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46-511: According to Livy , during the reign of Tullus Hostilius , the entire population of Alba Longa was forcibly resettled on the Caelian Hill. In Republican-era Rome the Caelian Hill was a fashionable residential district, site of residences of the wealthy. Archaeological work under the Baths of Caracalla has uncovered the remains of lavish villas complete with murals and mosaics. A significant area of

92-400: A Scotsman involved in the first Jacobite uprising of 1715 was recaptured (and executed) because, having escaped, he yet lingered near the place of his captivity in "the hope of recovering his favourite Titus Livius ". The authority supplying information from which possible vital data on Livy can be deduced is Eusebius of Caesarea , a bishop of the early Christian Church . One of his works

138-603: A book on geography and a daughter married Lucius Magius, a rhetorician. Titus Livius died at his home city of Patavium in AD 17. The tombstone of Livy and his wife might have been found in Padua. Livy's only surviving work is commonly known as History of Rome (or Ab Urbe Condita , 'From the Founding of the City';). Together with Polybius it is considered one of the main accounts of

184-495: A century after Livy's time, described the Emperor Augustus as his friend. Describing the trial of Cremutius Cordus , Tacitus represents him as defending himself face-to-face with the frowning Tiberius as follows: I am said to have praised Brutus and Cassius , whose careers many have described and no one mentioned without eulogy. Titus Livius, pre-eminently famous for eloquence and truthfulness, extolled Cn. Pompeius in such

230-442: A common pastime. He was familiar with the emperor Augustus and the imperial family. Augustus was considered by later Romans to have been the greatest Roman emperor, benefiting Livy's reputation long after his death. Suetonius described how Livy encouraged the future emperor Claudius , who was born in 10 BC, to write historiographical works during his childhood. Livy's most famous work was his history of Rome . In it he narrates

276-502: A complete history of the city of Rome, from its foundation to the death of Augustus. Because he was writing under the reign of Augustus, Livy's history emphasizes the great triumphs of Rome. He wrote his history with embellished accounts of Roman heroism in order to promote the new type of government implemented by Augustus when he became emperor. In Livy's preface to his history, he said that he did not care whether his personal fame remained in darkness, as long as his work helped to "preserve

322-456: A complex formula (made so by the 0 reference point not falling on the border of an Olympiad), these codes correspond to 59 BC for the birth, 17 AD for the death. In another manuscript the birth is in 180.4, or 57 BC. Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC) Gaius Asinius Pollio (75 BC – AD 4) was a Roman soldier, politician, orator, poet, playwright, literary critic , and historian, whose lost contemporaneous history provided much of

368-620: A family origin among the Marrucini . Pollio may therefore have been the grandson of Herius Asinius , a plebeian and a general of the Marrucini who fought on the Italian side in the Social War . Pollio moved in the literary circle of Catullus and entered public life in 56 BC by supporting Lentulus Spinther . In 54, he unsuccessfully impeached Gaius Cato , a distant relative of the more famous Cato

414-467: A panegyric that Augustus called him Pompeianus, and yet this was no obstacle to their friendship. Livy's reasons for returning to Padua after the death of Augustus (if he did) are unclear, but the circumstances of Tiberius 's reign certainly allow for speculation. During the Middle Ages , due to the length of the work, the literate class was already reading summaries rather than the work itself, which

460-416: A result, standard information in a standard rendition is used, which gives the impression of a standard set of dates for Livy. There are no such dates. A typical presumption is of a birth in the 2nd year of the 180th Olympiad and a death in the first year of the 199th Olympiad, which are coded 180.2 and 199.1 respectively. All sources use the same first Olympiad , 776/775–773/772 BC by the modern calendar. By

506-637: A search for the now missing books. Laurentius Valla published an amended text initiating the field of Livy scholarship. Dante speaks highly of him in his poetry, and Francis I of France commissioned extensive artwork treating Livian themes; Niccolò Machiavelli 's work on republics , the Discourses on Livy , is presented as a commentary on the History of Rome . Respect for Livy rose to lofty heights. Walter Scott reports in Waverley (1814) as an historical fact that

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552-487: A staunch republican, and thus held himself somewhat aloof from Augustus. Married to Quinctia, daughter of Lucius Quinctius, who was proscribed and committed suicide in 43, Pollio had at least one daughter, Asinia , and one son, Gaius Asinius Gallus , the second husband of Vipsania Agrippina , the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa , Augustus's partner, second-in-command, and second son-in-law. Gallus and Vipsania had several sons together, two of whom were full consuls and

598-506: A successful campaign against the Parthini , an Illyrian people who adhered to Marcus Junius Brutus , and celebrated a triumph on 25 October. Virgil's eighth eclogue was addressed to Pollio while he was engaged in this campaign. In 31, Octavian asked him to take part in the Battle of Actium against Antony, but Pollio, remembering the kindness that Antony had shown him, remained neutral. From

644-526: A third was consul suffectus . Although now lost, Pollio's contemporary history provided much of the material for the historians Appian and Plutarch. As such, he significantly influenced posterity's perception of his time—a key moment in Roman history. According to the poet Horace ( Odes 2.1.1–4), he dated the start of the Civil Wars to the consulship of Quintus Metellus Celer in 60 BC. Johan Rudolph Thorbecke ,

690-632: The Chronographia , a summary of history in annalist form, and the Chronikoi Kanones , tables of years and events. St. Jerome translated the tables into Latin as the Chronicon , probably adding some information of his own from unknown sources. Livy's dates appear in Jerome's Chronicon. The main problem with the information given in the manuscripts is that, between them, they often give different dates for

736-605: The Antrum Cyclopis was also present, situated in the side of the hill. At the turn of the 5th century, the regio contained seven aediculae (shrines), 127 domūs (patrician houses), 27 horrea (warehouses), 85 balneae (bath houses) and 65 loci (fountains). It also contained the ludus matutinus , a gladiator school. Livy Titus Livius ( Latin: [ˈtɪtʊs ˈliːwiʊs] ; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( / ˈ l ɪ v i / LIV -ee ),

782-474: The Roman army . However, he was educated in philosophy and rhetoric. It seems that Livy had the financial resources and means to live an independent life, though the origin of that wealth is unknown. He devoted a large part of his life to his writings, which he was able to do because of his financial freedom. Livy was known to give recitations to small audiences, but he was not heard of to engage in declamation , then

828-597: The Second Punic War . When he began this work he was already past his youth, probably 33; presumably, events in his life prior to that time had led to his intense activity as a historian. He continued working on it until he left Rome for Padua in his old age, probably in the reign of Tiberius after the death of Augustus. Seneca the Younger says he was an orator and philosopher and had written some historical treatises in those fields. History of Rome also served as

874-666: The Temple of Claudius , which occupied much of the Caelian Hill. The region also contained the Macellum Magnum (or Great Market), the station of the fifth cohort of the Vigiles , and the Castra Peregrina . Also mentioned as being situated here was the Caput Africae , probably an educational and training institution (paedagogium) for young boys who would serve as imperial staff. A grotto,

920-609: The Younger . Gaius Porcius Cato had acted as the tool of the triumvirs Pompey , Crassus , and Caesar in his tribunate in 56. Despite his initial support of Lentulus Spinther in the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Pollio sided with Caesar. He was present when Caesar deliberated whether to cross the Rubicon and begin the war. After Pompey and the Senate fled to Greece, Caesar sent Pollio to Sicily to relieve Cato of his command. He and Gaius Scribonius Curio were sent to Africa to fight

966-538: The city was well known for its conservative values in morality and politics. Livy's teenage years were during the 40s BC, a period of civil wars throughout the Roman world . The governor of Cisalpine Gaul at the time, Asinius Pollio , tried to sway Patavium into supporting Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) , the leader of one of the warring factions during Caesar's Civil War (49-45 BC). The wealthy citizens of Patavium refused to contribute money and arms to Asinius Pollio, and went into hiding. Pollio then attempted to bribe

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1012-458: The commission reluctantly because of a personal enmity with another of Caesar's allies. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus was appointed the new governor of the province, but Pollio, while remaining loyal to Caesar's supporters, held out against him, announcing at Corduba that he would not hand over his province to anyone who did not have a commission from the Senate. A few months later his quaestor , Lucius Cornelius Balbus , absconded from Gades with

1058-624: The contours of the Caelian Hill. To the west, its boundary was the Via Tusculana, and the south was eventually enclosed by the Aurelian Walls , through which two gates passed: the Porta Metronia and the Porta Asinaria . A measurement taken at the end of the 4th century recorded that the perimeter of the region was 12,200 Roman feet (approximately 3.61 km). The region was dominated by

1104-525: The driving force behind the "northern theory" regarding the Etruscans' origins. This is because in the book Livy states, "The Greeks also call them the 'Tyrrhene' and the 'Adriatic ... The Alpine tribes are undoubtedly of the same kind, especially the Raetii, who had through the nature of their country become so uncivilized that they retained no trace of their original condition except their language, and even this

1150-657: The future emperor Claudius , he encouraged to take up the writing of history. Livy was born in Patavium in northern Italy , now modern Padua , probably in 59 BC. At the time of his birth, his home city of Patavium was the second wealthiest on the Italian peninsula, and the largest in the province of Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy). Cisalpine Gaul was merged in Italy proper during his lifetime and its inhabitants were given Roman citizenship by Julius Caesar . In his works, Livy often expressed his deep affection and pride for Patavium, and

1196-457: The hill is taken up by the villa and gardens of Villa Celimontana . The Caelian Hill is the site of the Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo and the ancient basilica of Santo Stefano Rotondo . At the turn of the 5th century, the regio was divided into seven vici (districts) and 3,600 insulae (blocks). It had two curators and was served by 48 Roman magistrates . Regio II largely followed

1242-444: The library, the art gallery was open to the public. After his military and political successes, Pollio appears to have retired into private life as a patron of literary figures and a writer. He was known as a severe literary critic, fond of an archaic style and purity. In retirement, Pollio organized literary readings where he encouraged authors to read their own work, and he was the first Roman author to recite his own works. One of

1288-592: The material used by the historians Appian and Plutarch . Pollio was most famously a patron of Virgil and a friend of Horace and poems to him were dedicated by both men. Asinius Pollio was born in Teate Marrucinorum , the modern current Chieti in Abruzzi, central Italy. According to an inscription, his father was called Gnaeus Asinius Pollio. He had a brother named Asinius Marrucinus, whom Catullus calls out for his tasteless practical joke , whose name suggests

1334-508: The memory of the deeds of the world’s preeminent nation." Because Livy was mostly writing about events that had occurred hundreds of years earlier, the historical value of his work was questionable, although many Romans came to believe his account to be true. Livy was married and had at least one daughter and one son. He also produced other works, including an essay in the form of a letter to his son, and numerous dialogues, most likely modelled on similar works by Cicero . One of his sons wrote

1380-519: The money intended to pay the soldiers and fled to Mauretania . Pollio was then so severely defeated by Pompeius that he had to escape the battlefield in disguise. As civil war brewed between Mark Antony and Octavian , Pollio vacillated, but ultimately threw in his lot with Mark Antony. Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian soon joined forces in the Second Triumvirate . In their series of bloody proscriptions , Pollio's father-in-law, Lucius Quintius,

1426-512: The most dramatic such readings brought the poet Virgil to the attention of the imperial family, when Virgil read from his work-in-progress the Aeneid , and flattered the imperial family by his portrayal of Aeneas , whom the Julii Caesares believed to be their direct patrilineal ancestor. As a result, Virgil was praised by Augustus. Pollio may have died in his villa at Tusculum . He was apparently

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1472-461: The poem in anticipation of Pollio's consulship or to celebrate his part in the Treaty of Brundisium. Virgil, like other Romans, hoped that peace was at hand and looked forward to a Golden Age under Pollio's consulship. However, Pollio did not complete his consular year. He and his co-consul were removed from office by Antony and Octavian in the final months of the year. The following year, Pollio conducted

1518-464: The property of the poet Virgil from confiscation. In 40, Pollio helped to arrange the peace of Brundisium by which Octavian and Antony were for a time reconciled. In the same year, Pollio entered upon his consulship , which had been promised him in 43 by the Second Triumvirate. Virgil addressed the famous fourth eclogue to him, although there is uncertainty regarding whether Virgil composed

1564-611: The province's governor, the Pompeian Publius Attius Varus . Despite the poisoning of the water supply by his opponents, Curio defeated Varus at Utica . Curio marched to face Pompey's ally King Juba of Numidia , and was defeated and killed, along with most of his men, at the Bagradas River . Pollio managed to retreat to Utica with a small force. He was present as Caesar's legate at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 and recorded Pompeian casualties at 6,000. In 47, Pollio

1610-562: The reign of Augustus, who came to power after a civil war with generals and consuls claiming to be defending the Roman Republic , such as Pompey . Patavium had been pro-Pompey. To clarify his status, the victor of the civil war, Octavian Caesar , had wanted to take the title Romulus (the first king of Rome) but in the end accepted the senate proposal of Augustus . Rather than abolishing the republic, he adapted it and its institutions to imperial rule. The historian Tacitus , writing about

1656-522: The result of bad feelings he harboured toward the city of Patavium from his experiences there during the civil wars. Livy probably went to Rome in the 30s BC, and it is likely that he spent a large amount of time in the city after this, although it may not have been his primary home. During his time in Rome, he was never a senator nor held a government position. His writings contain elementary mistakes on military matters, indicating that he probably never served in

1702-578: The same events or different events, do not include the same material entirely, and reformat what they do include. A date may be in Ab Urbe Condita or in Olympiads or in some other form, such as age. These variations may have occurred through scribal error or scribal license. Some material has been inserted under the aegis of Eusebius . The topic of manuscript variants is a large and specialized one, on which authors of works on Livy seldom care to linger. As

1748-609: The slaves of those wealthy citizens to expose the whereabouts of their masters; his bribery did not work, and the citizens instead pledged their allegiance to the Senate . It is therefore likely that the Roman civil wars prevented Livy from pursuing a higher education in Rome or going on a tour of Greece , which was common for adolescent males of the nobility at the time. Many years later, Asinius Pollio derisively commented on Livy's "patavinity", saying that Livy's Latin showed certain "provincialisms" frowned on at Rome. Pollio's dig may have been

1794-498: The spoils of the war Pollio constructed the first public library at Rome, in the Atrium Libertatis , also erected by him, which he adorned with statues of the most celebrated heroes. The library had Greek and Latin wings, and reportedly its establishment posthumously fulfilled one of Caesar's ambitions. There was a magnificent art collection attached to this library. Pollio loved Hellenistic art at its most imaginative. Like

1840-586: Was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled Ab Urbe Condita , ''From the Founding of the City'', covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own lifetime. He was on good terms with members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and was a friend of Augustus , whose young grandnephew,

1886-636: Was a summary of world history in ancient Greek , termed the Chronikon , dating from the early 4th century AD. This work was lost except for fragments (mainly excerpts), but not before it had been translated in whole and in part by various authors such as St. Jerome . The entire work survives in two separate manuscripts, Armenian and Greek (Christesen and Martirosova-Torlone 2006). St. Jerome wrote in Latin. Fragments in Syriac exist. Eusebius ' work consists of two books:

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1932-523: Was not free from corruption". Thus, many scholars, like Karl Otfried Müller, utilized this statement as evidence that the Etruscans or the Tyrrhenians migrated from the north and were descendants of an Alpine tribe known as the Raeti. Livy's History of Rome was in high demand from the time it was published and remained so during the early years of the empire. Pliny the Younger reported that Livy's celebrity

1978-564: Was one of the first to be marked for assassination. He fled by sea, but committed suicide by throwing himself overboard. In the division of the provinces, Gaul fell to Antony, who entrusted Pollio with the administration of Gallia Transpadana (the part of Cisalpine Gaul between the Po and the Alps ). In superintending the distribution of the Mantuan territory amongst the veterans, he used his influence to save

2024-453: Was probably tribune and resisted the efforts of another tribune, Publius Cornelius Dolabella , to cancel all debts. He returned to Africa the following year, this time with Caesar, in pursuit of Cato and Metellus Scipio . When Caesar was assassinated in 44, Pollio was leading his forces in Hispania against Sextus Pompeius and distinguishing himself early in the campaign. He had accepted

2070-503: Was so widespread, a man from Cádiz travelled to Rome and back for the sole purpose of meeting him. Livy's work was a source for the later works of Aurelius Victor , Cassiodorus , Eutropius , Festus , Florus , Granius Licinianus and Orosius . Julius Obsequens used Livy, or a source with access to Livy, to compose his De Prodigiis , an account of supernatural events in Rome from the consulship of Scipio and Laelius to that of Paulus Fabius and Quintus Aelius. Livy wrote during

2116-511: Was tedious to copy, expensive, and required a lot of storage space. It must have been during this period, if not before, that manuscripts began to be lost without replacement. The Renaissance was a time of intense revival; the population discovered that Livy's work was being lost and large amounts of money changed hands in the rush to collect Livian manuscripts. The poet Beccadelli sold a country home for funding to purchase one manuscript copied by Poggio . Petrarch and Pope Nicholas V launched

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