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47-539: Oppian states that he is from 'the city of Hermes' and the 'city at the promontory of Sarpedon'. This has been supplemented by information from the biographies attached to medieval manuscripts, which state that his birthplace was Caesarea (now known as Anazarbus ) or Corycus in Cilicia , or Corycus according to the Suda . All these cities were in the Roman province of Cilicia , in what

94-568: A bloody civil war, offered their allegiance to the ambitious Armenian king. During the Roman and early Byzantine Empires, the capital of the Province of Cilicia was the important seaport of Tarsus , where Mark Antony met Cleopatra, and birthplace of Paul the Apostle and Theodore of Tarsus , among other important missionaries. The region became an early battleground between Muslim and Christian forces during

141-472: A practical guide for fishing. Instead, the humans and animals described in the work often seem to provide examples of good and bad behaviour. The fish in the Halieutica are depicted in an anthropomorphic fashion, as their behaviour is generally motivated by emotions such as hate, love, greed, jealousy and friendship. The fish are also very frequently the subject of Homeric similes . In many cases, Oppian reverses

188-458: A small fee. Also nearby are some beautiful mosaics discovered in a farmers field. A visit in December 2002 showed that the three aqueducts mentioned above have been nearly completely destroyed. Only small, isolated sections are left standing with the largest portion lying in a pile of rubble that stretches the length of where the aqueducts once stood. A powerful earthquake that struck the area in 1945

235-404: A statue in his honour, with an inscription which is still extant, containing a lament for his premature death and a eulogy of his precocious genius. The Halieutica consists of five books, which can be divided into two parts: books 1-2 describe the behaviour of fish and other marine animals, books 3-5 contain various fishing techniques. The content of the Halieutica is not sufficient to serve as

282-405: A stopover for migratory birds voyaging from Africa to Europe. The wildlife refuge has a 14,700-hectare (36,000-acre) area made up of forests, lagoon, marsh, sandy and reedy lands. Akyatan lake is a natural wonder with endemic plants and endangered bird species living in it together with other species of plants and animals. 250 species of birds are observed during a study in 1990. The conservation area

329-425: A suppressed in 1933, having had a single incumbent, of the intermediary (archiepiscopal) rank : [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William , ed. (1854–1857). "Anazarbus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray. Aleian plain Çukurova ( Turkish pronunciation: [tʃuˈkuɾova] ) or

376-514: Is a major producer of fruits and vegetables. Half of Turkey's citrus export is from Çukurova. Anamur is the only sub-tropical area of Turkey where bananas, mango, kiwi and other sub-tropical produce can be harvested. Çukurova is the second largest honey producer in Turkey after the Muğla – Aydın region. Samandağ , Yumurtalık , Karataş and Bozyazı are some of the towns in the region where fishing

423-502: Is generally referred to as Pseudo-Oppian or Oppian of Apamea. Furthermore, a didactic poem on bird catching , Ixeutica ( Ἰξευτικά , Ixeutiká ), which now only survives in a prose paraphrase , was also attributed to Oppian in the manuscript tradition. The Ixeutica is now thought to describe a work composed by the Dionysus whom the Suda mention as the author of a treatise on rocks ( Λιθιακά , Lithiaká ). A likely explanation for

470-532: Is included in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, and it borders Central Anatolia (historical Cappadocia ) to the north, and Southeastern Anatolia to the east. The Çukurova plain has some of the most fertile soil in the world in which 3 harvests can be taken each year. The region has the second richest flora in the world and it is the producer of all agricultural products of Turkey except hazelnut and tobacco. Çukurova leads Turkey in soy, peanuts and corn harvest and

517-509: Is located 30 km south of Adana , near Tuzla. Yumurtalık Nature Reserve covers an area of 16,430 hectares within the Seyhan-Ceyhan delta, with its lakes, lagoons and wide collection of plant and animal species. The area is an important location for many species of migrating birds, the number gets higher during the winters when the lakes become a shelter when other lakes further north freeze. Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park located on

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564-467: Is not equaled in Cilicia, and it is worthwhile to trace the three fine aqueducts to their sources. A necropolis on the escarpment to the south of the curtain wall can also be seen complete with signs of illegal modern excavations. A modest Turkish farming village ( Dilekkaya ) lies to the southwest of the ancient city. A small outdoor museum with some of the artifacts collected in the area can be viewed for

611-527: Is now southern Turkey. He composed a didactic poem in Greek hexameter on fishing ( Ἁλιευτικά , Halieutiká ). It is about 3500 lines and bears a dedication to Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus , placing it to the time of their joint rule (176-180 AD). A later didactic poem on hunting , the Cynegetica ( Κυνηγετικά , Kynēgetiká ), was also attributed to Oppian. For that reason, its anonymous poet

658-405: Is of late construction. It encloses a mass of ruins conspicuous in which are a fine triumphal arch , the colonnades of two streets, a gymnasium , etc. A stadium and a theatre lie outside the walls to the south. The remains of the acropolis fortifications are very interesting, including roads and ditches hewn in the rock. There are no notable structures in the upper town. For picturesqueness the site

705-469: Is the major source of income. Gray mullet, red mullet, sea bass, lagos, calamari and gilt-head bream are some of the most popular fish in the region. There are aquaculture farms in Akyatan, Akyağan, Yumurtalık lakes and at Seyhan Reservoir. While not as common as other forms of agriculture, dairy and livestock are also produced throughout the region. Akyatan Lagoon is a large wildlife refuge which acts as

752-420: Is thought to be responsible for the destruction. In 2013, excavations uncovered the first known colonnaded double-lane road of the ancient world, 34 meters wide and 2700 meters long, also uncovered the ruins of a church and a bathhouse. In 2017, archaeologists discovered a limestone statue of the goddess Hygieia and the god Eros . The statue is thought to date to the third or fourth century B.C. Anazarbus

799-526: The Suda , the original name of the place was Cyinda or Kyinda or Quinda ( Greek : Κύϊνδα ); and that it was next called Diocaesarea (Διοκαισάρεια). A city in Cilicia called Kundu rebelled against the Assyrian king Esarhaddon in 7th century BC, but it's unclear if there is a connection. At least it's known a city called Anazarbus (Ἀνάζαρβος) and Anazarba (Ἀνάζαρβα) and Anazarbon (Ἀνάζαρβον), situated on

846-581: The Cilician Plain ( Cilicia Pedias in antiquity), is a large fertile plain in the Cilicia region of southern Turkey . The plain covers the easternmost areas of Mersin Province , southern and central Adana Province , western Osmaniye Province and northwestern Hatay Province . Çukurova is a compound of the Turkish words çukur "hollow, depression " and ova " plains ". The oldest recorded use of

893-467: The Council of Chalcedon . A 6th century Notitia Episcopatuum indicates that it had as suffragan sees Epiphania , Alexandria Minor , Irenopolis , Flavias , Castabala and Aegeae . Rhosus was also subject to Anazarbus, but after the 6th century was made exempt, and Mopsuestia was raised to the rank of autocephalous metropolitan see , though without suffragans. The titular archbishopric

940-583: The Hamdanid Sayf al-Dawla (mid-10th century) and again destroyed in 962 by Nikephoros II Phokas . In the 11th century it was again a major fortress, comparable to Tarsos and Marash, and belonged to the realm of Philaretos Brachamios before it was captured around 1084 by the Seljuk Turks . In late 1097 or early 1098 it was captured by the armies of the First Crusade and after the conquest of Antioch it

987-811: The Hittites and it was divided into two parts, Uru Adaniya (flat Cilicia) and western Cilicia (Tarza), which was also known as the mountainous Cilicia. The gates which allow passage from Çukurova into the Central Anatolian Plateau through the Taurus Mountains , the Cilician Gates of antiquity, is called Gülek Pass today. Belen Pass which connects the region to the southeast (to the modern district of Dörtyol in Hatay Province ) and Sertavul Pass constitute other important points of passage. The region

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1034-542: The Ottoman dynasty . Between the 1832 Convention of Kütahya leaving the territorial gains acquired by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt to his administration till the 1841 London Conference convened to settle the question, Çukurova remained under the rule of the Khedive of Egypt . Although the period of Egyptian rule, motivated by Egypt 's perennial need, timber for the navy, was relatively short, it left important marks in such areas as

1081-543: The 12th century, many Turkomans , including Oğuz clans of Yüreğir , Afshar and Chepni settled in the region's northern parts under the direction of Ramadanids . Those who preserved the nomadic lifestyle were named Yörüks . As of the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire pursued a policy aimed at settling these populations in permanent settlements; the process was more or less complete in the 19th century, although it involved many difficulties and much tension especially for

1128-524: The Armenian periods of occupation, which began with the arrival of the Rubenid Baron T‛oros I , c.  1111 . Within the fortress are two Armenian chapels and the magnificent (but severely damaged) three-aisle church built by T‛oros I to celebrate his conquests. The church was once surrounded by a continuous, well-executed dedicatory inscription in Armenian. The present wall of the lower city

1175-498: The Homeric technique: where Homer compares epic heroes with animals, the actions of animals in the Halieutica are often compared to all types of human behaviour. The content of the Halieutica is as follows: Anazarbus Anazarbus , also known as Justinopolis ( Ancient Greek : Ἀναζαρβός / Ίουστινούπολις , medieval Ain Zarba ; modern Anavarza ; Arabic : عَيْنُ زَرْبَة ),

1222-568: The Pasha. Among other families still prominent today and that had risen with the cotton boom, Kozanoğlu , Güveloğlu , Kerimoğlu, Karsantıoğlu , Küçükalioğlu families can be cited. In 1869, the Vilayet of Adana (Adana Province) was incorporated after splitting up Aleppo Province. The borders of the Vilayet of Adana are similar to today's Çukurova region. Throughout the last remaining years of Ottoman rule,

1269-426: The area are wild goat, roe deer, bear, hyena, wild cat, wagtail, wolf, jackal and fox. Culturally, the life and the hardships faced by the ordinary people of Çukurova was brought to the screen by many Turkish film directors including Yılmaz Güney , especially in his 1970 masterpiece Umut ( The hope ). It is impossible to make a reference to Çukurova without mentioning the internationally acclaimed author who gave

1316-486: The attribution of all these works to Oppian is that the three didactic poems on hunting, fishing, and fowling were at some point circulated as a complementary trio. According to the anonymous biographies attached to the Byzantine manuscripts of the Halieutica , Oppian's father, having incurred the displeasure of a colleague of Marcus Aurelius named Lucius Verus by neglecting to pay his respects to him when he visited Rome,

1363-427: The division of Cilicia it became the chief place of the Roman province of Cilicia Secunda , with the title of Metropolis. Early in the sixth century, in the reign of Eastern Roman emperor Justin I , it was named Justinopolis or Ioustinoupolis (Ἰουστινούπολις). The city suffered from an earthquake in 526 and was rebuilt by Justinian I and renamed Justinianopolis or Ioustinianoupolis (Ἰουστινιανούπολις); but

1410-568: The early Muslim conquest of the Levant , and was conquered in the 8th century and remained part of the Abbasid Caliphate until reconquered by Byzantine forces in 962 . Shortly after, in 1080, Ruben founded the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia . Throughout the Armenian period, the region was ruled by members of the royal Armenian House of Lampron . When the Seljuk Turks captured the region in

1457-492: The introduction of industrial-scale cotton production and new arrivals into the population tissue of the region. Cottonpickers of Çukurova still start their workday with prayers for the memory of İbrahim Pasha, and the locally influent Menemencioğlu family, with notable descendants till our day, including Turkey's foreign minister during the Second World War, Numan Menemencioğlu , rose to notability by acting as middlemen for

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1504-499: The main stream of the present Ceyhan River (or classical Pyramus river ) and near its tributary the Sempas Su . A lofty isolated ridge formed its acropolis . Though some of the masonry in the ruins is certainly pre-Roman, the Suda 's identification of it with Cyinda , famous as a treasure city in the wars of Eumenes of Cardia , cannot be accepted in the face of Strabo 's express location of Cyinda in western Cilicia. According to

1551-567: The name in Turkish can be traced back to Aşıkpaşazade 's late 15th century work Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osman  [ tr ] . The region's recorded history dates back over 6,000 years. During the Bronze Age , the region was known as Kizzuwatna . As an area located between the native Hurrian lands of Southeastern Anatolia and the native Luwian lands of the Mediterranean coast of Anatolia , it

1598-740: The names of the Kizzuwatna kings that can be found in Hittite tablets. After the collapse of the Hittite Empire, a neo-Hittite kingdom called Ḫiyawa emerged in the region. Armenian presence in Cilicia dates back to the first century BC, when under Tigranes the Great , the Kingdom of Armenia briefly expanded and conquered a vast region in the Levant . In 83 BC, the Greek aristocracy of Seleucid Syria, weakened by

1645-610: The old name persisted, and when Thoros I , king of Lesser Armenia , made it his capital early in the 12th century, it was known as Anazarva . Its great natural strength and situation, not far from the mouth of the Sis pass, and near the great road which debouched from the Cilician Gates , made Anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the Eastern Roman Empire and the early Muslim invaders. It had been rebuilt by Harun al-Rashid in 796, refortified at great expense by

1692-460: The region served as an important base for the Ottoman Navy . The development of Mersin as a major port also began during this period. As a result, the cities of the region became prominent centers of trade, farming and industry. Today, Adana is the 5th largest city of Turkey , and a vital center of many agricultural products such as cotton. Historically, the region was known as Kizuwatna by

1739-481: The river Pyramus , existed in the first century BC and was a part of the small client-kingdom of Tarcondimotus I until it was annexed by Rome. How the city obtained the name is a matter of conjecture. According to Stephanus of Byzantium , after the city was destroyed by an earthquake, the emperor Nerva sent thither one Anazarbus, a man of senatorial rank, who rebuilt the city, and gave to it his own name. This account cannot be accurate, as Valesius remarks, for it

1786-422: The south, and the fortresses of Amouda and Sarvandikar are to the east. The Mamluk Empire of Egypt finally destroyed the city in 1374. The Crusaders are probably responsible for the construction of an impressive donjon atop the center of the outcrop. Most of the remaining fortifications, including the curtain walls, massive horseshoe-shaped towers, undercrofts, cisterns, and free-standing structures date from

1833-560: The west bank of Ceyhan River in Osmaniye Province. The park include the Karatepe Hittite fortress and an open-air museum. Tekköz-Kengerlidüz Nature Reserve , located 30 km north of Dörtyol , is known for having an ecosystem different from the Mediterranean. The main species of trees around Kengerliduz are beech, oak and fir, and around Tekkoz are hornbeam, ash, beach, black pine and silver birch. The main animal species in

1880-528: Was a mixed Luwian-Hurrian region. Hence, these two indigenous languages , Luwian and Hurrian were prevalent in Kizzuwatna during the Bronze Age. The exact time of the Hittite conquest of Kizzuwatna is unknown but the scholars think that the region was incorporated into the Hittite Empire even before the reign of Ḫattušili I . Kizzuwatna plain was also known as Adaniya at the time. Kizzuwatnan religion

1927-534: Was an ancient Cilician city. Under the late Roman Empire , it was the capital of Cilicia Secunda . Roman emperor Justinian I rebuilt the city in 527 after a strong earthquake hit it. It was destroyed in 1374 by the forces of the Mamluk Empire , after their conquest of Cilician Armenia . It was situated in Anatolia in modern Turkey, in the present Çukurova (or classical Aleian plain ) about 15 km west of

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1974-443: Was banished to Malta . Oppian, who had accompanied his father into exile, returned after the death of Verus (AD 169) and presented his poems to Marcus Aurelius, who was so pleased with them that he gave the author a piece of gold for each line, took him into favour, and pardoned his father. Oppian subsequently returned to his native country but died of the plague shortly afterwards at the early age of thirty. His contemporaries erected

2021-487: Was called Anazarbus in Pliny's time. There are three writers of antiquity from this city. Pedanius Dioscorides is called a native of Anazarbus; but the period of Dioscorides is not certain. It was also the home of the poet Oppian and the historian Asclepiades of Anazarba . Its later name was Caesarea ad Anazarbum , and there are many medals of the place in which it is both named Anazarbus and Caesarea at or under Anazarbus. On

2068-464: Was incorporated into Bohemond of Taranto 's Principality of Antioch . The site briefly exchanged hands between the Byzantine Empire and Armenians, until it was formally part of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia . Anazarbus was one of a chain of Armenian fortifications stretching through Cilicia. The castle of Sis (modern Kozan, Adana ) lies to the north while Tumlu Castle and Yilankale are to

2115-568: Was revived in the 18th century as a see of the Latin Catholic church, Anazarbus. It is vacant, having had the following incumbents, generally of the highest (Metropolitan) rank, with an episcopal (lowest rank) exception: In the 19th century, an Armenian Catholic titular bishopric of Anazarbus (of the Armenians) ( Anazarbus degli Armeni in Curiate Italian) was established. It was

2162-465: Was similar to Hurrian religion as Tešup and Ḫepat form the main couple of gods in both pantheons . In the late 1270s BC Hittite Great King Ḫattušili III 's marriage to the Kizzuwatna priestess Puduḫepa strengthened the Hurrian influence in the region and also increased the importance of the region among the provinces of the Hittite Empire. Išputaḫšu , Šunaššura, Eḫeya, Palliya and Padditaššu are

2209-589: Was the capital and so also from 553 (the date of the Second Council of Constantinople ) the metropolitan see of the Late Roman province of Cilicia Secunda . In the 4th century, one of the bishops of Anazarbus was Athanasius, a "consistent expounder of the theology of Arius." His theological opponent, Athanasius of Alexandria, in De Synodis 17, 1 refers to Anazarbus as Ναζαρβῶν. Maximin of Anazarbus attended

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