107-502: Rocky Boy or Rocky Boys may refer to: Rocky Boy Indian Reservation , in Montana, United States, home to the Chippewa-Cree people Rocky Boy (Chippewa leader) , leader of his people who advocated for the eponymous reservation Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
214-687: A Chippewa chief from the Great Lakes area. They were identified in the studies of the "Hill 57" as descendants of a Chippewa band from the Great Lakes, unrelated to the Little Shell families, Turtle Mountain, or the bands on the Rocky Boy's reservation). This is accurate in the sense that the Chippewa were not related to the Little Bear Cree who also occupied the reservation since it was established. Currently
321-402: A Métis culture. The first Europeans to encounter Native Americans in the Great Lakes region were French explorers . These men were professional canoe-paddlers who transported furs and other merchandise over long distances in the lake and river system of northern America. Such explorers gave French names to many places in present-day Minnesota , Michigan and Wisconsin . French settlers in
428-419: A changing cast of spokespeople at yearly meetings. In more recent times, clans have come to align personality characteristics with the animals that represent them. This shifts the focus from extended family governance to groups of people who have a particular kind of strength to offer to the community. For example, the deer clan is sometimes understood as having the direction of hospitality toward visitors, whereas
535-527: A formal council and pipe ceremony in Great Falls with white supporters: writer Frank B. Linderman , Theodore Gibson , William Boles , and painter Charles M. Russell . By the start of the 20th century, Little Bear returned to Montana, his native country, and began to follow Rocky Boy. In 1905, Little Bear contacted Canadian leaders to request allowing the Cree from Montana to relocate to Canada. Officials agreed and
642-624: A group of people, such as a family, clan or tribe) and promotion of trade, the Council generally had a peaceful existence with its neighbours. However, occasional unresolved disputes erupted into wars. The Odawa (also known as Ottawa or Outaouais) are a Native American and First Nations people. Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa (or Anishinaabemowin in Eastern Ojibwe syllabics) is the third most commonly spoken Native language in Canada (after Cree and Inuktitut), and
749-454: A majority of votes on the reservation, leaving the minority Chippewa without representation. The Tribe elected to "consolidate" the Bureau of Indian Affairs (FY 93) and Indian Health Service (FY 94) programs under Title IV of the P.l. 93-638 Act. This act gave more power to the tribes to determine their priorities and exercise governance. The Chippewa follow the peace pipe religion, rooted in
856-578: A person". There are different teachings about how many clans there are and which are clans in leadership positions. This is due to the decentralized mode of governance that the Anishinaabe practice. Each person is a self-determining authority, and it is their duty to uphold their own roles and responsibilities for the wellbeing of all our relations . This is understood as the "Law of Non-interference". Nobody can interfere with another being's path unless they are causing great harm to another or themselves. Within
963-647: A reservation for Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewas and such other homeless Indians in the State of Montana as the Secretary of the Interior may see fit to locate thereon, and the said Secretary is authorized, in his discretion, to allot the lands within the reservation hereby created under the provisions of the general allotment Act of February eighth, eighteen hundred and eighty-seven (Twenty"fourth Statutes at Large, page three hundred and eighty-eight), as amended. Cree nativity to Montana
1070-508: A reservation. Rocky Boy Reservation has a wide variation of climate conditions. Near Box Elder, the climate is warmer during the summer months, as a result of the lower elevation, and windier during the cold winter months. During the cold winter months, the Chinook winds can cause damage around the Box Elder region. High wind storms often occur during the winter months. With the warmer temperatures,
1177-709: A trader to the Ojibwe, and legislator of the Minnesota Territory . A gifted storyteller and historian, he collected native accounts and wrote the History of the Ojibway People, Based Upon Traditions and Oral Statements , first published by the Minnesota Historical Society in 1885, some 32 years after his early death from tuberculosis . Given his Anglo-American father, Lyman Marcus Warren, and American education,
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#17328452910821284-564: Is disputed by Chippewa who contend that during the negotiations of the treaties that encompass the area of Montana, the noted Smithsonian ethnologist, John C. Ewers found not a single member of Little Bear's band, who were now on the 1917 McLaughlin Roll of the US. Department of the Interior; were born in the treaty land cede area. Therefore, the U.S. Indian Claims Commission dismissed Cree treaty claims <Docket 191 221, U.S. Claims Commission>. Still further,
1391-581: Is honest with themselves first, they will more easily be able to be honest with others. In Anishinaabemowin , this word can also mean "righteousness." According to Anishinaabeg culture, humility requires recognizing oneself as a sacred part of Creation, neither better nor worse than any other creation. In Anishinaabemowin , this word can also mean "compassion." Some communities instead express this with Bekaadiziwin , which in addition to "humility" can also be translated as "calmness," "meekness," "gentility" or "patience." According to Anishinaabeg culture, truth
1498-494: Is it the case that any one story can ever be said to have achieved its final form. Instead, all stories are works in progress." Before telling a story, Elders "very often begin by quoting the authority of Elders who have gone before. They do not state the authority as coming from themselves. They will say things like, 'This is what they used to say,' or 'This is what they said.'" Beyond sharing cultural knowledge, storytelling traditions can help provide Anishinaabeg children "with
1605-454: Is knowing all of these things. Individuals should speak the truth and not deceive themselves or others. The Anishinaabeg follow an oral storytelling tradition . Storytelling serves as an integral part of Anishinaabeg culture as "stories teach the stock of wisdom and knowledge found in the culture" and "promotes 'respectful individualism," wherein individuals do not force their thinking upon others. Instead of directly teaching right and wrong,
1712-471: Is often mistakenly considered a synonym of Ojibwe , but it refers to a much larger group of Nations. ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯ Anishinaabe has many different spellings. Different spelling systems may indicate vowel length or spell certain consonants differently ( Anishinabe , Anicinape ); meanwhile, variants ending in - eg/ek ( Anishinaabeg , Anishinabek ) come from an Algonquian plural, while those ending in an - e come from an Algonquian singular. The name Anishinaabe
1819-535: Is one of seven Native American reservations in the U.S. state of Montana . Established by an act of Congress on September 7, 1916, it was named after Ahsiniiwin ( Stone Child , incorrectly originally translated as Rocky Boy), the chief of the Chippewa band, who had died a few months earlier. It was established for landless Chippewa ( Ojibwe ) Indians in the American West, but within a short period of time many Cree (Nēhiyaw) and Métis were also settled there. Today
1926-561: Is reported to have 3,323 enrolled members, 55% of the total 6,177 enrolled members in the tribe. The reservation was established by congressional statute on September 7, 1916 (39 Stat. 739, Sec. 10), to provide land for the Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians, who had been forced out of territory in Minnesota and were landless. The Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation is located in the Bears Paw Mountains in north central Montana. According to
2033-450: Is situational, meaning that storytellers must be mindful of audience, of listener, and [should] keep the oration accessible and real." When a story is shared, "[t]he teller and the listener are equally activie; the listener is not passive." Furthermore, stories told are not static: "Once they become public, people will play will them, embellish them, and add to them ... There is no need for any particular story to have any particular form. Nor
2140-601: Is sometimes shortened to Nishnaabe , mostly by Odawa people . The cognate Neshnabé comes from the Potawatomi , a people long allied with the Odawa and Ojibwe in the Council of Three Fires . The Nipissing , Mississaugas , and Algonquin are identified as Anishinaabe but are not part of the Council of Three Fires. Closely related to the Ojibwe and speaking a language mutually intelligible with Anishinaabemowin (Anishinaabe language)
2247-878: Is the Oji-Cree (also known as "Severn Ojibwe"). Their most common autonym is Anishinini (plural: Anishininiwag ), and they call their language Anishininiimowin . Among the Anishinaabe, the Ojibwe collectively call the Nipissings and the Algonquins Odishkwaagamii (those who are at the end of the lake), while those among the Nipissings who identify themselves as Algonquins call the Algonquins proper Omàmiwinini (those who are downstream). Not all Anishinaabemowin-speakers call themselves Anishinaabe. The Ojibwe people who migrated to what are now Canada's prairie provinces call themselves Nakawē(-k) and call their branch of
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#17328452910822354-482: Is to face the foe with integrity. In Anishinaabemowin , this word literally means "state of having a fearless heart." To do what is right even when the consequences are unpleasant. Some communities instead use either Zoongadiziwin ("state of having a strong casing") or Zoongide'ewin ("state of having a strong heart"). According to Anishinaabeg culture, honesty in facing a situation is to be brave. Individuals should always be honest in word and action. If an individual
2461-504: Is to know wisdom. Wisdom is given by the Creator to be used for the good of the people. In Anishinaabemowin , this word expresses not only "wisdom" but also means "prudence," or "intelligence." In some communities, Gikendaasowin is used; in addition to "wisdom," this word can also mean "intelligence" or "knowledge." According to Anishinaabeg culture, to know peace is to know love. Love must be unconditional. When people are weak they need love
2568-785: The American frontier . After Pontiac's War, the Anishinaabe gradually established the same relationship with the British that they had with the French. During the American Revolution , which partly resulted from opposition in the Thirteen Colonies to the 1763 proclamation, the Anishinaabe (including the Three Fires Confederation) mostly sided against the rebelling colonists . Fighting in conjunction with British and Loyalist forces,
2675-611: The Great Plains . The word Anishinaabe means "people from whence lowered". Another definition is "the good humans", meaning those who are on the right road or path given to them by the Creator Gitche Manitou , or Great Spirit. Basil Johnston , an Ojibwe historian, linguist, and writer, wrote that the term's literal translation is "beings made out of nothing" or "spontaneous beings". The Anishinaabe believe that their people were created by divine breath. The word Anishinaabe
2782-742: The Huron and even occasionally Sioux . In June 1994, the Chiefs at the Anishinabek Grand Council gathering at Rocky Bay First Nation , directed that the Education Directorate formally establish the Anishinabek Education Institute (AEI) in accordance with the post-secondary education model that was submitted and ratified with provisions for satellite campuses and a community-based delivery system. (Res. 94/13) In August 2017
2889-559: The Midewewin society. This oral and written records contain the Anishinaabe creation stories as well as histories of migration that closely match other Indigenous groups of North America, such as the Hopi . Before the Anishinaabe became Anishinaabe the people migrated from Waubanaukee, an island of the East Coast, which may have been what is now called New England , as the great ice sheet receded at
2996-674: The Ozaagii (Sac), Odagaamii (Meskwaki), Omanoominii (Menominee), and non-Anishinaabeg: Wiinibiigoo (Ho-Chunk), Naadawe (Iroquois Confederacy), Nii'inaa-Naadawe ( Wyandot ), Naadawensiw (Sioux), Wemitigoozhi (France), Zhaaganaashi (Britain) and the Gichi-mookomaan (the United States). The Anishinaabeg communities are recognized as First Nations in Canada . The first of the Anishinaabeg to encounter European settlers were those of
3103-539: The Sun Dance , is held the first week of July. The annual Pow-Wow is held the first week of August. Other cultural events are held throughout the year, including an annual Christmas Dance, round dances, ceremonial feasts, revived cultural ceremonies, and cultural camps. Feeling displaced in Rocky Boy, the Chippewa have continued to practice their traditions on Hill 57 , outside Great Falls, Montana . The practices had centered around Mary Chippewa Gopher, whose spiritual name
3210-611: The Three Fires Confederation , within the states of Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Pennsylvania in the territory of the present-day United States, and southern Ontario and Quebec of Canada. There were many interactions between the Anishinaabeg and the European settlers, the Anishinaabeg dealt with Europeans through the fur trade and as allies in European-centered conflicts. Europeans traded with
3317-687: The United States . They include the Ojibwe (including Saulteaux and Oji-Cree ), Odawa , Potawatomi , Mississaugas , Nipissing , and Algonquin peoples . The Anishinaabe speak Anishinaabemowin , or Anishinaabe languages that belong to the Algonquian language family . At the time of first contact with Europeans they lived in the Northeast Woodlands and the Subarctic , and some have since spread to
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3424-867: The War of 1812 , the Three Fires Confederacy fought with the British against the United States. Many Anishinaabeg refugees from the Revolutionary War, particularly the Odawa and Potawatomi, migrated northwards to British North America . Those who remained east of the Mississippi River were subjected to the Indian removal policy of the United States government ; among the Anishinaabeg, the Potawatomi were most affected by
3531-639: The 19th century, as Native Americans and the United States had different goals. After the Dakota War of 1862 , many Anishinaabeg communities in Minnesota were relocated and further consolidated. There are many Anishinaabeg reserves and reservations; in some places, the Anishinaabeg share some of their lands with others, such as the Cree, the Dakota, the Delaware, and the Kickapoo , among others. The Anishnabeg who "merged" with
3638-585: The Anishinaabe fought in the Northern and Western theaters of the American Revolutionary War . After the British defeat in the Revolutionary War, the Anishinaabe mostly sought peace with the new United States , though lingering tensions resulting from encroachment by American settlers continued to spill into frequent outbreaks of violence in the frontier. During the Northwest Indian War and
3745-443: The Anishinaabe governance structure there are seven leader clans that each facilitate a specific role and have responsibilities within the community and to the rest of Creation. Within each grouping of clans are seven clans. This means there are a total of 49 total Anishinaabe clans. The clan system is integral to the Anishinaabe governance structure and to the Anishinaabe way of life as well as to their spiritual practices. People of
3852-514: The Anishinaabe. He also cited the experiences of other indigenous nations in the U.S. (such as the Creek , Fox , and other peoples). His work was a major early work in demonstrating the significance of the clan system. After the Sandy Lake Tragedy, the U.S. government changed its policy to relocating tribes onto reservations , often by consolidating groups of communities. Conflict continued through
3959-531: The Anishinaabeg and are considered to be the founding principles of their way of life. The Seven Grandfather teachings have been around for centuries, passed on from elders through storytelling. These teachings have helped shape the way of life for the Anishinaabeg for years and continue to do so. The stories can be adapted to fit specific community values and have been incorporated by organizations, schools, different programs, artists, individualists, and tribes. According to Anishinaabeg culture, to cherish knowledge
4066-468: The Anishinaabeg for their furs in exchange for goods and also hired the Anishinaabeg men as guides throughout the lands of North America. The Anishinaabeg women (as well as other Aboriginal groups) occasionally would intermarry with fur traders and trappers. Some of their descendants would later create a Métis ethnic group. Explorers, trappers, and other European workers married or had unions with other Anishinaabeg women, and their descendants tended to form
4173-702: The Anishinaabeg often use storytelling to share their history and cultural truths, including but not limited to the Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers . Stories often "provide important lessons for living and give life purpose, value, and meaning." They can further "include religious teachings, metaphysical links, cultural insights, history, linguistic structures, literary and aesthetic form, and Indigenous 'truths'." By understanding traditional stories, individuals can better understand themselves, their world, where they came from, and where they are going. Storytelling
4280-609: The Anishinaabeg reached Michilimackinac on their journey westward from the Atlantic coast. Using the Midewewin scrolls, Potawatomi elder Shop-Shewana dated the formation of the Council of Three Fires to 796 AD at Michilimackinac. In this council, the Ojibwa were addressed as the "Older Brother", the Odawa as the "Middle Brother", and the Potawatomi as the "Younger Brother". Consequently, when the three Anishinaabeg nations are mentioned in this specific order: Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi, it implies
4387-553: The Anishinaabemowin Nakawēmowin . (The French ethnonym for the group is Saulteaux .) Particular Anishinaabeg groups have different names from region to region. The Anishinaabe use of the clan system represents familial, spiritual, economic and political relations between members of their communities. Often an animal is used to represent a person's clan or dodem but plants and other spirit beings are sometimes used as well. The word dodem means "the heart or core of
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4494-528: The Bear Paw Mountains. In addition, a new settlement is sited about 3 miles west of Boneau, with around 23 housing units. Hill 57 was a settlement where members of the Rocky Boy band moved after they had lost several dozen family members from starvation on Chief Mountain. Opponents of tribal termination noted the problems of the settlement, which occurred after allotment of communal lands had left members disadvantaged. A land plot inherited by Robert Gopher
4601-833: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and Indian Health Service. Funds originating within the BIA [note: there is only one BIA employee at Rocky Boy due to the self-governance compact], together with tribal government, provide work for 231 full- and part-time employees. The tribe has set up the Chippewa Cree Community Development Corporation, which employs 25 people. Other enterprises include Chippewa Cree Construction Company (20), Chippewa Cree Construction Corporation (14), National Tribal Development Association (9), Northern Winz Casino (70), and RJS & Associates (4), The tribe operates and administers its own educational system:
4708-604: The Canadian Council Privy attempted to work with U.S. authorities to exert authority to return the Little Bear Band to Canada, prior to the 1896 Act of Deportation. Anishinaabe The Anishinaabe (alternatively spelled Anishinabe , Anicinape , Nishnaabe , Neshnabé , Anishinaabeg , Anishinabek , Aanishnaabe ) are a group of culturally related Indigenous peoples in the Great Lakes region of Canada and
4815-577: The Canadian government and other aboriginal peoples in Canada , the Anishinaabe of Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec have opposed the Energy East pipeline of TransCanada . The Chippewas of the Thames First Nation legally challenged the right of the Canadian government to hold a pipeline hearing without their consent. The project was also the basis of a June 2015 declaration of reclaimed sovereignty over
4922-624: The Chinook Winds result in melting snow. The Chinook Winds also occur in the Bear Paw Mountains , but their strength there is not as great as on the open plains. The winds may warm the communities located in the Bear Paw Mountains during the winter months. Precipitation, especially in the form of snow, is somewhat higher in the mountains than on the plains. Average low temperatures during the winter months of December, January, and February at Box Elder are 9, 5, and 9. Average high temperatures for
5029-580: The Chippewa people of Red Lake , who were established on a reservation of that name. For cultural and food sovereignty purposes, a buffalo herd was established in 2021 on 1,200 acres (490 ha). Bison is the correct taxonomic term for American bison , but buffalo is the common vernacular term. Surrounded by 7.1 miles (11.4 km) of fencing, the Pasture is about a mile from Box Elder, Montana . The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes donated five bison and American Prairie donated six. In 2022, they received ten bison from American Prairie to strengthen
5136-463: The Chippewa, says that Rocky Boy was assassinated by rival Cree who used poison roots. They were anxious to settle at the reservation. According to the oral traditions of the Saskatchewan Cree, Little Bear was known to use a specific poisonous root to kill political rivals. If the assassination account is true, it threatened the Cree settlement at Rocky Boy Reservation. Linderman supposedly said that rocky Boy in his last words said he did not want to accept
5243-402: The Chippewa-Cree to the Chippewa band's new home. The new reservation was located between St. Mary , Babb (which is on the Blackfeet Reservation ), and the Canada–US border. It was first called the Babb Reservation. Chief Little Bear soon followed Rocky Boy with his own band, arriving with about 200 Cree from Canada after the North-West Rebellion . According to knowledgeable Blackfeet ,
5350-424: The Council of Three Fires as well. Each tribe had different functions: the Ojibwa were the "keepers of the faith", the Odawa the "keepers of trade," and the Potawatomi are the "keepers/maintainers of/for the fire" (boodawaadam). This was the basis for their exonyms of Boodewaadamii (Ojibwe spelling) or Bodéwadmi (Potawatomi spelling). Through the totem -system (a totem is any entity which watches over or assists
5457-487: The Cree on the newly established reservation. But they had already been occupying land in the area and at Fort Assiniboine. In 1917 a census was conducted at Rocky Boy Reservation in order to establish a tribal roll for what became known as the Chippewa Cree Tribe. Chippewa notation: James McLaughlin, the Interior Agent who entered errors on the 1917 tribal roll, is the same agent who sold Rocky Boy's land in Thief River , Minnesota. The proceeds of that sale were distributed to
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#17328452910825564-431: The Cree outnumber the Chippewa on the reservation. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) recognizes it (and the tribe) as the Chippewa Cree Reservation. The reservation is located in Hill and Chouteau counties in north central Montana, about 40 miles (64 km) from the Canada–U.S. border . It has a total land area of 171.4 square miles (444 km ), which includes extensive off-reservation trust lands. The reservation
5671-504: The Cree settled primarily with the Onion Lake First Nation and the Samson First Nation (this reserve includes the Ermineskin, Louis Bull, and Montana First Nations). In 1908, Little Bear again contacted Canadian leaders requesting permission for more landless Chippewa and Cree to relocate from Montana to Canada. After the Rocky Boy Reservation was officially established in 1916, Little Bear followed Rocky Boy and his band there, bringing about 200 of his own people. He took over as leader of
5778-421: The Frog Lake Massacre is the subject of the book, Blood Red The Sun, by William B. Cameron, among a handful of captives taken by the Cree band, which continued to elude Canadian law authorities. Cameron was a clerk for the Hudson Bay Company. He later testified on behalf of Little Bear's father, Big Bear, who attempted to stop his son and supporters from instigating the massacre. Cameron identified Little Bear as
5885-479: The Grand Lodge or Mediwiwin society. They do not accept the use of peyote in their rites. The Chippewa reject all forms of Christianity . The grand lodge tradition is tightly held; it takes a lifetime for qualified members to learn all four levels of the society. While most of the Chippewa-Cree are Christian, some members of the tribe have maintained traditional spiritual beliefs and cultural ceremonies/activities. The traditional Thirst Dance, more commonly known as
5992-471: The Great Lakes region as well. Since the Iroquois had allied with the British Empire , the Anishinaabe fought numerous conflicts against them in conjunction with their French allies. During the French and Indian War , the majority of the Anishinaabe fought with France against the British and their Indian allies, though after Britain's victory most of them sought peace with the British. However, dissatisfaction resulting from new British policies, in particular
6099-442: The Kickapoo tribe may now identify as being Kickapoo in Kansas and Oklahoma. The Prairie Potawatomi were the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi of Illinois and Wisconsin who were relocated to Kansas during the 19th century. The Anishinaabe of Manitoba, particularly those along the east side of Lake Winnipeg, have had longstanding historical conflicts with the Cree people. In addition to other issues shared by First Nations recognized by
6206-578: The Northern Winz Casino. Construction began in May 2006, with the tribal grand opening occurring in February 2007, and a public grand opening March 30, 2007. The casino is located on U.S. Highway 87 , 6 miles (10 km) east of Box Elder, Montana . The Business Committee is effectively the Tribal Council and the governing body of the Tribe; it is dominated by Chippewa Cree adoptees. The eight council members and chairman are elected at large ; they serve four-year terms on staggered schedules of elections. This type of election means that each candidate must gain
6313-577: The Ojibwe Nation. Warren identified the Crane and Loon clans as the two Chief clans among his mother's Anishinaabe people. Crane Clan was responsible for external governmental relationships, and Loon Clan was responsible for internal governance relationships. Warren believed that the policies of the U.S. government led to the destruction of indigenous clan systems along with their modes of governance when they forced indigenous people to adopt representative government and direct elections of chiefs. Furthermore, he claimed that this destruction led to many wars among
6420-406: The Ojibwe of the time did not consider Warren as "one of them". However, they retained friendly relations with him and considered him as a "half brother" due to his extensive knowledge of the Ojibwe language and culture and the fact that he had Ojibwe ancestry through his mixed Ojibwe-French mother, Marie Cadotte. His work covered much of the culture and history of the Ojibwe, gathered from stories of
6527-494: The Ottawa River valley by several Anishinaabe peoples. The relationship between the various Anishinaabe communities and the United States government has been steadily improving since the passage of the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act . Several Anishinaabe communities still experience tensions with the state governments, county governments, and non-Native American individuals and their groups. Clan originally meant extended family. In this system originally, clans were represented by
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#17328452910826634-401: The Rocky Boy public schools with 184 teachers and staff. Like other tribes, it has set up a tribal college , known as Stone Child Community College, which employs 57. It also has services for enrolled members, and operates the Chippewa Cree Housing Authority (25 employees). By the Tribe's compact with the Indian Health Service, it employs 135 staff within the Rocky Boy Health Board. In 2011,
6741-406: The Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Act approved February eleventh, nineteen hundred and fifteen (Thirty-eighth Statutes at Large, page eight hundred and seven), entitled "An Act authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to survey the lands of the abandoned Fort Assinniboine Military Reservation and open the same to settlement," be, and
6848-454: The Trickster "often use humour, self-mocking, and absurdity to carry good lessons." The Trickster helps teach cultural lessons by "learning lessons the 'hard' way." Within such stories, "Trickster often gets into trouble by ignoring cultural rules and practices or by giving sway to the negative aspects of 'humanness' ... Trickster seems to learn lessons the hard way and sometimes not at all." Contrary to some depictions of Trickster figures,
6955-412: The Trickster in Anishinaabeg stories "has the ability to do good things for others and is sometimes like a powerful spiritual being and [is] given much respect." Stories involving the Trickster serve to "remind us about the good power of interconnectedness within family, community, nation, culture, and land. If we become disconnected, we lose the ability to make meaning from Indigenous stories." Before
7062-454: The US Indian agent for additional lands, which were approved in 1916. Soon after the reservation was officially established, Chippewa and other landless Indians, to include the Cree from north central Montana, western Montana, and northern Idaho, settled alongside those already living on the new Rocky Boy Reservation. With Frank Linderman leading many of the European-American supporters, the US Congress passed legislation in 1916 to establish what
7169-517: The arrival of the Europeans, and until at least the 1800s, many Anishinaabeg were subsistence farmers. For example, the Odawa, centered in Michilimackinac , grew corn in the summers and generally moved south in smaller family groups in the winters to hunt game. They tapped sugar maples in the spring, and moved back to the main villages to prepare for the lake sturgeon spawning season and planting. They were "renowned" for their skills at making and using canoes and traded widely. Their kinship
7276-451: The cancellation of the annual distribution of gifts to the Indians, led to the formation of a pan-tribal confederation, composed of several Anishinaabe peoples, to counter British control of the Ohio Country . The resulting conflict, known as Pontiac's War , resulted in a military stalemate that saw the British eventually adopting more conciliatory policies, issuing the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , which forbade further white settlement across
7383-443: The cosmos, the earth, the plants, the animals and human beings. To Anishinaabe all life contains the sacred breath of life that was given by Gizhe Mnidoo and all things are animated through this sacred breath. The Anishinaabe give thanks for this gift of Creation through the burning or offering of Semaa or Tobacco . Anishinaabe oral tradition and records of wiigwaasabak (birch bark scrolls) are still carried on today through
7490-417: The crane clan or eagle clan, depending on region, may be aligned with leadership qualities. Conversations surrounding how to change current systems of governance to better match how the people governed themselves over millennia are always occurring throughout Anishinaabe Aki . The Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers are among the most commonly shared teachings in Native culture. They hold great significance to
7597-410: The east and were landless. Also among landless Indians in Montana were a band of Cree. Chief Rocky Boy (Ahsiniiwin) worked with Republican Senator Joseph M. Dixon , writer Frank Bird Linderman , and other influential individuals in Montana, including painter Charles Russell , to achieve his goal. He lived mainly in north central Montana, although he also traveled to southwestern and western areas of
7704-400: The end of 1999, Rev. Joseph W. Bailey Sr. was joined by Christian youth groups from around the country; together they built a new sanctuary and outdoor chapel, and started work on a retreat center. In December 2019 the original St. Mary's Catholic Church burnt down. In June 2021 the community held a groundbreaking ceremony to start the rebuild of the new church. The Baptist mission church
7811-539: The end of the last ice age. This migrating group split in many different directions as they headed towards the land of the rising sun and became the many Indigenous populations that now exist on North America. After reaching the East Coast seven prophets came to the people. Each prophet delivered a specific prophecy to the people that are known as the Seven Fires Prophecies . After the prophets delivered their messages groups of people began to migrate westward to find
7918-689: The end, many of the Chippewa-Cree who lived in western Montana were not willing to relocate to far northeastern Montana. Chippewa notation: The Sharrock report/addendum to the official Ewers Report notes the 1908 land was proposed for "Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians". Chippewa notation : According to the papers of Indian agent Frank Bird Linderman (1869-1938), Chief Rocky Boy died at Ft. Assiniboine on April 18, 1916. Contemporary newspapers also reported that Rocky Boy died in Fort Assiniboine. But Robert Gopher (Blackfeet), an oral historian of
8025-473: The four levels of teachings of the sweat lodge are held by descendants of Robert Gopher, who was the youngest son of Jim and Mary Chippewa Gopher. The family are not the only ones to carry the intricate teachings and knowledge of their predecessors. Various Christian churches have become established at the reservation. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America has a mission, Our Saviour's Lutheran Church. Toward
8132-717: The fourth most spoken in North America behind Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut. Potawatomi is a Central Algonquian language. It is spoken around the Great Lakes in Michigan and Wisconsin, as well as in the U.S. state of Kansas . In southern Ontario in Canada, it is spoken by fewer than 50 people. Though the Three Fires had several meeting places, they preferred Michilimackinac due to its central location. The Council met for military and political purposes, and maintained relations with other indigenous peoples, including both fellow Anishinaabeg:
8239-576: The herd. According to the Tribal Chairman's address to the Havre Area Chamber of Commerce in January 2007, the annual tribal revenue of $ 52 million is infused into the local economy as a result of federal programs, private business, and tribal businesses on the Rocky Boy's Reservation. The majority of reservation residents work for the self-governing Chippewa Cree Tribe. Compacts are maintained with
8346-530: The incident, as was the game warden. In November 1909, over 100 landless Chippewa-Cree from southwestern and western Montana and northern Idaho (including the Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation ) gathered near Helena to be relocated to a new homeland on the Blackfeet Reservation, which was closer to their traditional home. With the new Chippewa-Cree Reservation approved and set aside, the government redirected
8453-585: The intellectual tools necessary to exercise authority." The Anishinaabeg see the act of allowing children to share stories as "an act of empowerment." This action "recognizes that even children have something to contribute, and encourages them to do so." Stories are typically shared throughout the winter when there is less to do and the animals are sleeping. The Trickster is a common character in Anishinaabeg storytelling and goes by many names, including Coyote , Raven, Wesakejac, Nanabozho , and Glooscap . They appear in many forms and genders. Stories involving
8560-543: The land where food grows on the water. The fulfilment of this prophecy is understood as when the Anishinaabe found the Mnoomin or Wild Rice that grew on the lakes in the Great Lakes region. This is where the Anishinaabe became Anishinaabe. To the Anishinaabeg the land they encompass is still recognized as Gitchi Mikinaak or Turtle Island. The ethnic identities of the Ojibwa, Odawa, and Potawatomi did not develop until after
8667-598: The large Fort Assinniboine Military Reservation. The Rocky Boy Reservation, which was formed in part by land ceded by the Army from Fort Assinniboine. Most of those settled in the area were Cree refugees from Canada in the U.S. under terms of asylum. Rocky Boy had already supervised his Chippewa band census in 1908 and had it certified by the Interior Department. Chief Rocky Boy was living on the new Chippewa Reservation near Babb, Montana with 50 to 60 people. He negotiated with
8774-454: The leader of the massacre, in which a total of nine were killed, including clergy. Some contemporary writings blamed Wandering Spirit. Cameron was held hostage by the Little Bear Band for two months. Little Bear's band fled to Montana, but they were subject to deportation to Canada in 1896 by the U.S. Congress. The newspapers reported that the Little Bear Cree forced the U.S. Cavalry back to Havre, Montana and had returned to their homeland when
8881-540: The map of Montana, the reservation takes in land within the boundaries of Hill and Chouteau counties, about 40 miles (64 km) south of the Canada–United States border . It is the smallest reservation in the state in terms of land area, with a total land area of 171.4 square miles (443.9 km ), which includes extensive off-reservation trust lands. The population was 3,323 at the 2010 census , an increase of 24 percent compared to 2000. Three other reservations of
8988-585: The most. In Anishinaabemowin , this word with the reciprocal theme idi indicates that this form of love is mutual. In some communities, Gizhaawenidiwin is used, which in most context means "jealousy" but in this context is translated as either "love" or "zeal." According to Anishinaabeg culture, to honor all creation is to have respect. All of creation should be treated with respect. If an individual wants to be respected, they must also show respect. Some communities instead use Ozhibwaadenindiwin or Manazoonidiwin . According to Anishinaabeg culture, to be brave
9095-495: The name plates are still discernible, showing the effort to relocate the Chippewa there. Anishinaabe leaders feared they would lose the land and forced the Chippewa away, as they were not Blackfeet people and were not entitled to allotments. The US Army had allowed the Chippewa and other landless Indians, including Cree refugees, to settle at Fort Assinniboine in Hill County . By 1912–1913 nearly 600 Chippewa and Cree were living on
9202-530: The new Reservation after Rocky Boy's death in 1916. Little Bear died in 1921. Ultimately Little Bear Cree and those descendants of the Riel Rebellion leaders made up 406 of the McLaughlin Roll. Only 45 of those who were on the 1908 Wheat roll managed to secure membership at the Rocky Boy's reservation, which had been authorized for Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians." <64th Congress>: Be it enacted by
9309-426: The region were primarily trappers and traders and rarely established permanent settlements due to the harsh North American climate. In 1715, French military officer Constant le Marchand de Lignery constructed Fort Michilimackinac , in part to regulate relations with nearby Anishinaabe Indians. The Anishinaabe came into contact with British colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries as they gradually expanded into
9416-533: The removals. The Odawa had been removed from the migration paths of U.S. settlers, so only a handful of communities experienced removal. For the Ojibwa, removal attempts culminated in the Sandy Lake Tragedy , which resulted several hundred deaths. The Potawatomi avoided removal only by escaping into Ojibwa-held areas and hiding from U.S. officials. William Whipple Warren , an American man of mixed Ojibwe and European descent, became an interpreter , assistant to
9523-526: The reservation for longer than 10 years lost their tribal citizenship. In the early 21st century, the Chippewa are studying suing the Chippewa Cree Tribal Council. They contend that the Chippewa Cree are not a lawful recognized tribe. They believe that the tribal immunity from civil suits does not apply to individuals who do not have blood descent in a historic tribe, but claim adoptee status on
9630-463: The reservation, but this is a term of convenience. The Chippewa and Cree peoples are distinct tribes among the several that are part of the larger Anishinaabe family. Chief Rocky Boy wrote to the Bureau of Indian Affairs and later to President Theodore Roosevelt on January 14, 1902, asking the U.S. government for land, housing, and education for his band of Chippewa Indians, made up of 130 men, women and children. They had been forced out of areas to
9737-457: The same clan are forbidden from getting married or having intimate relations as this would spell doom for the clan as a whole. In Anishinaabe cultural tradition it is believed that human beings were created on the earth in four distinct places, in their own way. This is what Gizhe Mnidoo or The Creator intended. There are many versions and parts to the Creation story that tell about the creation of
9844-424: The same is hereby, amended by the addition thereto of the following sections: "SEC. 10. That fractional townships twenty-eight north, ranges fifteen and sixteen east, and fractional townships twenty-nine north, ranges fourteen and fifteen east, Montana principal meridian, within the boundaries of said reservation, embracing a total area of approximately fifty-six thousand and thirty-five acres, are hereby set apart as
9951-467: The same winter months at Box Elder are 30, 26, and 31. Average high temperatures for the summer months of June, July, and August are 76, 85, and 84. Average low temperatures for the same summer months at Box Elder are 49, 54, and 51. Robert Gopher, Listening Thunder, grand-nephew to Chief Rocky Boy, led the Chippewa resistance after the death of his parents, and fostered the Chippewa people's efforts to restore their sovereignty. Little Bear's involvement in
10058-475: The seven in the state also had population growth during this period. The Bureau of Indian Affairs ' Labor Force Report of 2005 reported 5,656 enrolled members in the tribe. The largest community of the reservation is Box Elder , although a small part of Box Elder extends off reservation lands. More than 80% of the tribal enrolled members are classifiable as "adoptees" under the tribal constitution, as they have non-Chippewa tribal origin. Rocky Boy's unusual name
10165-625: The state. The Rocky Boy Band was listed at 75 in a 1908 census that was certified by the Department of the Interior. Another 39 were listed separately as affiliated persons but not Chippewa, by agent Thralls B. Wheat, who was responsible for land allotments. In 1908, Montana passed the Land Acts, regulating Native American lands. The Swan Valley Massacre of 1908 in the northwest part of the state aroused outrage among Native Americans. A small Pend d'Oreilles hunting party, which included women and elders,
10272-537: The title Rocky Boy . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Boy&oldid=870210595 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Rocky Boy Indian Reservation Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (also known as Rocky Boy Reservation )
10379-629: The tribe began a new business with Plain Green Loans , an online lending company. It had a staff of 25 as of December 2011. Plain Green and similar companies owned by other tribes have been criticized for profiting from high-interest online loans (called predatory lending ). The Chippewa Cree are part of the Native American Lending Alliance, an organization of tribes that are in the business of online lending. The Chippewa Cree tribe operates
10486-466: The troops returned from Canada. There were two distinct rolls, the 1908 census of the Rocky Boy Band of Chippewa, was conducted near Helena, MT by Thralls B. Wheat, an allotting agent of the Department of the Interior. This was the only legal census of the Rocky Boy Band; it was supervised by Chief Rocky Boy. Neither Little Bear, nor members of his band appear on this roll. In 1914, Chief Rocky Boy
10593-494: Was patrilineal and most Anishinaabe doodemag enforced exogamy , the wife keeping and representing her father's doodem while her children would take on their father's doodem. For the first few years of a marriage, a husband would live with his wife's family, and then they would typically return to the husband's people. As a result, many Anishinaabe villages included people speaking different languages not only from different clans, but also from entirely different peoples, such as
10700-532: Was "Iron Claw Bear Woman". She was the niece of Chief Rocky Boy. Her father, Charles Chippewa or Walking Stone, was the brother to the chief. Mary Chippewa married Jim Gopher, or Loud Thunder. (notation: In the BIA technical report on the Little Shell: "the Chippewa included a small and distinct group, centered around the Gopher family, some of whom are still resident of "hill 57" today. This group claimed descent from
10807-429: Was attacked by state officials while they were hunting off reservation in their traditional territory. This right was protected by treaties with the US government, but the state thought they had the power to regulate it. An armed game warden confronted the party when he thought they had not moved out of their camp quickly enough, and shot at members. Gunfire was exchanged, and a total of four Pend d'Oreille were killed in
10914-623: Was corresponding with Interior Secretary Franklin Lane, and expressed the Chippewa band's neutrality in the World War I conflict. He also wrote to President Woodrow Wilson, dated September 25, 1914, expressing the band's position. No Chippewa Cree tribe existed at the time; official correspondence refers only to Rocky Boy's Band of Chippewa Indians. Chief Big Rock enacted his own Chippewa council following Rocky Boy's death, consisting of Pat Raspberry, Standing Rock, Charles Mosney, and Crazy Boy. This council held
11021-575: Was derived from the English mistranslation of the name of the tribal chief, Ahsiniiwin (in the Chippewa/Anishanaabe language). His name was closer in meaning to "Stone Child". The Chippewa who are descendants of Chief Rocky Boy say his name is Asiniweyin , meaning "Stone Being", or "Being of Stone". The Department of Interior refers to the Chippewa-Cree Tribe as being the recognized tribe on
11128-611: Was established in late 1999. The church building was erected in June 2002. The Rocky Boy Assembly of God Church is self-governing and self-supporting. Eric and Amanda Reed have shared the senior pastor in Rocky Boy in the Spring of 2006. Rocky Boy Reservation has nine settlements, eight of which are classified by the US Census Bureau as census-designated places (CDP). Most of the CDPs are located in
11235-546: Was first called Rocky Boy's Reservation. The Indian Inspector Frank Churchill was sent to Montana to negotiate with the chief. Ahsiniiwin educated Churchill about the Chippewa, saying that they lived all around Montana, including at the Blackfeet and Flathead reservations, as well as near many cities dominated by European Americans, including Anaconda , Billings , Butte , Deer Lodge , Great Falls , Havre , Helena , Missoula , Wolf Point and others. Ahsiniiwin asserted that he
11342-418: Was obtained by George Black Tongue. He had been barred from the 1908 roll and should not have been eligible to acquire that land. The settlement at Hill 57 followed the dark period when some members of the Rocky Boy Band were assassinated; tribal members left the reservation to preserve themselves. The Chippewa Cree Tribal Constitution was passed that adopted a ten-year absentee policy, wherein members away from
11449-474: Was peaceful at all times, and he spoke only for the Chippewa people. He had worked to establish Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation and signed the 1889 Red Lake Agreement in Minnesota. Churchill asked the Department of Interior to withdraw all of Valley County from white settlement in order to establish a new closed Chippewa reservation there. Both requests were granted by the Department of Interior. In
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