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28-603: The barracks are situated on the Caelian Hill between the Temple of Claudius and Nero's Macellum Magnum . It is centrally located on a hill known for its housing of wealthy Romans. The fourth-century Regionaries list the Castra Peregrina in regio II . The remains of the camp were discovered during digging for the foundations of a convent and hospital and partially excavated from 1904 to 1909. It can now be found just south-east of

56-634: A crown, possibly depicting her in the role of priestess to the cult of her deceased husband. There are also two marble thrones found close to the site of the Claudium , now in the Glyptothek in Munich , which are presumed to have decorated the temple, possibly as honorific seats for the established Roman gods to 'visit' the deified Claudius in his sacred space. Aqua Claudia Aqua Claudia ("the Claudian water")

84-464: A few small arches except for the main high and narrow one for the Acqua Nera. It had originally been built of tuff in opus quadratum. In the second half of the 1st century it was reinforced in opus mixtum, visible at the two east end buttresses. At the beginning of the 3rd century nine rectangular buttresses were added at regular intervals on the north side while on the south side only three were added near

112-641: Is about 1 m wide and is also built in opus quadratum, but with a very porous stone which is locally found as a layer immediately above the tuff on which the bridge rests. The Ponte Barucelli (also known as Ponte Diruto) is made up of two monumental bridges 8 m apart for the aqua Claudia (to the north) the Anio Novus (to the south) to cross the Acqua Nera stream. Both date to between 38 and 52 AD. They were later strengthened with buttresses and reinforcements, becoming two huge continuous and connected structures. The Anio Novus bridge, about 85 m long and about 10 m wide, has

140-454: Is approximately bounded by the present roads of Via Claudia, Viale del Parco del Celio and the Clivus Scauri . The temple stood on a great rectangular platform (180 x 200 meters), supported by powerful retaining walls of 15 metres or more, that are still partly visible. The actual temple was constructed on a podium 20 steps above the surrounding platform. The entrance to the courtyard was from

168-482: The Castra Peregrina , were initially involved in the provision supply service of Rome, but were later employed as military couriers and members of the secret service. Richardson suggests that the brickwork demonstrates an Augustan origin with a second century A.D. rebuilding, probably under Severus, and another rebuilding in third century A.D. However the earliest mention of the princeps peregrinorum (camp-commandant) in Rome

196-479: The Forma Urbis which depicts the southern end of the temple complex shows an apsidal building in front of the stairs and rampway which accessed the temple, which was likely the home of this association. The last mention of the temple is from the fourth century and nothing is known of what happened to it after Vespasian’s reconstruction. Rodolfo Lanciani believed that it could have been falling into ruins as early as

224-635: The Palatine , after which the Aqua Claudia could provide all 14 Roman districts with water. The section on the Caelian hill was called arcus Caelimontani . Visible remaining bridges include the Ponte sul Fosso della Noce, Ponte San Antonio, Ponte delle Forme Rotte, Ponte dell`Inferno, Ponte Barucelli. The bridge has a single arch in opus quadratum , reinforced in the late period in brickwork. The specus (channel)

252-777: The Temple of the Divine Claudius , the Temple of the Deified Claudius , or in an abbreviated form as the Claudium , was an ancient structure that covered a large area of the Caelian Hill in Rome, Italy . It housed the Imperial cult of the Emperor Claudius , who was deified after his death in 54 AD. Construction of the Temple of Claudius on the Caelian Hill was begun by Agrippina ,

280-672: The Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri when it was constructed in the ruins of the Baths of Diocletian in the 1560s. Statues made of rare Egyptian greywacke representing Agrippina and Claudius' son Britannicus (the former in the Capitoline Museums and the latter in the Uffizi ), are believed to have resided in the temple of Claudius as part of a family statuary group. The statue of Agrippina shows her with her head covered and wearing

308-712: The Domus Aurea. To supply his nymphaeum with water, Nero constructed reservoirs within the Caelian and built a new branch aqueduct to carry water to the hill from the Aqua Claudia . This branch, known as the Arcus Neroniani , accessed the Claudia at Porta Maggiore and ran 2 kilometers west to the southern side of the Caelian Hill, where it terminated at a structure called the Aqueductium . From there conduits branched off along

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336-415: The bed of the stream, later increased by five on the west bank in poor opus latericium and two on the east in opus mixtum. Later the two bridges were connected by three brick arches and with buttresses. The aqueduct went through at least two major repairs. Tacitus suggests that the aqueduct was in use by AD 47. An inscription from Vespasian suggests that Aqua Claudia was used for ten years, then failed and

364-399: The building. It was surrounded by a large garden composed of parallel rows of shrubs. Although not depicted on the Forma Urbis , the temple and gardens were likely encircled on all four sides by a portico (a Porticus Claudia is mentioned by the poet Martial ). The known remains are of the four sides of the platform and nothing remains of the temple above. The western side of the platform

392-513: The consumption of water, returning it to civilian use. The east side is the best preserved, and changes carried out by Nero can be noted here. The area was rediscovered when a new road, the Via Claudia, was constructed in 1880. Underneath the temple area there are tunnels through tuff that have recently been mapped by the Italian authorities. A marble capital from the Temple of Claudius was reused in

420-579: The fourth wife of the Emperor Claudius , after his death in 54 AD. In 59 Agrippina was murdered by her son, the Emperor Nero , who converted the massive podium built to support the unfinished temple to his own uses. The eastern wall was transformed into a grand nymphaeum , or elaborate fountain, to embellish the view from Nero's new palace, the Domus Aurea , on the adjacent Oppian Hill . The nymphaeum

448-436: The gods for protecting them from shipwrecks (see Fontana della Navicella ) and provides further evidence of the spread of the barracks' frumentarii across the provinces. It has been claimed by some authors, as the name suggests, that the barracks housed a garrison of peregrini , non-citizens and free subjects of the empire. Others, however, dispute this claim and have proposed that the barracks housed Roman citizens; if so,

476-643: The ground falls toward the city, reaching over 30 metres (100 ft). It is one of the two ancient aqueducts that flowed through the Porta Maggiore , the other being the Aqua Anio Novus . It is described in some detail by Frontinus in his work published in the later 1st century, De aquaeductu . Nero extended the aqueduct with the Arcus Neroniani to the Caelian hill and Domitian further extended it to

504-453: The hill to the north, bringing water to the nymphaeum and the temple. Another conduit was carried to the western edge of the hill and ended right beside the Temple of Claudius. Vespasian reconstructed the Temple of Claudius and established an association dedicated to the worship of the numen of Claudius, known as the Augustales , adjacent to the temple on its southern side. A fragment of

532-541: The left of the 38th milestone of the Via Sublacensis . The total length was approximately 69 kilometres (43 mi), most of which was underground. The flow was about 190,000 cubic metres (6,700,000 cu ft) in 24 hours (about 2.3 cubic metres per second (80 cu ft/s)). Directly after its filtering tank, near the seventh mile of the Via Latina , it finally emerged onto arches, which increase in height as

560-523: The mid 4th century, when a capital from one of the podium columns on the west side was reused in the house of John and Paul (the Basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio was built over the house at the end of the 4th century). In the 15th century, Pope Paul II used stone from the ruins of the Claudium to build the Palazzo San Marco in the Campus Martius . The area occupied by the Temple

588-438: The name would not imply the lack of citizenship but rather refer to the fact that they were detached away from the legions for special services in Rome and elsewhere. They consisted of a majority of frumentarii and inscriptions suggest that the Castra Peregrina acted as a central base for the distribution of these men throughout the unarmed provinces ( inermes ). The frumentarii , who were likely based, and not only housed, at

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616-517: The south, through a monumental central entrance with an imposing stairway, oriented towards the Palatine Hill . The design of the Temple is partially known from 7 fragments of the Forma Urbis and a Renaissance drawing of another, now lost fragment, in the Vatican Library . Together they depict a temple with a prostyle hexastyle porch (a projecting porch with six columns) on the west side of

644-518: The well preserved church Santo Stefano al Monte Celio . Within the castra was a shrine ( templum ) of Jupiter Redux erected in honour of Severus and Mammaea by a centurio frumentarius . A carving of the construction of the barracks was found at Ostia; on a column in the Square of the Corporations. In the initial excavation of the barracks, stone ships were also found; these were made by soldiers thanking

672-479: Was an ancient Roman aqueduct that, like the Aqua Anio Novus , was begun by Emperor Caligula (37–41 AD) in 38 AD and finished by Emperor Claudius (41–54 AD) in 52 AD. It was the eighth aqueduct to supply Rome and together with Aqua Anio Novus , Aqua Anio Vetus and Aqua Marcia , it is regarded as one of the "four great aqueducts of Rome". Its mainsprings, the Caeruleus and Curtius, were situated 300 paces to

700-399: Was constructed with travertine and some remains were incorporated into the bell tower of the basilica of Santi Giovanni e Paolo . The northern side was composed of a row of vaulted rooms. During the time of Nero there were fountains and the remains of one of these, consisting of a ship's bow with a boar's head, were found and are now in the Capitoline Museums . Vespasian subsequently reduced

728-474: Was during the reign of Trajan. It is also mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus, showing that it was in use as late as the fourth century A.D. Temple of Claudius 41°53′15.34″N 12°29′36.12″E  /  41.8875944°N 12.4933667°E  / 41.8875944; 12.4933667 The Temple of Claudius ( Latin : Templum Divi Claudii ), also variously known as the Temple of the Divus Claudius ,

756-461: Was made up of tiered columns and semicircular and rectangular niches; it likely would have contained a large sculptural group at the centre. Archaeological excavations confirm that the water cascaded from the top of the nymphaeum down into 4 basins, which in turn fed into the huge pool in the valley now occupied by the Colosseum , which was in the time of Nero the centrepiece of the gardens belonging to

784-510: Was out of use for nine years. The first repair was done by Emperor Vespasian in 71 AD; it was repaired again in 81 AD by Emperor Titus . Alexander Severus reinforced the arches of Nero (CIL VI.1259) where they are called arcus Caelimontani , including the line of arches across the valley between the Caelian and the Palatine. The church of San Tommaso in Formis was later built into the side of

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