphant figure bestriding a very small lion that rears up to look at him. Its frisky behaviour brings to mind Aulus Gellius' description of the lion "wagging his tail in a mild and caressing way, after the manner and fashion of fawning dogs". In 1751 the English monumental sculptor Henry Cheere created two white marble chimneypieces showing

1769-516: The Nature of Animals . However, an alternative version of the start of the story was related by Thomas Keightley in the introduction to his book on Classical mythology. In explanation of the origin of a temple to 'The Gaping Dionysos ' on the island of Samos , a story was told by Pliny the Elder of its foundation by a Samian named Elpis who encountered a gaping lion on the African seashore and freed it of

1830-631: The Western branch of the Indo-European languages, comprising the main European language families derived from PIE (i.e. Balto-Slavic , Germanic , Italic and Celtic ): International collections : Vincent Bourne Vincent Bourne , familiarly known as Vinny Bourne (1695 – 2 December 1747), was an English classical scholar and Neo-Latin poet. Even near contemporaries could find little biographical information about Vincent Bourne. His father's name

1891-455: The account by Aulus Gellius, it depicts Androcles walking through a doorway with the lion on a lead at his heel. Other artists have preferred the scene of Androcles pulling the thorn from the lion's paw, as in Bernhard Rode 's print of 1784. A later American example is Walter Inglis Anderson 's block print scroll of 1950, which was based on his 1935 painting. Paintings of the subject began in

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1952-464: The ashes as a servant. When the sisters and the stepmother go to a ball (church), they give Cinderella an impossible task (e.g. sorting peas from ashes), which she accomplishes with the help of birds [B450]. She obtains beautiful clothing from a supernatural being [D1050.1, N815] or a tree that grows on the grave of her deceased mother [D815.1, D842.1, E323.2] and goes unknown to the ball. A prince falls in love with her [N711.6, N711.4], but she has to leave

2013-408: The ball early [C761.3]. The same thing happens on the next evening, but on the third evening, she loses one of her shoes [R221, F823.2]. The prince will marry only the woman whom the shoe fits [H36.1]. The stepsisters cut pieces off their feet in order to make them fit into the shoe [K1911.3.3.1], but a bird calls attention to this deceit. Cinderella, who had first been hidden from the prince, tries on

2074-496: The clever daughter-in-law (and variants); The travelling girl and her helpful siblings ; and Woman's magical horse , as named by researcher Veronica Muskheli of the University of Washington. In regards to the typological classification, some folklorists and tale comparativists have acknowledged singular tale types that, due to their own characteristics, would merit their own type. Although such tales often have not been listed in

2135-523: The echo of its own voice. The theme is further imitated by repetition within the text: Nevertheless, despite the elegance and adaptability of Bourne's style, the essayist A. C. Benson comments that "an exhaustive account of his Latinity would be a long enumeration of minute mistakes arising from the imperfect acquaintance of the scholars of the day with the principles of correct Latinity", Bourne's final 19th century editor having enumerated these at some length. But, Benson concludes, his former popularity as

2196-668: The extensive body of sexual and 'obscene' material", and that – as of 1995 – "topics like homosexuality are still largely excluded from the type and motif indexes." In an essay, Alan Dundes also criticized Thompson's handling of the folkloric subject material, which he considered to be "excessive prudery" and a form of censorship. The ATU folktype index has been criticized for its apparent geographic concentration on Europe and North Africa, or over-representation of Eurasia and North America. The catalogue appears to ignore or under-represent other regions. Central Asian examples include: Yuri Berezkin  [ ru ] 's The captive Khan and

2257-525: The former slave standing with one hand on the lion's mane and a begging bowl at his feet. On its stand is the inscription Date obolum Androcli (spare a penny for Androclus). In the 20th century the American sculptor Frederick Charles Shrady incorporated the theme of removing the thorn from the paw into a modernistic design. The legend has figured on medals for various reasons over the course of four centuries. One attributed to Gioacchino Francesco Travani, using

2318-551: The international folktale system, they can exist in regional or national classification systems. A quantitative study published by folklorist S. Graça da Silva and anthropologist J.J. Tehrani in 2016, tried to evaluate the time of emergence for the "Tales of Magic" (ATU 300–ATU 749), based on a phylogenetic model. They found four of them to belong to the Proto-Indo-European stratum of magic tales. Ten more magic tales were found to be current throughout

2379-468: The list to 70 tale types and published it as "Appendix C" in Burne & Gomme 's Handbook of Folk-Lore . Before the edition of Antti Aarne 's first folktale classification, Astrid Lunding translated Svend Grundtvig 's system of folktale classification. This catalogue consisted of 134 types, mostly based on Danish folktale compilations in comparison to international collections available at

2440-440: The means of losing any; if I have not brought reputation to the function by any merit of mine, I have the comfort of this reflection — I have given no scandal to it by my meanness and unworthiness." Bourne died on 2 December 1747 and was buried at Fulham . His will mentions two children: a daughter named Lucia after her mother and his son Thomas, who was a lieutenant in the marines and about to sail for India. It also mentions

2501-401: The original index. He points out that Thompson's focus on oral tradition sometimes neglects older versions of stories, even when written records exist, that the distribution of stories is uneven (with Eastern and Southern European as well as many other regions' folktale types being under-represented), and that some included folktale types have dubious importance. Similarly, Thompson had noted that

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2562-422: The period of World War II , or afterwards helped those who had suffered from the German occupation. The subject was chosen because a lion was the national symbol. The theme of gratitude is reinforced by the inscription about the edge: Sibi benefacit qui benefacit amico (He benefits himself who benefits a friend). Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson classification system The Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index ( ATU Index )

2623-428: The presence of an emperor who is named in the account as Gaius Caesar, presumably Caligula . The most imposing of the beasts turns out to be the same lion, which again displays its affection toward Androclus. After questioning him, the emperor pardons the slave in recognition of this testimony to the power of friendship, and he is left in possession of the lion. Apion, who claimed to have been a spectator on this occasion,

2684-453: The principal Augustan poets of his time, including Nicholas Rowe , John Gay , Matthew Prior , John Arbuthnot and Joseph Addison , whose "Three Divine Hymns" fitted his religious frame of mind. In particular also he translated narratives such as David Mallet 's "William and Margaret" and Thomas Tickell 's ballad of "Lucy and Colin". As these writers adapted the Augustan spirit to themes of

2745-568: The second half of the century. Another edition with further revisions by Thompson followed in 1961. According to American folklorist D.L. Ashliman , The AT-number system was updated and expanded in 2004 with the publication of The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography by German folklorist H.-J. Uther . Uther noted that many of the earlier descriptions were cursory and often imprecise, that many "irregular types" are in fact old and widespread, and that "emphasis on oral tradition " often obscured "older, written versions of

2806-406: The shoe and it fits her. The prince marries her. Combinations: This type is usually combined with episodes of one or more other types, esp. 327A, 403, 480, 510B, and also 408, 409, 431, 450, 511, 511A, 707, and 923. Remarks: Documented by Basile, Pentamerone (I,6) in the 17th century. The entry concludes, like others in the catalogue, with a long list of references to secondary literature on

2867-648: The slave bending over the lion's paw to draw out the thorn. One is in the Saloon at West Wycombe Park , and the other is now in the Lady Lever Art Gallery . A continental example by Jean-Baptiste Stouf was sculpted in 1789 and is now only known through the modern bronze reproduction at the Ashmolean Museum . Formerly it was in the Louvre and showed Androcles tending the lion's paw. In the 19th century Androcles became

2928-556: The story of Androcles with the fable of " The Lion and the Mouse ". Renaissance prints of the story are based on the Classical accounts. Agostino Veneziano depicts the slave Androcles being freed by the emperor in a work from 1516–17 now in the LACMA collection. There is also an early pen and wash drawing by Baldassare Peruzzi dating from the 1530s in the Hermitage Museum . Dependent on

2989-565: The suffering lion. In the background are a cliff on the left and palm trees on the right; Androcles is depicted with African features. A more schematic representation now forms the logo of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Utrecht University . In the 20th century, the Dutch Medal of Recognition 1940–1945 also pictured the scene of relieving the lion and was awarded to those who aided the Dutch during

3050-562: The tale type index might well be called The Types of the Folk-Tales of Europe, West Asia, and the Lands Settled by these Peoples . However, Dundes notes that in spite of the flaws of tale type indexes (e.g., typos, redundancies, censorship, etc.; Author Pete Jordi Wood claims that topics related to homosexuality have been excluded intentionally from the type index. Similarly, folklorist Joseph P. Goodwin states that Thompson omitted "much of

3111-497: The tale types". To remedy these shortcomings Uther developed the Aarne–Thompson–Uther (ATU) classification system and included more tales from eastern and southern Europe as well as "smaller narrative forms" in this expanded listing. He also put the emphasis of the collection more explicitly on international folktales, removing examples whose attestation was limited to one ethnic group. In The Folktale , Thompson defines

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3172-526: The tale, and variants of it. In his essay "The motif-index and the tale type index: A critique", American folklorist Alan Dundes explains that the Aarne–Thompson indexes are some of the "most valuable tools in the professional folklorist's arsenal of aids for analysis". The tale type index was criticized by V. Propp of the Russian Formalist school of the 1920s for ignoring the functions of

3233-514: The time by other folklorists, such as the Brothers Grimm 's and Emmanuel Cosquin 's. Antti Aarne was a student of Julius Krohn and his son Kaarle Krohn . Aarne developed the historic-geographic method of comparative folkloristics , and developed the initial version of what became the Aarne–Thompson tale type index for classifying folktales , first published in 1910 as Verzeichnis der Märchentypen ("List of Fairy Tale Types"). The system

3294-516: The translations of others, notably the nineteen written by Cowper. The final 1840 edition of his Poematia contains a memoir and a survey of his writing by John Mitford . Thereafter he was little noticed until the recent revival of interest in Latin poetry. William Cowper's too partial assessment of Bourne's poetry, in a letter to the Reverend John Newton dated 10 May 1781, frequently prefaced

3355-447: The various editions of his work. "I love the memory of Vinny Bourne. I think him a better Latin poet than Tibullus , Propertius , Ausonius , or any of the writers in his way except Ovid , and not at all inferior to him." Charles Lamb was also an admirer and translated eight more of his poems. In an enthusiastic letter to William Wordsworth , written in 1815, he summed up Bourne's poetical approach as "sucking from every flower, making

3416-424: The wild beasts, only to be recognised and defended from the other animals by the one that he tended. A Latin poem by Vincent Bourne dating from 1716–17 is based on the account of Aulus Gellius. Titled Mutua Benevolentia primaria lex naturae est , it was translated by William Cowper as "Reciprocal kindness: the primary law of nature". George Bernard Shaw 's play Androcles and the Lion (1912) makes Androcles

3477-536: Was Andrew; Vincent was born in 1695. In 1710 he was admitted to Westminster School and was elected to a scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge , on 27 May 1714, proceeding to B.A. in 1717 and becoming a fellow of his college in 1720. In 1721, the year he commenced his M.A., he edited a collection of Carmina Comitialia which contains, among the Miscellanea at the end, some verses of his own, including his tripos poem on Androcles . On leaving Cambridge he became

3538-434: Was based on identifying motifs and the repeated narrative ideas that can be seen as the building-blocks of traditional narrative; its scope was European. The American folklorist Stith Thompson revised Aarne's classification system in 1928, enlarging its scope, while also translating it from German into English. In doing so, he created the "AT number system" (also referred to as "AaTh system") which remained in use through

3599-552: Was basically correct – no one would classify " Tsarevitch Ivan, the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf " as an animal tale, just because of the wolf – it did raise questions because animal tales often contained fantastic elements, and tales of the fantastic often contained animals; indeed a tale could shift categories if a peasant deceived a bear rather than a devil. In describing the motivation for his work, Uther presents several criticisms of

3660-560: Was the best, so to be the last, Latin poet of the Westminster line." In another letter Cowper wrote, "I lost more than I got by him; for he made me as idle as himself." In 1734 he published his Poemata, Latine partim reddita, partim scripta , with a dedication to the Duke of Newcastle , and in November of the same year he was appointed housekeeper and deputy sergeant-at-arms to the House of Commons . Later

3721-498: Was the subject chosen by Vassily Rotschev (d.1803) soon after returning to Russia from training in Rome. It was also the choice of the Chinese painter Xu Beihong . His "Slave and Lion" dates from a stay in Berlin during the early 1920s and shows the lion entering the mouth of a cave while Androcles cowers against the wall. Androcles also became a sculptural subject. Jan Pieter van Baurscheit

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