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48-428: It replaced and extended his Domus Transitoria that he had built as his first palace complex on the site. Construction began after the great fire of 64 and was nearly completed before Nero's death in 68, a remarkably short time for such an enormous project. Nero took great interest in every detail of the project, according to Tacitus , and oversaw the engineer-architects, Celer and Severus, who were also responsible for

96-473: A cleft in the Esquiline hillside at the end of the 15th century, he found himself in a strange cave or grotto filled with painted figures. Soon the young artists of Rome were having themselves let down on boards knotted to ropes to see for themselves. The Fourth Style frescoes that were uncovered then have faded now, but the effect of these freshly rediscovered grotesque decorations ( Italian : grotteschi )

144-400: A dome with a giant central oculus to let in light. It was an early use of Roman concrete construction. It also had an upper floor on the same level as the hill against which it rested (to the north). The surviving parts of this floor are preserved only to a height of 30/60 cm, and the thickness of the walls was also reduced to 40/50 cm so that it was a much less monumental body than

192-475: A father of three, the ius trium liberorum , because his marriage was childless. Through Pliny, Suetonius came into favour with Trajan and Hadrian . Suetonius may have served on Pliny's staff when Pliny was imperial governor ( legatus Augusti pro praetore ) of Bithynia and Pontus (northern Asia Minor ) between 110 and 112. Under Trajan he served as secretary of studies (precise functions are uncertain) and director of Imperial archives. Under Hadrian, he became

240-454: A fundamental feature of Christian art: the apse mosaics that decorate so many churches in Rome, Ravenna, Sicily, and Constantinople. Frescoes covered every surface that was not more richly finished. The main artist was Famulus (or Fabulus, or Amulius according to some sources). Fresco technique, working on damp plaster, demands a speedy and sure touch: Famulus and assistants from his studio covered

288-528: A large and brilliantly decorated set of rooms has been located in the central part of the Palatine Hill under the Palace of Domitian . This site was excavated in 1721 when considerable damage was done during the excavations. The lower floors contained sunken gardens, two pavilions, a nymphaeum, and an art gallery. Beyond these rooms is a very large latrine . In one of these rooms is a rich marble floor found under

336-450: A masterpiece of Roman architecture and overlooked a xystus a track to watch gymnastic competitions, and the immense park. The lower part of the dome follows a pattern of octagonal segments (like Brunelleschi 's dome of S. Maria del Fiore in Florence ), while the upper part assumes a circular shape. This domed room was a triclinium , where the emperor manifested himself as divine, through

384-746: A palace extending all the way from the Palatine to the Esquiline, which at first he called the Domus Transitoria, but when it was burned down shortly after its completion and rebuilt, the Golden House". It was probably built from AD 60. One of the main buildings is thought to be on the western side of the Oppian Hill under the Baths of Trajan . The brick walls of the palace were originally covered with marble at

432-404: A series of long barrel vaults to support the overlying Trajanic baths are the remains of a fountain; on the eastern part is a large nymphaeum that opens to the courtyard. An elaborate nympheum was unfortunately divided in two by a later wall of Trajan. Surrounded by a portico of four columns it was equipped with a cascading fountain on the bottom, whose water was conveyed into a central basin. On

480-483: A set formula: the descriptions of appearance, omens, family history, quotes, and then a history are given in a consistent order. He recorded the earliest accounts of Julius Caesar's epileptic seizures . The two last works were written in Greek. They apparently survive in part in the form of extracts in later Greek glossaries. The following list of Suetonius's lost works is from Robert Graves 's foreword to his translation of

528-424: A spectacular amount of wall area with frescoes. Pliny, in his Natural History , recounts how Famulus went for only a few hours each day to the Golden House, to work while the light was best. He wrote: More recently, lived Amulius , a grave and serious personage, but a painter in the florid style. By this artist there was a Minerva , which had the appearance of always looking at the spectators, from whatever point it

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576-468: A sumptuous rotunda belonging to the palace was discovered in 1828, cut through by foundations of the Domus Aurea . The elaborate domed room which interconnected two barrel-vaulted corridors was spectacular architecturally and had marble-lined pools and paving in multicoloured opus sectile , all still largely intact beneath the temple. The main part of the palace was probably on the Palatine Hill and

624-521: Is a collective biography of the Roman Empire's first leaders, Julius Caesar (the first few chapters are missing), Augustus , Tiberius , Caligula , Claudius , Nero , Galba , Otho , Vitellius , Vespasian , Titus and Domitian . The book was dedicated to his friend Gaius Septicius Clarus , a prefect of the Praetorian Guard in 119. The work tells the tale of each Caesar's life according to

672-471: Is in fact an early example of the use of the cementitious technique, which had been developed by the Romans from the second century BC for the development of large and articulated interior spaces. The extensive gold leaf that gave the palace its name was not the only extravagant element of its decor: stuccoed ceilings were faced with semi-precious stones and ivory veneers, while the walls were frescoed, coordinating

720-684: Is the block of 50 communal toilets which would have been used by slaves and workers in Nero's time. The Golden House building (pavilion) on the Oppian Hill (part of the Esquiline Hill) was extended from Nero's earlier Domus Transitoria and designed mainly as a place of entertainment, as shown by the presence of 300 rooms with few sleeping quarters. Rooms sheathed in dazzling polished white marble with paintings above had richly varied floor plans, complete with niches and exedras that concentrated or dispersed

768-614: The Flavian Amphitheater . This building took the name " Colosseum " in the Middle Ages, after the statue nearby, or, as some historians believe, because of the sheer size of the building. The main part of the palace was probably on the Palatine Hill and a large and brilliantly decorated set of rooms has been located in the central part of the hill under the Palace of Domitian . This site was excavated in 1721 when considerable damage

816-587: The Horti Farnesiani along one side of the Domus Tiberiana. Marble and other parts salvaged from the ruins later became part of the Domus Aurea , Nero's main residence. Painted ceilings with mythological scenes from the Domus Transitoria, the earliest examples of fourth-style painting, perhaps by the painter Fabullus , are displayed in the Palatine Museum . In 2019 it was announced that this part of

864-603: The equestrian order ( tribunus angusticlavius ) in Legio XIII Gemina , and that Suetonius was educated when schools of rhetoric flourished in Rome. Suetonius was a close friend of senator and letter-writer Pliny the Younger . Pliny describes him as "quiet and studious, a man dedicated to writing". Pliny helped him buy a small property and interceded with the Emperor Trajan to grant Suetonius immunities usually granted to

912-512: The Domus Aurea was stripped of its marble, jewels, and ivory within a decade. Although the Oppian villa continued to be inhabited for some years, soon after Nero's death other parts of the palace and grounds, encompassing 2.6 km (c. 1 mi), were filled with earth and built over: the Baths of Titus were already being built on part of the site, probably the private baths, in 79 AD. On the site of

960-623: The Greek Zenodorus a colossal 35.5 m (120  RF ) high bronze statue of him, the Colossus Neronis . Pliny the Elder , however, puts its height at only 30.3 m (106.5 RF). The statue was placed just outside the main palace entrance at the terminus of the Via Appia in a large atrium of porticoes that divided the city from the private villa. This statue may have represented Nero as

1008-428: The attempted navigable canal with which Nero hoped to link Misenum with Lake Avernus . Emperor Otho and possibly Titus allotted money to finish at least the structure on the Oppian Hill; this continued to be inhabited, notably by emperor Vitellius in 69 but only after falling ill, until it was destroyed in a fire under Trajan in 104. A symbol of decadence that caused severe embarrassment to Nero's successors,

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1056-416: The bottom, while the upper parts were frescoed. A portico fronted the domus along the south side. Almost all of the columns, floors and marble walls were removed when Trajan built his baths (in 104 AD). The house was built around a big peristyle with porticos on three sides, while the fourth on the north consisted of a cryptoporticus which supported the rear embankment. At the centre, occupied now by

1104-416: The complex as "ruinously prodigal" as it included groves of trees, pastures with flocks, vineyards, and an artificial lake— rus in urbe , "countryside in the city". Nero's main residence remained the imperial palaces of the Palatine, while the pavilion on the Oppian was used when he preferred to remain in the horti , and the buildings with vestibulum and stagnum were used for feasts, where he received

1152-532: The condition of the building resulted in its closing at the end of 2005 for further restoration work. The complex was partially reopened in 2007, but closed in 2008 because of safety concerns. On March 30, 2010, 60 square metres (650 square feet) of the vault of a gallery collapsed. The Domus reopened in 2014. Suetonius claims this of Nero and the Domus Aurea: When the edifice was finished in this style and he dedicated it, he deigned to say nothing more in

1200-438: The daylight. There were pools in the floors and fountains splashing in the corridors. The building plan is divided into two parts: the western one is simple and classic in design, characterised by perpendicular axes and built around a large rectangular courtyard, which opened towards the valley and the lake. The eastern part is of a much richer design with two of the principal dining rooms flanking an octagonal court, surmounted by

1248-434: The decoration into different themes in each major group of rooms. Pliny the Elder watched it being built and mentions it in his Naturalis Historia . One innovation was destined to have an enormous influence on the art of the future: Nero placed mosaics , previously restricted to floors and gardens, in the vaulted ceilings. Only fragments have survived, but that technique was to be copied extensively, eventually ending up as

1296-419: The effects of light that the dome filtered, assimilating himself to the god Apollo . It was built on the model of the cenatio praecipua rotunda (dining room whose ceiling constantly revolved like the heavens) which Carandini and Fraioli position in the pavilion. The ceiling of the octagonal hall could probably rotate by means of a mechanism created by Celer and Severus and similar to a millstone which, hooked to

1344-635: The emperor's secretary. Hadrian later dismissed Suetonius for his alleged affair with the empress Vibia Sabina . Suetonius is mainly remembered as the author of De Vita Caesarum —translated as The Life of the Caesars , although a more common English title is The Lives of the Twelve Caesars or simply The Twelve Caesars —his only extant work except for the brief biographies and other fragments noted below. The Twelve Caesars , probably written in Hadrian's time,

1392-705: The frescos were removed in 1668; the only known surviving fresco of these is currently in the possession of the Ashmolean Museum (not currently on display). The frescoes ' effect on Renaissance artists was instant and profound (it can be seen most obviously in Raphael's decoration for the loggias in the Vatican), and the white walls, delicate swags, and bands of frieze—framed reserves containing figures or landscapes—have returned at intervals ever since, notably in late 18th century Neoclassicism , making Famulus one of

1440-594: The lake, in the middle of the palace grounds, Vespasian built the Flavian Amphitheatre , which could be flooded at will, with the Colossus of Nero beside it. The Baths of Trajan , and the Temple of Venus and Roma were also built on the site. Within 40 years, the palace was obliterated. Paradoxically, this ensured the wall paintings' survival by protecting them from moisture. When a young Roman inadvertently fell through

1488-402: The lower floor. During renovation works at the end of 2018, experts discovered a barrel-vaulted room (room 72) richly decorated with panthers , centaurs , the god Pan , and a sphinx , believed to have been built between 65 and 68 AD. The frescoes were of similar style to those in the cryptoporticus (room 92) which allows attribution to the so-called "A" workshop. The octagonal room was

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1536-477: The most influential painters in the history of art. Discovery of the pavilion led to the arrival of moisture starting the slow, inevitable process of decay; humidity sometimes reaches 90% inside the Domus. Heavy rain was blamed for the collapse of a chunk of ceiling. The presence of trees in the park above was causing further damage. The weight of earth on the Domus was also causing a problem. Increasing concerns about

1584-509: The octagonal room there were two apartments: the "room of Achilles in Skyros" and the "room of Hector and Andromache", judged from their paintings. The side spaces served both as passageways and as buttress elements for the dome; These spaces were accessed through large openings surmounted by brick courses. This was probably one of the models from which the famous dome of the Pantheon drew inspiration: it

1632-412: The oval fountain room of Domitian's Cenatio Iovis , and a rich nymphaeum with marble columns and bronze capitals. Today one corner of the nymphaeum has been rebuilt. The cryptoporticus of Nero that connected the palace with the nearby Domus Tiberiana was also part of the complex. It is 130 m long with mosaic floors and elaborate stucco ceiling decoration with vegetal elements and cupids. It lies beneath

1680-418: The palace will be accessible to the public for the first time in almost 70 years. [REDACTED] Media related to Domus Transitoria at Wikimedia Commons Suetonius Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus ( Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs sweːˈtoːniʊs traŋˈkᶣɪlːʊs] ), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( / s w ɪ ˈ t oʊ n i ə s / swih- TOH -nee-əs ; c.  AD 69 – after AD 122),

1728-431: The pavilion, and against the eastern wall of the unfinished Temple of Claudius . The nymphaeum was made up of tiered columns and semicircular and rectangular niches; it would have contained a large sculptural group at the centre. Archaeological excavations confirm that the water cascaded from the top of the nymphaeum down into 4 basins. The aqueduct fed the nymphaeum and ultimately the lake. Nero also commissioned from

1776-664: The people of Rome. To supply his lake in the valley between the Palatine, Oppian, and Caelian, Nero diverted water from the Aqua Claudia by a specially built branch aqueduct known as the Arcus Neroniani . This extended 2 km west from the Claudia to the southern side of the Caelian Hill. He also built a nymphaeum on the eastern side of the Caelian, visible across the valley from

1824-402: The sun god Sol , as Pliny saw some resemblance. This idea is widely accepted among scholars, but some are convinced that Nero was not identified with Sol while he was alive. The face of the statue was modified shortly after Nero's death during Vespasian ’s reign to make it truly a statue of Sol. Hadrian moved it, with the help of the architect Decrianus and 24 elephants, to a position next to

1872-403: The uncovered tracks along the edge of the central opening, was moved by slaves. Perfume was sprayed and rose petals were dropped on the assembled diners. According to some accounts, perhaps embellished by Nero's political enemies, on one occasion such quantities of rose petals were dropped that one unlucky guest was asphyxiated (a similar story is told of the emperor Elagabalus ). On the sides of

1920-483: The walls of the grotto was a mosaic of which a few traces remain within a frame of shells. The lower part of the walls were originally covered in marble. The decoration of the vault, 10 m (33 ft) high, is preserved only in part where four corner medallions and a central octagon were inserted, the latter partly preserved representing the Polyphemus scene. Five metres below Hadrian 's Temple of Venus and Roma

1968-525: The way of approval than that he had at last begun to live like a human being. The Domus Aurea complex covered parts of the slopes of the Palatine , Oppian , and Caelian hills , with an artificial lake in the marshy valley. The area of the estate can only be approximated, as much of it has not been excavated. Some scholars place it at more than 300 acres (1.2 km), while others estimate its size to have been less than 100 acres (0.40 km). Suetonius describes

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2016-540: Was Roman emperor Nero 's (r. 54 – 68) first palace damaged or destroyed by the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, and then extended by his Domus Aurea (or Golden House). The "domus" estate was intended to connect the Palatine palace with all of the imperial estates that had been acquired in various ways, including the Gardens of Maecenas , Horti Lamiani , Horti Lolliani , etc. According to Suetonius (Nero 31.1): "He built

2064-649: Was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire . His most important surviving work is De vita Caesarum , commonly known in English as The Twelve Caesars , a set of biographies of 12 successive Roman rulers from Julius Caesar to Domitian . Other works by Suetonius concerned the daily life of Rome , politics, oratory, and the lives of famous writers, including poets, historians, and grammarians. A few of these books have partially survived, but many have been lost. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus

2112-468: Was also part of the complex. It is 130 m long with mosaic floors and elaborate stucco ceiling decoration with vegetal elements and cupids. It lies beneath the Horti Farnesiani along one side of the Domus Tiberiana. The possible remains of Nero's rotating banquet hall and its underlying mechanism were unveiled by archaeologists on September 29, 2009. Today, one of the best-preserved parts of the palace

2160-421: Was done during the excavations. The lower floors contained sunken gardens, two pavilions and an art gallery. In one of these rooms is a rich marble floor found under the oval fountain room of Domitian's Cenatio Iovis, and a rich nymphaeum with marble columns and bronze capitals. Today one corner of the nymphaeum has been rebuilt. The cryptoporticus of Nero that connected the palace with the nearby Domus Tiberiana

2208-520: Was electrifying in the early Renaissance , which was just arriving in Rome. When Raphael and Michelangelo crawled underground and were let down shafts to study them, the paintings were a revelation of the true world of antiquity. Beside the graffiti signatures of later tourists like Casanova and the Marquis de Sade scratched into a fresco inches apart, are the autographs of Domenico Ghirlandaio , Martin van Heemskerck , and Filippino Lippi . Four of

2256-517: Was probably born about AD 69, a date deduced from his remarks describing himself as a "young man" 20 years after Nero 's death. His place of birth is disputed, but most scholars place it in Hippo Regius , a small north African town in Numidia , in modern-day Algeria . It is certain that Suetonius came from a family of moderate social position, that his father, Suetonius Laetus, was a tribune belonging to

2304-447: Was viewed. He only painted a few hours each day, and then with the greatest gravity, for he always kept the toga on, even when in the midst of his implements. The Golden Palace of Nero was the prison-house of this artist's productions, and hence it is that there are so few of them to be seen elsewhere. [REDACTED] Media related to Domus Aurea at Wikimedia Commons Domus Transitoria The Domus Transitoria (House of Passage)

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