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81-532: The promontory was known as Poseidion ( Ancient Greek : Ποσείδιον ) in Antiquity, indicating that it used to have a shrine dedicated to Poseidon . When the Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt, Ras Muhammad was declared for protection from fishing and other human activities. Some of the fishing methods, such as using dynamite and knives were also impacting on the coral reef and the fish populations. In 1983,

162-537: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in

243-529: A behavioral role of these differences is speculated. Hawksbill sea turtles have a wide range , found predominantly in tropical reefs of the Indian , Pacific , and Atlantic Oceans. Of all the sea turtle species, E. imbricata is the one most associated with warm tropical waters. Two significant subpopulations are known, in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. In the Atlantic, hawksbill populations range as far west as

324-554: A degree of fidelity after recruiting to the benthic phase however, the movement to other similar habitats is possible. Hawksbills mate biannually in secluded lagoons off their nesting beaches in remote islands throughout their range. The most significant nesting beaches are in Mexico, the Seychelles, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Australia. The mating season for Atlantic hawksbills usually spans April to November. Indian Ocean populations, such as

405-472: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and

486-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in

567-416: A minimum of 30 to 35 years. Within the sea turtles, E. imbricata has several unique anatomical and ecological traits. It is the only primarily spongivorous reptile. Because of this, its evolutionary position is somewhat unclear. Molecular analyses support Eretmochelys placement within the taxonomic tribe Carettini , including the carnivorous loggerhead and ridley sea turtles , rather than in

648-543: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment

729-496: A result of human fishing practices, classifies E. imbricata as critically endangered . Hawksbill shells were the primary source of tortoiseshell material used for decorative purposes. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) regulates the international trade of hawksbill sea turtles and products derived from them. Linnaeus described the hawksbill sea turtle as Testudo imbricata in 1766, in

810-671: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek , and Koine may be classified as Ancient Greek in a wider sense. There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek

891-609: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c.  300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as

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972-617: A variety of small items, as it was in the West. Along the south coast of Java, stuffed hawksbill turtles are sold in souvenir shops, though numbers have decreased in the last two decades. In Japan , the turtles are harvested for their shell scutes , called bekko in Japanese . Bekko is used in various personal implements, such as eyeglass frames and the shamisen (Japanese traditional three-stringed instrument) picks. In 1994, Japan stopped importing hawksbill shells from other nations. Prior to this,

1053-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and

1134-400: A way as to give the rear margin of its carapace a serrated look, similar to the edge of a saw or a steak knife. The turtle's carapace can reach almost 1 m (3 ft) in length. The hawksbill appears to frequently employ its sturdy shell to insert its body into tight spaces in reefs. Crawling with an alternating gait , hawksbill tracks left in the sand are asymmetrical. In contrast,

1215-535: A wide range of habitats, from the open ocean to lagoons and even mangrove swamps in estuaries. Little is known about the habitat preferences of early life-stage E. imbricata ; like other young sea turtles, they are assumed to be completely pelagic, remaining at sea until they mature. While they are omnivorous, sea sponges are their principal food; they constitute 70–95% of the turtles' diets. However, like many spongivores , they feed only on select species, ignoring many others. Caribbean populations feed primarily on

1296-556: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of

1377-671: Is a small bay inlet in Ras Mohammed, and Marsa Ghozlani is a very small inlet located across from the park visitors center. The two islands of Tiran and Sanafir were part of the park until sovereignty of the islands was ceded to Saudi Arabia . Ras Muhammad exists at the junction of three plates: the Arabian plate, the African plate, and the Sinai subplate. This, in conjunction with the Northeast motion of

1458-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected

1539-533: Is both endangered and highly genetically distinct, and therefore of particular concern for conservation efforts. The World Wildlife Fund Australia (WWF-Australia) has several ongoing projects aiming at protecting the reptile. On Rosemary Island , an island in the Dampier Archipelago off the Pilbara coast of Western Australia , volunteers have been monitoring hawksbill turtles since 1986. In November 2020,

1620-644: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to

1701-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in

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1782-470: Is known about the life history of hawksbills by comparison to several other sea turtle species. Their life history may be divided into three phases, the: (i) early life history phase from approximately 4–30 cm straight carapace length, (ii) benthic phase when the immature turtles recruit to foraging areas, and (iii) reproductive phase, when individuals reach sexual maturity and begin periodically migrating to breeding grounds. The early life history phase

1863-446: Is not as geographically resolved as other sea turtle species. This phase appears to vary across ocean regions and may occur in both pelagic and nearshore waters, possibly lasting from 0–4 years of age. One study from the central Pacific Ocean population used bomb radiocarbon ( C) dating and von Bertalanffy growth models to estimate hawksbills reach sexual maturity at ~ 72 cm and 29 years of age (range 23–36 years). Hawksbills show

1944-546: Is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c.  1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c.  1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c.  800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c.  500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been

2025-512: Is threatened due to pollution and loss of nesting areas because of coastal development. Biologists estimate that the hawksbill population has declined 80 percent in the past 100–135 years. Human and animal encroachment threatens nesting sites, and small mammals dig up the eggs to eat. In the US Virgin Islands , mongooses raid hawksbill nests (along with other sea turtles, such as Dermochelys coriacea ) right after they are laid. In 1982,

2106-610: The 12th edition of his Systema Naturae . In 1843, Austrian zoologist Leopold Fitzinger moved it into the genus Eretmochelys . In 1857, the species was temporarily misdescribed as Eretmochelys imbricata squamata . Neither the IUCN nor the United States Endangered Species Act assessment processes recognize any formal subspecies, but instead recognize one globally distributed species with populations, subpopulations, or regional management units. Fitzinger derived

2187-759: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species . This means commercial international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is prohibited and non-commercial international trade is regulated. Hawksbill turtles are listed in Annex II of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of

2268-560: The Eastern Pacific Hawksbill Initiative Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine , are currently pushing efforts to research and conserve the population, which remains poorly understood. Adult hawksbill sea turtles are primarily found in tropical coral reefs . They are usually seen resting in caves and ledges in and around these reefs throughout the day. As a highly migratory species, they inhabit

2349-474: The Florida Keys and along the southeastern Atlantic coast. Several major nesting sites are found in coastal Palm Beach , Broward , and Dade County. THE FLORIDA HAWKSBILL PROJECT, is a comprehensive research and conservation Program to study and protect the region’s hawksbill sea turtles and the habitats in which they live. Within the scope of this project, numerous studies have been undertaken to characterize

2430-745: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect

2511-762: The Gulf of Mexico and as far southeast as the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa . They live off the Brazilian coast (specifically Bahia , Fernando de Noronha ). Along the East Coast of the United States , hawksbill sea turtle range from Virginia to Florida . In Florida , according to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, hawksbills are found primarily on reefs in

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2592-563: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species first listed E. imbricata as endangered . This endangered status continued through several reassessments in 1986, 1988, 1990, and 1994 until it was upgraded in status to critically endangered in 1996. Two petitions challenged its status as an endangered species prior to this, claiming the turtle (along with three other species) had several significant stable populations worldwide. These petitions were rejected based on their data analysis submitted by

2673-697: The Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago south to northern New Zealand . The Philippines hosts several nesting sites, including the island of Boracay and Punta Dumalag in Davao City . Dahican Beach in Mati City , Davao Oriental , hosts one of the essential hatcheries of its kind, along with olive ridley sea turtles in the archipelagic country of the Philippines. A small group of islands in

2754-551: The SS Thistlegorm , located off the coast of Ras Muhammad, is a popular area for divers. The area is home to more than 1,000 species of fish, 40 species of starfish , 25 species of sea urchins , more than 100 species of mollusks and 150 species of crustaceans . Among others, sea turtles , such as the green turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) and the hawksbill turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) appear regularly in Ras Muhammad. On

2835-456: The Seychelles hawksbill population, mate from September to February. After mating, females drag their heavy bodies high onto the beach during the night. They clear an area of debris and dig a nesting hole using their rear flippers, then lay clutches of eggs and cover them with sand. Caribbean and Florida nests of E. imbricata typically contain around 140 eggs. After the hours-long process,

2916-479: The green sea turtle and the leatherback turtle have a more symmetrical gait. Due to its consumption of venomous cnidarians , hawksbill sea turtle flesh can become toxic . The hawksbill is biofluorescent and is the first reptile recorded with this characteristic. It is unknown if the effect is due to the turtle's diet, which includes biofluorescent organisms like the hard coral Physogyra lichtensteini . Males have more intense pigmentation than females, and

2997-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)

3078-515: The "main" islands of Oahu , Maui , Molokai , and Hawaii . In Australia , hawksbills are known to nest on Milman Island in the Great Barrier Reef . Hawksbill sea turtles nest as far west as Cousine Island in the Seychelles , where the species since 1994 is legally protected, and the population is showing some recovery. The Seychelles' inner islands and islets, such as Aldabra , are popular feeding grounds for immature hawksbills. In

3159-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):

3240-490: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from

3321-543: The Classical period of ancient Greek. (The second line is the IPA , the third is transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the Erasmian scheme .) Ὅτι [hóti Hóti μὲν men mèn ὑμεῖς, hyːmêːs hūmeîs,   Hawksbill turtle The hawksbill sea turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to

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3402-493: The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency established the area as a marine reserve for the protection of marine and terrestrial wildlife. The park was also established to protect against urban sprawl from Sharm El Sheikh and other coastal development. The name literally means "Cape of Muhammad". In this instance, "Ras (Arabic: Head)" means " headland ". It is said that the name arose because the contour of

3483-520: The Japanese hawksbill shell trade was around 30,000 kg (66,000 lb) of raw shells per year. In Europe, hawksbill sea turtle shells were harvested by the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans for jewellery, such as combs, brushes, and rings. Recently, processed shells were regularly available in large amounts in countries including the Dominican Republic and Colombia . Global estimates of

3564-586: The Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG). The MTSG data showed the worldwide hawksbill sea turtle population had declined by 80% in the three most recent generations, and no significant population increase had occurred as of 1996. CR A2 status was denied, however, because the IUCN did not find sufficient data to show the population likely to decrease by a further 80%. The species (along with the entire Cheloniidae family) has been listed in Appendix I of

3645-433: The Ras Muhammad peninsula, there are acacia trees and doum palms ( Hyphaene thebaica ) around the wadi mouths. Ephemeral herbs and grasses also exist in Ras Muhammad. Cave dive sites: Ancient Greek language Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It

3726-484: The Sinai subplate, has caused recent seismicity , underwater caves formed as the result of earthquakes . About 0.9 hectares of mangrove forest cover a 1.16 km (0.72 mi) shallow channel at the southernmost end of Ras Muhammad peninsula. Near the mangrove and approximately 150 m inland, there are open cracks in the land, caused by earthquakes. One of the cracks is approximately 40 m (130 ft) length and 0.20–1.5 m (0.66–4.9 ft) in width. Within

3807-630: The Wider Caribbean Region (SPAW), part of the Cartagena Convention . The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service have classified hawksbills as endangered under the Endangered Species Act since 1970. The US government established several recovery plans for protecting E. imbricata . The Zoological Society of London has inscribed the reptile as an EDGE species , meaning that it

3888-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has

3969-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in

4050-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West

4131-519: The cliff looks like the profile of a bearded man's face, with horizontal hard strata providing the nose and bearded chin . The park is situated in the tourist region of the Red Sea Riviera , located 12 km (7.5 mi) from the city of Sharm El Sheikh . The park spans an area of 480 km (190 sq mi), including 135 km (52 sq mi) of surface land area and 345 km (133 sq mi) area over water. Marsa Bareika

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4212-413: The cracks, there are pools of water, some with a depth of over 14 m (46 ft). The inland area includes a diversity of desert habitats such as mountains and wadis , gravel and coastal mud plains and sand dunes. The area also plays a role in bird migration , serving as a place of rest and nourishment. Ras Muhammad National Park experiences a very dry climate, with only minimal rainfall during

4293-773: The dangerous jellyfish-like hydrozoan, the Portuguese man o' war ( Physalia physalis ). Hawksbills close their unprotected eyes when they feed on these cnidarians. The man o' war's stinging cells cannot penetrate the turtles' armored heads. Hawksbills are highly resilient and resistant to their prey. Some of the sponges they eat, such as Aaptos aaptos , Chondrilla nucula , Tethya actinia , Spheciospongia vesparium , and Suberites domuncula , are highly (often lethally) toxic to other organisms. In addition, hawksbills choose sponge species with significant numbers of siliceous spicules , such as Ancorina , Geodia ( G. gibberosa ), Ecionemia , and Placospongia . Less

4374-611: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of

4455-573: The eastern Pacific, hawksbills are known to occur from the Baja Peninsula in Mexico south along the coast to southern Peru . Nonetheless, as recently as 2007, the species had been considered extirpated mainly in the region. Important remnant nesting and foraging sites have since been discovered in Mexico, El Salvador , Nicaragua , and Ecuador , providing new research and conservation opportunities. In contrast to their traditional roles in other parts of

4536-407: The family Cheloniidae . It is the only extant species in the genus Eretmochelys . The species has a global distribution that is largely limited to tropical and subtropical marine and estuary ecosystems. The appearance of the hawksbill is similar to that of other marine turtles. In general, it has a flattened body shape, a protective carapace , and flipper -like limbs, adapted for swimming in

4617-420: The female returns to the sea. Their nests can be found throughout beaches in about 60 countries. Hatchlings, usually weighing less than 24 g (0.85 oz), hatch at night after around two months. These newly emergent hatchlings are dark-colored, with heart-shaped carapaces measuring approximately 2.5 cm (0.98 in) long. They instinctively crawl into the sea, attracted by the moon's reflection on

4698-457: The fifth century BCE, sea turtles, including the hawksbill, were eaten as delicacies in China . Beyond direct consumption for food, many cultures have also exploited hawksbill populations for their ornate carapace shells, known variously as tortoiseshell , turtle shell, and bekko . In China, the hawksbill is called dai mei or dai mao ("tortoise-shell turtle"), and was used to make and decorate

4779-848: The genus name Eretmochelys from the Ancient Greek roots eretmo and chelys , corresponding to " oar " and "turtle", respectively, in reference to the turtles' oar-like front flippers. The species name imbricate is Latin , corresponding to the English term imbricate , in reference to the turtles' shingle-like, overlapping carapace scutes. Adult hawksbill sea turtles typically grow to 1 m (3 ft) in length, weighing around 80 kg (180 lb) on average. The heaviest hawksbill ever captured weighed 127 kg (280 lb). The turtle's shell, or carapace, has an amber background patterned with an irregular combination of light and dark streaks, with predominantly black and mottled-brown colors radiating to

4860-672: The hawksbill aggregations found in southeast Florida waters, and educational programs have been developed to engage the local dive community in the protection of hawksbill sea turtles and coral reef habitats. This program is hosted by the National Save the Sea Turtle Foundation, located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida .Throughout their global range, hawksbill turtles are known to closely associate with coral reef habitats, mostly due to their preference for eating sponges and corals. Due to

4941-556: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from

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5022-472: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to

5103-517: The historical exploitation of hawksbills have received recent attention. From 1950-1992, one pioneering study estimated that as many as 1.37 million adult hawksbills were killed in the international tortoiseshell trade alone. With the aid of substantial additional trade data, including official trade records from the imperial Japanese archives, the international trade of tortoiseshell was recently updated to have killed approximately 8.98 million hawksbills (range 4.64 to 9.83 million) from 1844-1992. Most of

5184-589: The large extent of Florida’s barrier reefs (approx. 350 linear miles), the Hawksbill Project focuses on representative sites in the northern, central, and southern sections of the Southeast Florida Reef Tract. The barrier reefs of northern Palm Beach County, the patch reefs of the northern Keys, and the finger reefs of Key West are the primary locations for their sampling efforts In the Caribbean ,

5265-666: The main nesting beaches are in the Lesser Antilles , Barbados , Guadeloupe, Tortuguero in Costa Rica , and the Yucatan . They feed in the waters off Cuba and around Mona Island near Puerto Rico , among other places. In the Indian Ocean , hawksbills are a common sight along the east coast of Africa. You can find them in the seas surrounding Madagascar and Mozambique , and island groups like Primeiras e Segundas , which include

5346-472: The maturation of the reproductive organs and the production of gametes and thus determine sexual maturity. Like many reptiles, all marine turtles of the same aggregation are highly unlikely to reach sexual maturity at the same size and thus age. Age at maturity has been estimated to occur between 10 and 25 years of age for Caribbean hawksbills. Turtles nesting in the Indo-Pacific region may reach maturity at

5427-499: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which

5508-421: The open ocean. E. imbricata is easily distinguished from other sea turtles by its sharp, curving beak with prominent tomium , and the saw-like appearance of its shell margins. Hawksbill shells slightly change colors, depending on water temperature. While this turtle lives part of its life in the open ocean, it spends more time in shallow lagoons and coral reefs . The World Conservation Union , primarily as

5589-654: The orders Astrophorida , Spirophorida , and Hadromerida in the class Demospongiae . Aside from sponges, hawksbills feed on algae , marine plants ( seagrasses ), woody plant remains, mangrove fruits and seeds , cnidarians ( comb jellies and other jellyfish , hydrozoans , hard corals , corallimorphs , zoanthids , and sea anemones ), bryozoans , mollusks ( squid , snails , nudibranchs , bivalves , and tusk shells ), echinoderms ( sea cucumbers and sea urchins ), tunicates , fish and their eggs , crustaceans , and arthropods ( crabs , lobsters , barnacles , copepods , and beetles ). They also feed on

5670-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c.  1450 BC ) are in

5751-556: The shoreline. More than 220 species of coral are found in the Ras Muhammad area, 125 of them soft coral . The coral reefs are located 50 to 100 m (160 to 330 ft) below the sea surface, and they have a width of 30 to 50 m (98 to 164 ft) in most places. Though in some spots on the western coast, the coral reef is 8 to 9 km (5.0 to 5.6 mi) wide. Shark Reef and Yolanda Reef are coral reefs hotspots for divers. Other coral reef sites include South Bereika, Marsa Ghozlani, Old Quay, and Shark Observatory. The wreckage of

5832-626: The sides. Several characteristics of the hawksbill sea turtle distinguish it from other sea turtle species. Its elongated, tapered head ends in a beak-like mouth (from which its common name is derived), and its beak is more sharply pronounced and hooked than others. The hawksbill's forelimbs have two visible claws on each flipper. A readily distinguished characteristic of the hawksbill is the pattern of thick scutes that make up its carapace. While its carapace has five central scutes and four pairs of lateral scutes like several members of its family, E. imbricata 's posterior scutes overlap in such

5913-571: The southwest of the archipelago is named the " Turtle Islands " because two species of sea turtles nest there: the hawksbill and the green sea turtle. In January 2016, a juvenile was seen in Gulf of Thailand . A 2018 article by The Straits Times reported that around 120 hawksbill juvenile turtles recently hatched at Pulau Satumu , Singapore . Commonly found in Singapore waters, hawksbill turtles have returned to areas such East Coast Park and Palau Satumu to nest. In Hawaii, hawksbills mostly nest on

5994-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies

6075-498: The trade occurred in the Pacific Ocean basin, and the countries of origin and trade routes bore similarity to what is known of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU fishing). Consensus has determined sea turtles, including E. imbricata to be at least threatened, because of their slow growth and maturity and low reproductive rates. Humans have killed many adult turtles, both accidentally and deliberately. Their existence

6156-399: The tribe Chelonini , which includes the herbivorous green turtle . The hawksbill probably evolved from carnivorous ancestors. Throughout the world, hawksbill turtles have been hunted by humans, though it is illegal to capture, kill, and trade hawksbills in many countries today. In some parts of the world, hawksbill turtles and their eggs continue to be exploited as food. As far back as

6237-583: The turtle protection island of Ilha do Fogo . Hawksbills are also common along the southern Asian coast, including the Persian Gulf , the Red Sea , and the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia coasts. They are present across the Malay Archipelago and northern Australia . Their Pacific range is limited to the ocean's tropical and subtropical regions. In the west, it extends from the southwestern tips of

6318-736: The water (disrupted by light sources such as street lamps and lights). While they emerge under the cover of darkness, hatchlings that do not reach the water by daybreak are preyed upon by shorebirds , shore crabs , and other predators. Hawksbills evidently reach maturity after 20 years. Their lifespan is unknown. Like other sea turtles, hawksbills are solitary for most of their lives; they meet only to mate. They are highly migratory . Because of their tough carapaces , adults' only predators are humans, sharks , estuarine crocodiles , octopuses , and some pelagic fish species. A series of biotic and abiotic cues, such as individual genetics, foraging quantity and quality, or population density, may trigger

6399-400: The winter. During the summer, temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) and low temperatures around 27 °C (81 °F). Temperatures are mild during the winter, with daytime high temperatures averaging around 23 °C (73 °F) and low temperatures 14 °C (56 °F). Coral reef, of the fringing and hermatypic types, exist along the coast around Ras Muhammad close to

6480-459: The world, where hawksbills primarily inhabit coral reefs and rocky substrate areas, in the eastern Pacific, hawksbills tend to forage and nest principally in mangrove estuaries, such as those present in the Bahia de Jiquilisco (El Salvador), Gulf of Fonseca (Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras), Estero Padre Ramos (Nicaragua), and the Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador). Multi-national initiatives, such as

6561-475: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,

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