The Bears Paw Mountains ( Bear Paw Mountains , Bear's Paw Mountains or Bearpaw Mountains ) are an insular-montane island range in the Central Montana Alkalic Province in north-central Montana , United States , located approximately 10 miles south of Havre, Montana . Baldy Mountain, which rises 6,916 feet (2,108 m) above sea level , is the highest peak in the range. The Bears Paw Mountains extend in a 45-mile arc between the Missouri River and Rocky Boy Indian Reservation south of Havre.
22-603: Locals refer to the range as the Bearpaws. Indigenous names include Assiniboine : Waną́be , lit. 'bear paws', Crow : Daxpitcheeischikáate , lit. 'bear's little hand', and Gros Ventre : ʔɔɔwɔ́hʔoouh , lit. 'there are many buttes'. While highway signs designate the range as the Bears Paw Mountains, historically, the names Bearpaw Mountains and Bear Paw Mountains also have been used, including on early state maps of
44-705: A result of the assimilation of a nasal consonant tends to cause a raising of vowel height ; phonemically distinctive nasalization tends to lower the vowel. According to a different assessment, high vowels do tend to be lowered, but low vowels tend to be raised instead. In most languages, vowels of all heights are nasalized indiscriminately, but preference occurs in some languages, such as for high vowels in Chamorro and low vowels in Thai . A few languages, such as Palantla Chinantec , contrast lightly nasalized and heavily nasalized vowels. They may be contrasted in print by doubling
66-636: A trailing silent n or m , as is the case in French, Portuguese, Lombard (central classic orthography), Bamana , Breton , and Yoruba . In other cases, they are indicated by diacritics . In the International Phonetic Alphabet , nasal vowels are denoted by a tilde over the symbol for the vowel. The same practice can be found in Portuguese marking with a tilde in diphthongs (e.g. põe ) and for words ending in /ɐ̃/ (e.g. manhã , irmã ). While
88-447: Is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the soft palate (or velum) so that the air flow escapes through the nose and the mouth simultaneously, as in the French vowel /ɑ̃/ ( ) or Amoy [ ɛ̃ ]. By contrast, oral vowels are produced without nasalization . Nasalized vowels are vowels under the influence of neighbouring sounds. For instance, the [ æ ] of the word hand
110-473: Is a Nakotan Siouan language of the Northern Plains . The name Assiniboine comes from the term Asiniibwaan , from Ojibwe , meaning 'Stone Siouans'. The reason they were called this was that Assiniboine people used heated stone to boil their food. In Canada , Assiniboine people are known as Stoney Indians , while they called themselves Nakota or Nakoda , meaning 'allies '. The Dakotan group of
132-428: Is a structure-preserving language. Assiniboine has no definite or indefinite articles, no nominal case system, and no verbal tense marking. Clauses unmarked are "realized," while clauses marked as "potential" by means of verbal enclitic, which is successful in producing a future/non-future distinction. The verbal system is split into active and stative (split-intransitive). The active object pronominal affixes coincide with
154-648: Is affected by the following nasal consonant. In most languages, vowels adjacent to nasal consonants are produced partially or fully with a lowered velum in a natural process of assimilation and are therefore technically nasal, but few speakers would notice. That is the case in English: vowels preceding nasal consonants are nasalized, but there is no phonemic distinction between nasal and oral vowels, and all vowels are considered phonemically oral. Some languages contrast oral vowels and nasalized vowels phonemically . Linguists make use of minimal pairs to decide whether or not
176-971: Is also closely related to the Sioux language and to the Stoney language (likewise called Nakoda or Nakota ), although they are hardly mutually intelligible. The Assiniboine language is not a government-recognized official language of any state or region where Assiniboine people live. There are two reservations located in Montana, but the official language of the state is English. An estimate of native speakers ranges from less than 50, to about 100, to about 150 Assiniboine people , most of them elderly. A 2021 study of Indigenous languages in Canada put Assiniboine at 350 speakers. The phonemic inventory has 27 consonants, which includes aspirated, plain, and ejective stops. In addition to this, it has five oral vowels and three nasal vowels . It
198-542: Is indicated by employing the nasal vowel, a dotless form of the Arabic letter nūn ( ن ) or the letter marked with the maghnūna diacritic: respectively ں , always occurring word finally, or ن٘ in the medial form, called " nūn ghunna ". In Sindhi , nasalization is represented with the standard nun letter . Nasalized vowels occur in Classical Arabic but not in contemporary speech or Modern Standard Arabic . There
220-613: Is named for the range. Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce surrendered to Col. Nelson Miles in the foothills of the Bear's Paw Mountains in October 1877 after the Battle of Bear Paw . Native oral history ties the name to a lone hunter in search of deer to feed his clan. He killed a deer but, while returning to the prairie, encountered a bear. The bear held the hunter to the ground, and the hunter appealed to
242-446: Is no orthographic way to denote the nasalization, but it is systematically taught as part of the essential rules of tajwid , used to read the Qur'an . Nasalization occurs in recitation, usually when a final nūn is followed by a yāʾ ( ي ). The Brahmic scripts used for most Indic languages mark nasalization with the anusvāra (◌ं), homophonically used for homorganic nasalization in
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#1732849022629264-607: Is used below, where V, N, and Ṽ (with a tilde above) represent oral vowel, nasal consonant, and nasal vowel, respectively. In the Old French period, vowels became nasalized under the regressive assimilation , as VN > ṼN. In the Middle French period, the realization of the nasal consonant became variable, as VN > Ṽ(N). As the language evolves into its modern form, the consonant is no longer realized, as ṼN > Ṽ. Languages written with Latin script may indicate nasal vowels by
286-525: The Great Spirit to release him. The Great Spirit filled the heavens with lightning and thunder, striking the bear dead and severing its paw to release the hunter. Looking at Box Elder Butte, one can see the paw, and Centennial Mountain to the south resembles a reclining bear. Assiniboine language The Assiniboine language ( / ə ˈ s ɪ n ə b ɔɪ n / ; also known as Assiniboin , Hohe , or Nakota , Nakoda , Nakon or Nakona , or Stoney )
308-510: The IPA diacritic for nasalization: ⟨ ẽ ⟩ vs ⟨ ẽ̃ ⟩. Bickford & Floyd (2006) combine the tilde with the ogonek : ⟨ ẽ ⟩ vs ⟨ ę̃ ⟩. (The ogonek is sometimes used in an otherwise IPA transcription to avoid conflict with tone diacritics above the vowels.) Rodney Sampson described a three-stage historical account, explaining the origin of nasal vowels in modern French . The notation of Terry and Webb
330-575: The Siouan family has five main divisions: Dakota (Santee-Sisseton), Dakota (Yankton-Yanktonai), Lakota (Teton), Nakoda (Assiniboine) and Nakoda (Stoney). Along with the closely related Stoney , Assiniboine is an n variety of the Dakotan languages, meaning its autonym is pronounced with an initial n (thus: Nakʰóta as opposed to Dakʰóta or Lakʰóta , and Nakʰóda or Nakʰóna as opposed to Dakʰód or Lakʰól ). The Assiniboine language
352-434: The nasality is of linguistic importance. In French, for instance, nasal vowels are distinct from oral vowels, and words can differ by the vowel quality. The words beau /bo/ "beautiful" and bon /bɔ̃/ "good" are a minimal pair that contrasts primarily the vowel nasalization even though the /ɔ̃/ from bon is slightly more open . Portuguese allows nasal diphthongs , which contrast with their oral counterparts, like
374-551: The onset of the following syllable. Onsets may include up to two consonants but codas must be simplex. Possible onset clusters are given in the following table: ptą ptą otter psį psį rice pšA pšA sneeze napcA napcA swallow tkA tkA heavy kpamni kpamni serve kte kte kill ksuyA ksuyA hurt kšikšA kšikšA curly pakcA pakcA comb kmųkA kmųkA snare kni kni arrive spayA spayA wet stustA stustA Oral vowel A nasal vowel
396-812: The orthography of the First Grammatical Treatise for the Old Icelandic language , nasal vowels are indicated with a dot above the vowel grapheme : a /ɑ/ vs ȧ /ɑ̃/, ǫ /ɔ/ vs ǫ̇ /ɔ̃/, e /e/ vs. ė /ẽ/ vs ę /ɛ/ vs. ę̇ /ɛ̃/, ı /i/ vs i /ĩ/, o /o/ vs ȯ /õ/, ø /ø/ vs. ø̇ /ø̃/, u /u/ vs u̇ /ũ/, y /y/ vs ẏ /ỹ/; the ogonek instead indicates retracted tongue root or tense vowels , cf. ǫ /ɔ/ vs o /o/ and e /e/ vs. ę /ɛ/. Nasalization in Arabic-based scripts of languages such as Urdu , as well as Punjabi and Saraiki , commonly spoken in Pakistan , and by extension India ,
418-489: The pair mau /ˈmaw/ "bad" and mão /ˈmɐ̃w̃/ "hand". Although there are French loanwords in English with nasal vowels like croissant [ ˈkɹwɑːsɒ̃ ], there is no expectation that an English-speaker would nasalize the vowels to the same extent as French-speakers or Portuguese-speakers. Likewise, pronunciation keys in English dictionaries do not always indicate nasalization of French or Portuguese loanwords. Nasalization as
440-529: The region. The U.S. Geological Survey continues to use Bearpaw Mountains on publications. The core of the Bearpaws are composed of extensive Eocene aged igneous intrusions left over from one of the largest eruptive centers in the Central Montana Alkaline Province. Shonkinite, latite, & tinguatite are among the most common igneous rock compositions found in the Bearpaws. The Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation outcrops in these mountains, and
462-550: The stative verbs of the subject pronominal affixes. The affricates and stops of Assiniboine are often described as voiced rather than voiceless, due to intervocalic voicing rules which result in surface voiced forms. There are five oral vowels in Assiniboine, /i u e o a/ , and three nasal vowels , /ĩ ũ ã/ . Words that follow the above rules: Syllables are primarily of CV structure. While codas are possible, they are restricted and uncommon, often becoming restructured as
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#1732849022629484-527: The tilde is also used for this purpose in Paraguayan Guaraní , phonemic nasality is indicated by a diaeresis ( ¨ ) in the standardized orthographies of most varieties of Tupí-Guaraní spoken in Bolivia . Polish , Navajo , and Elfdalian use a hook under the letter, called an ogonek , as in ą, ę . The Pe̍h-ōe-jī romanization of Taiwanese Hokkien and Amoy uses a superscript n ( aⁿ , eⁿ , ...). In
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