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114-402: Nonggunong District includes the northern half of Sapudi Island ( Pulau Sapedi ) and the small offshore islands of Manok and Payangan. Gayam District includes the southern half of Sapudi Island. Raas District comprises 11 islands further east, of which the main are Raas, Ketupat and Tonduk. The main settlement on Sapudi Island (Nonggunong District) is Sonok, while on Raas Island, the main settlement

228-701: A duchy , a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer Tomé Pires mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit. By that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the Brantas River delta and the trade route between Malacca and the Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During

342-522: A commuter train transportation system with Bojonegoro -Surabaya- Sidoarjo , Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Porong, Surabaya-Lamongan, Surabaya-Mojokerto, Surabaya-Malang, and Jember-Banyuwangi routes. Surabaya Surabaya is the capital city of East Java province and the second-largest city in Indonesia , after Jakarta . Located on the northeastern corner of Java island, on the Madura Strait , it

456-466: A giant white shark and a giant white crocodile taking place in the area. The event is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the Mongol invasion of Java , a major conflict between the forces of Kublai Khan , Mongol ruler of China , and those of Raden Wijaya 's Majapahit on 31 May 1293, which is now considered the date of the city's founding. The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with

570-1201: A high economic significance, which contributes over 15% to the Gross Domestic Product of Indonesia. East Java has a number of large industries, including the largest shipbuilding shipyard in Indonesia, PT PAL in Surabaya , military industrial by Pindad in Southern Malang , largest railway industry in Southeast Asia, Industri Kereta Api (INKA) in Madiun , PT Tjiwi Kimia, a paper mill company based in Sidoarjo , Kertas Leces based in Probolinggo ); cigarette factories ( Wismilak in Surabaya, Gudang Garam in Kediri , Sampoerna in Surabaya and Bentoel in Malang). In Gresik there are Semen Gresik , and Petrokimia Gresik . In Tuban there are

684-503: A major Islamic center in Java during the Wali Sanga era. The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat). His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama , was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926. Al-Akbar Mosque

798-565: A melting pot of numerous cultures. The city is referred to as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the significance of the Battle of Surabaya during the Indonesian National Revolution . The city is one of the important financial, commercial, industrial, transportation, and entertainment hubs of the archipelago. Arguably the second most significant city after Jakarta, the city is also home to Indonesia's second-busiest seaport,

912-532: A modern port facility was built in Surabaya, now known as Tanjung Perak Harbor. Until the 1920s, new settlements such as Darmo, Gubeng, Fields, and Ketabang grew. In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city. In 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the Indies Social Democratic Association . The revolt was firmly crushed, and the insurgents were given harsh sentences. Japan occupied

1026-506: A rich variety of products from the Moluccas. At the end of the 16th century, Islam had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. At first, the spread of Islam was very rapid and was accepted by ordinary people, until the da'wah entered and it was carried out by the rulers of the island. The relationship between the Javanese and European colonial powers began in 1522, with

1140-525: A series of terrorist attacks initiated by Jamaah Ansharut Daulah , the Southeast Asian branch of ISIS , followed by a bombing on Surabaya Police Department HQ the next day. 28 people were killed, including the assailants. 57 people were injured; several of whom where in a critical condition. The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in East Java was in Surabaya, on 17 March 2020. In May 2020, Surabaya became

1254-670: A variety of natural attractions, including mountains, beaches, caves, and waterfalls. Almost every regency or city in East Java has its own unique tourist destinations, such as the Ijen volcano in Banyuwangi , Baluran National Park in Situbondo , and Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in Malang , Pasuruan , Lumajang , and Probolinggo . East Java has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times. This

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1368-697: Is a mixture of both Indonesian and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as Madurese , which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called Ludruk . The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go. Religion in Surabaya (2019 Census) Although around 80% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to Sunni Islam , other major religions include Christianity ( Roman Catholicism , Protestantism , and Orthodox ), of whom

1482-569: Is a similar dialect to the one spoken in Central Java , with its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In the eastern part, such as Surabaya, Malang, and others, a more egalitarian version of Javanese is spoken, with less regard of hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity. The dialect is notable for its roughness compared to other dialects spoken elsewhere in Java (especially the Mataram dialect spoken around Surakarta and Yogyakarta , which

1596-455: Is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues to grow at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java. Javanese people form the majority in Surabaya, forming around 83 percent out all population, while the Madurese and Chinese are significant minorities, forming around 7 percent respectively,

1710-432: Is at Brakas in the east. This East Java location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . East Java East Java ( Indonesian : Jawa Timur , Javanese : ꦙꦮꦶꦮꦺꦠꦤ꧀ , romanized:  Jawi Wétan , Madurese : Jhâbâ Tèmor ) is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to

1824-524: Is centered in 30 villages in the isolated Tengger mountains. When Islamic sultanates started ruling Java, cities in the northern coast started developing, becoming thriving ports. One of them was the town of Tuban , which was a wealthy and important port with many Chinese settlers. Being a port of the Majapahit and the point of departure for the Moluccas , it exported an abundant supply of foodstuffs and imported

1938-598: Is now the Gresik Regency, Sidoarjo , Mojokerto , and Jombang . In 1905, Surabaya received the status of municipality (gemeente). In 1926, Surabaya was designated the capital of the province of East Java. Since then Surabaya developed into the second largest city in the Dutch East Indies after Batavia . Before 1900, the city center of Surabaya revolved around the Jembatan Merah ; (English: Red Bridge ). In 1910,

2052-522: Is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. According to the National Development Planning Agency , Surabaya is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Jakarta , Medan , and Makassar . The city had a population of 2,874,314 within its city limits at the 2020 census. With 3,009,286 people living in the city as of mid 2023 (comprising 1,490,358 males and 1,518,928 females) and over 10 million in

2166-598: Is refined in Bojonegoro . The power plant in East Java is managed by PT Pembangkit Jawa Bali (PJB), which includes hydroelectricity power plant (Ir. Sutami, Selorejo, Bening), thermal power station in Paiton, Probolinggo Regency ; which provides electricity to the Java-Bali system. Some regions develop micro hydro power plants , and solar energy . East Java is crossed by several national roads as primary arterial roads, including

2280-561: Is renowned for its smoothness) and contributes to the stereotype among Javanese people of East Javanese being "blunt" and "loud". Variants of Javanese are also used by Osing and Tengger minorities, the former utilizing a Balinese -influenced Javanese by virtue of its closeness with Bali island, and the latter speaking an archaic form of the language that retains many features now lost in other more-innovative Javanese dialects. Other than Javanese, minority language includes Madurese , spoken by around 4 million ethnic Madurese people inhabiting

2394-644: Is the largest island in East Java, separated from the mainland Java by the Strait of Madura . Bawean Island is located about 150 km north of Java. In the east of Madura there are clusters of islands, the easternmost are the Kangean Islands and the northernmost are the Masalembu Islands . Off the south coast of Java there are two small islands namely Nusa Barong and Sempu Island . In physiographic of geology, East Java Province can be grouped into three zones:

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2508-546: Is the largest mosque in the city and one of the largest mosque in the world . Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by Chinese Indonesians , as well as native Javanese , Bataks , and Ambonese who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church. A minority of Javanese worship at the Gereja Kejawen - a syncretic religious movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java. Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. The Church of

2622-604: Is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 2,874,314 inhabitants recorded in the chartered city limits ( kota ) in the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 3,009,286. With the extended metropolitan development area called Gerbangkertosusila (derived from Gre sik - Bang kalan - Mojo kerto - Su rabaya- Si doarjo - La mongan ) adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan regencies. The central government of Indonesia recognises only

2736-563: Is thought to come from the name of a sacred building called Malangkuseswara. This name is contained in the Mantyasih inscription written in 907 CE. In 1222, Ken Arok founded the Kingdom of Singhasari , which he ruled until 1292. Before coming to power, Ken Arok seized power in Tumapel ( Kediri ) from Tungul Ametung. Ken Arok's descendants became kings of Singhasari and Majapahit from the 13th until

2850-408: Is used for irrigation, fish farming and tourism. East Java has a tropical monsoon and savanna climate at lower elevation and subtropical at higher elevation . Compared with the western part of Java Island, East Java in general has less rainfall. Average rainfall is 1,900 mm per year, with a rainy season during the 100 days. The average temperature ranges between 19–34 °C. Temperatures in

2964-487: The 2020 Census showed an increase to 40,665,696 people, while the official estimate for mid 2023 was 41,527,930 (comprising 20,711,680 males and 20,816,260 females). Almost a quarter of the population lives inside greater Surabaya metropolitan area. East Java is inhabited by many different ethnic groups, such as the Javanese , Madurese and Chinese . Most of the people in East Java adheres to Islam , forming around 94% of

3078-597: The Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Teenagers of Surabaya) killed British Brigadier Aubertin Mallaby on 30 October 1945, near Jembatan Merah , allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on 10 November, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes' Day). The incident of

3192-645: The Banten Sultanate and the Dutch settlement of Batavia . The expanding Dutch East India Company took over the city from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including Ngabehi Soero Pernollo (1720–1776), his brother Han Bwee Kong , Kapitein der Chinezen (1727–1778), and his nephew, Han Chan Piet , Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from

3306-424: The Indonesian National Revolution . After the independence era , population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the east and west as it is today. The increase in vehicles, the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted in traffic jams not only in the downtown area but also frequently in

3420-635: The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , there was persistent resistance against the Japanese rule. In Blitar , an uprising by Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) led by Supriyadi , Moeradi, Halir Mangkudijoyo, and Soemarto occurred in early 1945, but it was crushed by the Japanese. Two weeks after the proclamation of independence , Surabaya established its own government under, Raden Sudirman . The formation of government in Surabaya caused disputes between

3534-588: The Madura Islands ; though they live practically next door with the Javanese, the language is actually more closer genetically to Balinese, and Sundanese . A long time ago, Hinduism and Buddhism dominated the island until Islam gradually supplanted Hinduism in the 14th and 15th century . The last nobles and people of the fallen Majapahit fled to Bali . Islam spread from northern cities in Java where many Muslim traders from Gujarat , India stopped by. The eastern part of East Java, from Surabaya to Pasuruan, and

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3648-511: The Port of Tanjung Perak , which is located in northern Surabaya. The city is also known for being one of the cleanest and greenest in Indonesia. Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are many colonial-era relics still standing today, such as Hotel Majapahit and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia , most colonial buildings were built around

3762-558: The Second largest urban area in Indonesia and the Top 50 largest in the world . Surabaya ranks 11th among the Indonesian city in the human development index . Surabaya's offer business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it

3876-457: The Spice Islands via the Java Sea . During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530. Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546. From the 18th century until the mid-20th century, Surabaya was the largest city in the Dutch East Indies and the main trading hub for

3990-596: The Tengger people in the Mount Bromo region, and the Samin and the Osing people in Banyuwangi . East Java also hosts a significant population of foreign ethnic groups, such as Chinese , Indians, and Arabs. Besides the national language ( Indonesian ), the people of East Java predominantly use the Javanese in daily life. Javanese as spoken in the western part of East Java ( Kulonan )

4104-399: The colonial era of the Dutch East Indies . The railway line in East Java consists of the northern line ( Surabaya Pasar Turi - Semarang - Cirebon - Jakarta ), the middle lane ( Surabaya Gubeng - Yogyakarta - Bandung -Jakarta), the southern ring railway line (Surabaya Gubeng- Malang - Blitar -Kertosono-Surabaya), and east line (Surabaya Gubeng-Probolinggo- Jember - Ketapang ). East Java also has

4218-450: The " Asura " ( Buddhism beliefs), and " bhaya " , referring to "fear", "perils" or "danger". This name for Surabaya alludes to a prophecy of Jayabaya , a 12th-century psychic king of Kediri Kingdom , whose name means "conquering the fear or perils" derived from the Pali words "Jaya" or "Vijaya" (victory or conqueror) and "bhaya" (fear, perils or danger). Jayabaya foresaw a fight between

4332-619: The 11th century, the North coast of Java had been frequented by Arab traders from the Middle East. In addition, several Islamic tombs were discovered in Trowulan , located in what is now part of the Mojokerto Regency , near the site of the former Majapahit palace. In the 15th century, a Chinese Hui voyager named Ma Huan visited East Java. He then wrote the book Yingya Shenglan , which tells

4446-415: The 15th century. In 1227, Anusapati killed Ken Arok, and later became king of Singhasari. Anusapati's power only lasted 20 years, before he was killed by Tohjaya. Three years later, Tohjaya was killed in an uprising led by Jaya Wisnuwardhana, son of Anusapati. In 1268, Wisnuwardhana died, and he was succeeded by Kertanegara (1268–1292). In 1292 Kertanegara was defeated by a rebel named Jayakatwang, ending

4560-576: The 17th century to the early 20th century. These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle Ages. Before the Second World War , there were many shophouses in the old part of the city, mostly two-storey. They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around

4674-803: The 18th century, the Dutch had succeeded in expanding their influence on the Islamic sultanates in the interior of the island of Java. At the onset of the Napoleonic Wars , the British conquered Java in 1811. Java briefly became part of the British Empire , with Sir Stamford Raffles as its Governor-General. In 1814, Britain returned Java to the Netherlands as stipulated in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 . During

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4788-482: The 2000 population of Batu City is included in the total for Malang Regency, from which it was separated on 21 June 2001. The province comprises eleven of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The province's 87 elected members are comprised as follows: According to the 2000 census , East Java had 34,765,993 people, which increased to 37,476,757 people at

4902-513: The 2000, 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023, are listed below, grouped geographically into five (unofficial) sub-regions entirely for convenience of access. The sub-regions have no official status. These regencies and cities are divided as at 2023 into 666 districts ( kecamatan ) which are in turn composed of 8,494 administrative villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan ): (km ) 2000 Census 2010 Census 2020 Census mid 2023 Estimate Note: (a)

5016-431: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with their official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, and the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district. Notes: (a) except the 2 kelurahan of Simomulyo and Simomulyo Baru, which have the postcode of 60281. 1945–1961 : Surabaya: City of Work Surabaya

5130-408: The 2010 Census, and to 40,665,595 at the 2020 Census, making it the second most populous Indonesian province after West Java . The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 41,527,930. Akin to Central Java , the region's birth rates are not necessarily any lower than the rest of Java, however due to net population outflows, especially in times of calamity, not limited to volcanic eruptions or droughts,

5244-564: The 2010s, Surabaya has become a center of skyscrapers and high-rises in East Java and central regions of Indonesia, such as The Peak Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 6 (215 meters) and One Icon Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 5 (200 meters). Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia. This can be seen by the urban parks which are equipped with fountains in almost every neighborhood area. These parks include Bungkul Park, Harmoni Park, Pelangi Park, Surya Park, Mundu Park, Undaan Fruit Park, Jayengrono Park, and others. Bungkul Park

5358-717: The Adipura trophy, plenary in 2016. The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the best air quality in Indonesia. Surabaya in 2012 has won the award "City of the Best Participation in the Asia Pacific " by Citynet for the success of the city government and people's participation in managing the environment. Surabaya has also been awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or "the city with

5472-511: The Birth of Our Lady , also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia. Graha Bethany Nginden , is a megachurch which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya, Indonesia and Southeast Asia . The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The Orthodox Christian Center Surabaya

5586-453: The Indonesian archipelago, competing with Shanghai and Hong Kong . Surabaya has been one of the busiest trading city ports in Asia. Principal exports from the port include sugar , tobacco , and coffee . Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with financial institutions such as banks, insurance, and export-import companies. The economy is influenced by

5700-582: The Madura Strait. Solo River has headwaters on the slopes of Mount Lawu which lies on the border of East Java and Central Java, and flows through a portion of the eastern part of Central Java and East Java, which eventually empties in Gresik. Brantas River and Bengawan Solo are managed by Perum Jasa Tirta I. On the slopes of Mount Lawu near the border with Central Java are Sarangan, a natural lake. The main dam in East Java, among others Ir. Sutami and Selorejo Dam, which

5814-600: The Majapahit Empire went into decline in the late 1300s, Islam moved to fill the vacuum. The precise date when Islam entered Java remains unclear. This is due to the absence of a definite source regarding the arrival of Islam in Java. However, according to some experts , it is estimated that Islam entered Java around the 11th century, with the tomb of Fatimah Binti Maimun in the village of Leran in Gresik Regency which dates from 475 AH (1085 AD). The tomb also shows that by

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5928-502: The Majapahit Kingdom from the sea, at the mouth of Kali Mas river . The anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31, 1293, commemorating the victory of the Majapahit led by Raden Wijaya against the Mongol invasion . Mongol troops who came from the sea were described as SURA (sharks / brave) and Raden Wijaya's troops who came from the land were described as BAYA (crocodiles / danger), literally translating to brave to face

6042-613: The Mojokerto Regency, Jabon Industrial Zone in Sidoarjo Regency, and Lamongan Integrated Shorebase (LIS) in Lamongan Regency . Small industrial centers are spread throughout the districts / cities, and some of them have penetrated exports; The leather craft industry in the form of bags and shoes at Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo is one of the very famous small industries . The Cepu Block, one of the largest oil producers in Indonesia,

6156-412: The Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia , the Dutch withdrew its troops from East Java. East Java changed its status from a province into a state. However, on 25 February 1950, this was dissolved and became part of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia . The State of Madura also decided to join Indonesia. Along with rapid growth of urbanization in East Java,

6270-429: The Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Toll Road will be realized, which is the final segment of the Trans Java Toll Road , the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Toll Road that connects the industrial estates in the city of Surabaya; Sidoarjo Regency ; and Gresik Regency , as well as plans for the Gresik-Tuban Toll Road that connects East Java with cities on the northern coast of Java. The railway system in East Java has been built since

6384-418: The Singhasari. In 1293, Kublai Khan , founder of the Yuan dynasty , sent a large invasion fleet to Java with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers, beginning the Mongol invasion of Java . This was a punitive expedition against King Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of its ministers. However, it ended with failure for the Mongols . In 1294, the Kingdom of Majapahit

6498-508: The VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region. The Duchy of Surabaya entered conflict with and was later captured by the more powerful Sultanate of Mataram in 1625 under Sultan Agung . It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and Madura , and to lay siege to the city, blocking the flow of the Brantas River, Sultan Agung forced Surabaya to surrender. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled most of Java, except

6612-454: The area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street. After the independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with economic development, such buildings have continued to grow. In

6726-430: The best sustainable environmental management in ASEAN" in 2011 and 2014. In 2018, Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with Hamburg , Kazan , and Tokyo , on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent government management and community participation amid the rapidly developing city. Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this award. On

6840-477: The border with Central Java is Mount Lawu (3,265 metres). Southeast from Madiun is Mount Wilis (2,169 metres), and Mount Liman (2,563 metres). In the middle of the corridor lies the Anjasmoro mountains with peaks Mount Arjuno (3,339 metres), Mount Welirang (3,156 metres), Mount Anjasmoro (2,277 metres), Mount Kawi (2,551 metres), and Mount Kelud (1,731 metres); The mountains are located in most Kediri, Blitar, Malang, Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Jombang. The group has

6954-550: The champion of a smart city in Indonesia and won Indonesia Smart City Index (IKCI) in 2015 and 2018. Surabaya also received an award at the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation in the Online Popular City category and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize in 2018. Surabaya is divided into thirty-one kecamatan (districts), and subdivided into 154 kelurahan (urban villages). The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North, South, East, and West. The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at

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7068-402: The cities along the coast, and back to Banyuwangi to Jember, are known as the eastern salient , or " Kawasan Tapal Kuda " (the Horseshoe Region). A remnant of Hindu tradition and syncretic abangan exists because of Islamic and Hinduism acculturation in Java. East Java GDP share by sector (2022) East Java is known as the hub and center economy of Central and Eastern Indonesia , and has

7182-410: The city in 1942, as part of the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies , and it was bombed by the Allies in 1944. After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II , Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender. The Battle of Surabaya , started after

7296-447: The city since 26 February 2021. The city's first female mayor is Tri Rismaharini , who has led Surabaya to achieve many regional, national and international awards since her first term began in 2010. In 2012, Surabaya was awarded the "ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award". Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor, there is the Surabaya City Regional House of Representatives , which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by

7410-402: The city. Foreign communities like Korean and westerners are among those who exist and settle in the city. Most citizens speak a dialect of East Javanese called Suroboyoan , a subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech. The use of register is less strict than the standardized Central Java dialect. The Suroboyoan dialect

7524-410: The dangers that come threatening. So the day of victory is commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya. By the late 15th century, Islam began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of Ampel , located around Ampel Mosque in today's Ampel subdistrict, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by Islamic proselytiser Sunan Ampel . In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to

7638-432: The decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the Demak Sultanate and only submitted to its rule in 1530. Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546. Following the collapse of Demak , Surabaya was conquered by the Mataram Sultanate , under the leadership of Panembahan Senopati in 1598, and invaded by Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak in 1610, An article by

7752-401: The desire of king Hayam Wuruk to take a Sundanese princess. Dyah Pitaloka as queen. However, because of a misunderstanding about the procedure of marriage, leading to a battle in Bubat. Majapahit troops, under the command of Gajah Mada capturud Pajajaran . In 1389, Hayam Wuruk died, and was succeeded by Wikramawardhana . This resulted in the beginning of the decline of the Majapahit Empire. As

7866-524: The dominant minority Indian Indonesians in Surabaya city. The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation , but Javanese and Madurese are most frequently used, especially the Surabaya dialect ( Javanese : Suroboyoan or Surabayaan — the Javanese dialect of Surabaya ) used mainly in the capital Surabaya . Indonesian is only used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes. East Java offers different types of tourist attractions. There are

7980-402: The dry season covers the remaining four months. Unlike many cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 °C and average low temperatures around 23 °C. Summer months (December to February) are the wettest months, while spring months (September to November) are

8094-401: The educational destinations, Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions from all over Indonesia, even among them they also form their own community forum, majority from Eastern part of Indonesia such as Papuan , Minahasan , Bugis , Timor people and others. As one of the regional trade centers, many foreigners (expatriates) live in Surabaya, especially in the western part of

8208-400: The epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia. Surabaya the capital of East Java province, extends over 350.56 km (135.35 sq mi), its metropolitan area covers 6,310.06 km (2,436.33 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Mojokerto , Gresik , Sidoarjo , Bangkalan , and Lamongan , and has an estimated population of 9.96 million as of 2023 , making it

8322-557: The exile of many Majapahit aristocrats to the neighbouring island of Bali . Those who remained in Java were forced to convert to Islam, while a small pocket of isolated people living in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park spread around Pasuruan , Probolinggo , Malang , and Lumajang Regencies remains adhered to Hinduism to this day. They are known as the Tenggerese people . Their population of roughly 100,000

8436-417: The extended Surabaya metropolitan area , according to the latest official estimate, Surabaya was the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. Surabaya metropolitan is also ASEAN's 6th largest economy ahead of Hanoi . In 2023, the city's GRP PPP was estimated at US$ 150.294 billion. The city was settled in the 10th century by the Kingdom of Janggala , one of the two Javanese kingdoms that

8550-528: The field of environment and city planning both nationally and internationally. These awards have included Adipura, Adipura kencana, Adiwiyata, Wahyu Tata Nugraha, and other green awards, the Adipura Cup, which Surabaya won several times in the 1980s and 1990s, the Adipura Kencana trophy, the cleanest metropolitan city category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017, seven consecutive times, as well as

8664-482: The governments could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing. East Java has twice hosted the Indonesian National Games ( Indonesian : Pekan Olahraga Nasional ) (PON), the 7th (1969) and 15th PONs (2000), and became

8778-573: The governor, Suryo, on the advice of People's Security Army (TKR), to move the seat of the government to Mojokerto . A week later, the government retreated again to a more secure location in Kediri. However, security situation Kediri worsen until finally, in February 1947, the East Java provincial government fled to Malang. While the administration was based in Malang, Governor Soerjo was replaced by R.P. Suroso, who

8892-426: The hottest months. The city has its own local government and legislative body. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities, and public transportation. The current mayor of the city is Eri Cahyadi , who has served

9006-590: The largest cement factories in Indonesia, namely Semen Indonesia (ex-Semen Gresik), and Semen Holcim and the Petrochemical Refinery Area. The government has established 12 industrial estate companies, including Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) in Surabaya, Pasuruan Industrial Estate Rembang (PIER) in Pasuruan Regency, Madiun Industrial Estate Balerejo (MIEB) in Madiun, Ngoro Industrial Park (NIP) in

9120-484: The lower mountain areas, and even in areas Ranu Pani (slopes of Mount Semeru), temperatures can reach –4 °C, causing a frost and fall of light snow. East Java is divided into 29 kabupaten (or regencies), and 9 kotamadya (or cities). This division has remained unchanged since the creation of the province, except for the creation of the new city of Batu on 21 June 2001 (by separation from Malang Regency). These regencies and cities with their areas and populations at

9234-409: The majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of Hinduism is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism, mostly among the ethnic Indian and Balinese minorities. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to Buddhism and Confucianism , and a small community of Dutch Jews follow Judaism . The city had an influential role as

9348-403: The metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidoarjo) as Greater Surabaya ( Zona Surabaya Raya ) with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. The city is highly urbanised , with industries centralised in the city, and contains slums. As a leading education center, the city is also home for students from around Indonesia. Surabaya

9462-564: The northern Bali Sea ) and the Masalembu archipelago to the north. Its capital is Surabaya , the second largest city in Indonesia , a major industrial center and also a major business center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java. The province covers an area of 48,036.84 square kilometres (18,547.13 sq mi), and according to the 2010 Census , there were 37,476,757 people residing there, making it Indonesia 's second-most-populous province;

9576-473: The northern coastal national road or locally known as pantura road ( Anyer - Jakarta - Surabaya - Banyuwangi ), and inland national roads (Jakarta- Bandung - Yogyakarta -Surabaya). The expressway network in East Java covers the Surabaya-Gempol Toll Road ; Gempol-Pandaan ; Pandaan-Malang ; Gempol-Pasuruan ; and Pasuruan-Probolinggo which connects the northern and middle East Java regions with

9690-417: The other hand, however, there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised, especially in the neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya. This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the environment of the region. Surabaya features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ), with distinct wet and dry seasons . The city's wet season runs from October through May, while

9804-471: The overall champions in 2000 and 2008. East Java province borders the Java Sea in the north, the Strait of Bali in the east, and the Indian Ocean in the south, as well as the Central Java province in the west. The length of the east–west stretch of about 400 km. The width of the stretch of the north–south in the west about 200 km, but in the eastern part of narrower by about 60 km. Madura

9918-519: The peak of Mount Bromo Tengger (2,329 metres), and Mount Semeru (3,676 metres). Mount Semeru , which is also called Mahameru is the highest mountain in the island of Java. In the easternmost part if the province, there are two groups of mountains: the Iyang mountains with the peak Mount Argopuro (3,088 metres), the Ijen mountains with the peak Mount Raung (3344 metres) In the south there is a series of hills, that of

10032-411: The people in legislative elections every five years. The city administration maintains a central command center since 2016, integrating all civic services including Satpol PP, Bakesbangpol and Linmas, Hygiene and Parks Service, Transportation Agency, Public Works Agency of Highways and Extermination, ambulance and fire services. All services can be accessed by dialling 112 number. The city is dubbed as

10146-503: The powerful Han family of Lasem . In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was largest city in the Dutch East Indies, becoming a major trading center and hosting the most extensive naval base in the colony. Surabaya also served as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry, supported by its natural harbor. During the Dutch East Indies era, Surabaya was the capital of the Surabaya Residency, whose territory encompasses what

10260-539: The recent growth in international industries and the completion of the Suramadu Bridge . The city is home to a large shipyard and numerous specialized naval schools. The Bank of Indonesia has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia. Surabaya, from the Javanese " sura ing baya ", means "bravely facing danger"; originally from the union of Pali words " sura " , referring to

10374-452: The red-white flag (the Dutch flag at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by Bung Tomo is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle over the city. The city is known as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence during

10488-514: The region has varying rates of population growth that are generally lower than national average. Ethnic Javanese dominate the Java mainland as well as the total population of the province overall, while ethnic Madurese inhabit Madura and the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos, though centuries of migrations have led the Java mainland to have a larger proportion of Madurese people than Madura itself. Minorities include distinct Javanese ethnicities such as

10602-515: The republican forces and Japanese troops, resulting in various skirmishes across the city. This was because when the Japanese surrendered, they were obliged to remain in power until the allied forces arrived. The arrival of allied forces in Surabaya created tensions with the newly established government of Indonesia, reaching peak on 10 November 1945 where a major battle between the Surabayan residents led by Sutomo and allied forces. The battle forced

10716-589: The rest are Arab and other ethnics that are present. Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: Sundanese , Minang , Batak , Banjar , and Balinese . Surabaya is one of the major cities in Indonesia that has a significant population of Middle East people ; there are Arabs , especially the Hadhrami people who originate from the Hadhramaut region in Yemen , Armenian people , and Jews . As one of

10830-444: The ship reached Sulumayi , whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh". Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in 1413, during the reign of Majapahit king Wikramawardhana . He describes his travel to the Majapahit capital. He first arrived at the port of Tu-pan (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from Guangdong and Zhangzhou . Then, he sailed east to

10944-738: The signing of a treaty between the Sunda Kingdom and the Portuguese Empire in Malacca . After the failure of the treaty, the Portuguese presence was then limited to Malacca in the Malay Peninsula and the Maluku Islands . An expedition under the leadership of the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman consisting of four ships in 1596 became the beginning of Dutch presence in the island. At the end of

11058-825: The south coast of Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Blitar, Malang. the Kapur Selatan mountains is a continuation of a series of the Sewu mountains in Yogyakarta. Two of the most important rivers in East Java is the Brantas River (290 kilometres), and the Solo River (548 kilometers). Brantas River has headwaters on the slopes Mount Arjuno near Batu, and flows through most areas in East Java, like Malang, Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang and Mojokerto. In Mojokerto, Brantas River split into two: Kali Mas , and Porong; both empties into

11172-548: The southern and eastern salient ( tapal kuda ) , the Surabaya-Gresik Toll Road that connects the middle and southern East Java to the north, and the Surabaya-Mojokerto Toll Road ; Mojokerto-Kertosono ; Ngawi-Kertosono; and Solo-Ngawi which connects East Java with Central Java. Suramadu Bridge that crosses the Madura Strait connects Surabaya and Madura Island . In the near future, the construction of

11286-522: The southern zone (plato), the middle zone (volcanic), and the northern zone (folds). Lowlands and highlands in the middle (of Ngawi, Blitar, Malang, to Bondowoso) has a fairly fertile soil. In the northern part ( Bojonegoro, Tuban, Gresik, to Madura Island) lies the Kapur Utara mountains and the Kendeng mountains which are relatively barren. In the middle of the province stretch mountain ranges and volcanoes: On

11400-498: The story of the countries he visited over the course of the Ming treasure voyages . He mentioned that at that time, there were three different peoples inhabiting Eastern Java: Arabs from the Middle East, the ancestor of the modern Arab Indonesians ; Chinese Muslims originating from modern-day Guangdong province, and the native Javanese people . By the 16th century, the Majapahit Empire was defeated by Islamic kingdoms in Java, resulting in

11514-438: The suburbs. Surabaya grew from a relative poor city in the late 19th century into a metropolis in the late 20th century, and became one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia. Surabaya also managed to become one of the most organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air. On 13 May 2018, three churches in Surabaya and one apartment complex in the neighboring regency of Sidoarjo were bombed in

11628-477: The territory controlled by the East Java provincial government. The Netherlands then turned the areas under its control into new federal states, the State of Madura and the State of East Java . Amid the difficulties faced by the government of Indonesia, a left-wing opposition group, Front Demokrasi Rakyat (FDR, People's Democratic Front) launched rebellion in Madiun on 18 September 1948. However, eventually this revolt

11742-509: The thriving new trading town of Ko-erh-hsi (Gresik), Su-pa-erh-ya (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the Brantas river port of Chang-ku (Changgu). Continuing to travel by land to the southwest, he arrived in Man-che-po-I (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stayed. The Surabaya area was once the main gateway to the capital of

11856-483: The total population. Other religions are also practiced, such as Christianity , Buddhism and Confucianism which are mostly practised by Tionghoa people and immigrants from Eastern Indonesia and North Sumatra , and also Hinduism which are practised by the Tenggerese people in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the province bordering Bali as well as

11970-563: The two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the city zoo . Some people consider Jayabaya 's prophecy as being about the great war between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These folk etymologies , though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable. The Kingdom of Janggala

12084-572: The west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali by around 2.29 kilometres (1.42 mi). Located in eastern Java , the province also includes the island of Madura (which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia, the Suramadu Bridge ), as well as the Kangean islands and other smaller island groups located further east (in

12198-555: Was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and integrated facilities, starting from the economic area ( street food centers ), green open area, parks, disability-friendly area, free internet ( Wi-Fi ), and routine garden maintenance management . The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment. The city has won many awards in

12312-639: Was defeated by the Indonesian Army . On 19 December 1948, the Dutch launched Operation Kraai . Blitar, the seat of the East Java provincial government was attacked by the Dutch. Governor Moerdjani and his staff were forced to flee and joined the guerrillas on the slopes of Mount Wilis . Operation Kraai ended after the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement on 7 May 1949. Following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference , at which

12426-518: Was formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons. In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to be a duchy , a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java, probably under the Majapahit empire. At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the River Brantas delta and the trade route between Malacca and

12540-544: Was founded by Raden Wijaya . The Majapahit reached its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk . He was accompanied by the Mahapatih Gajah Mada . Together they managed to unite the archipelago under the name Dwipantara. Majapahit developed to become one of the strongest empires in Southeast Asia. In 1357, the Battle of Bubat occurred, starting a war between the Sunda Kingdom and the Majapahit. The event stemei from

12654-562: Was in turn replaced again by Dr. Moerdjani. On 21 July 1947, although still bound by the Linggadjati Agreement , a ceasefire agreement in effect since 14 October 1946, the Dutch commenced a military action, Operation Product , which led to deteriorating security conditions in Malang. The East Java provincial government moved again to Blitar. This military action ended after the Renville Agreement . However, this agreement reduced

12768-444: Was located on the estuary of Brantas River and today is part of modern Surabaya city and Sidoarjo Regency . By the 14th and 15th centuries, Surabaya was one of the Majapahit ports or coastal settlements, together with Tuban , Gresik , and Hujung Galuh (Sidoarjo). Ma Huan documented the early 15th-century visit of Zheng He 's treasure ships in his 1433 book Yingya Shenglan : "after travelling south for more than 20 li ,

12882-470: Was one of the two Javanese kingdoms that were formed in 1045 when Airlangga abdicated the throne of the Kingdom of Kahuripan in favor of his two sons. The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book Zhu fan zhi written by Zhao Rugua , in which it was called Jung-ya-lu. The name Janggala is derived from the name "Hujung Galuh" (Old Javanese lit: "Cape Diamond" or "Cape Gemstone"), or "Jung-ya-lu" according to Chinese sources. Hujung Galuh

12996-642: Was proven by the discovery of fossils remains of the Pithecanthropus mojokertensis in Kepuhlagen, Mojokerto ; Pithecanthropus erectus on Trinil , Ngawi ; and Homo wajakensis in Wajak, Tulungagung . The Dinoyo inscriptions found near the city of Malang are the oldest written sources in East Java, dating from 760 CE. It tells of many political and cultural events in the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan. The name Malang

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