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85-538: Doric may refer to: Doric, of or relating to the Dorians of ancient Greece Doric Greek , the dialects of the Dorians Doric order , a style of ancient Greek architecture Doric mode, a synonym of Dorian mode , in musical scales Doric dialect (Scotland) , a dialect spoken in the northeast of Scotland Doric Club , a paramilitary organization which fought against

170-579: A closed society and the rule of the few . They believed that the Spartan Constitution was superior to their own. Some even went so far as to imitate Spartan manners by going around Athens long-haired and unwashed, like the Spartiates . Plato 's Republic , which is set in the 5th century BC, gives credibility to this claim by having Socrates opine that the Spartan or Cretan type of political regime

255-621: A hoplite ); and the Spartiates let each other evade taxes, so the city is poor and the individual citizens are greedy. Above all, the Spartans know no other arts than war, so in peace they are incompetent and corrupt. The Cretan institutions, he says, are even worse. Even after the collapse, and idealisation, of Sparta, Polybius wrote, "My object, then, in this digression is to make it manifest by actual facts that, for guarding their own country with absolute safety, and for preserving their own freedom,

340-596: A Dorian colony on the southwest coast of Asia Minor ; following the literary tradition of the times he wrote in Ionic Greek , being one of the last authors to do so. He described the Persian Wars , giving a thumbnail account of the histories of the antagonists, Greeks and Persians. Herodotus gives a general account of the events termed "the Dorian Invasion", presenting them as transfers of population. Their original home

425-542: A Laconian). Praise of the Spartan city-state persisted within classical literature ever afterward, and surfaced again during the Renaissance . The French classicist François Ollier in his 1933 book Le mirage spartiate (The Spartan Mirage) warned that a major scholarly problem is that all surviving accounts of Sparta were by non-Spartans who often excessively idealized their subject. The term "Spartan Mirage" has come to refer to "idealized distortions and inventions regarding

510-506: A fragment of the poet, Tyrtaeus , that "Sparta is a divine gift granted by Zeus and Hera" to the Heracleidae. In another version, Tyndareus gives his kingdom to Heracles in gratitude for restoring him to the throne, but Heracles "asks the Spartan king to safeguard the gift until his descendants might claim it." Hall, therefore, proposes that the Dorians are the people of the gift. They assumed

595-683: A recent attempt to suggest that a comic confusion between the letter and the hand image may yet have been intended. Dorian social structure was characterized by a communal social structure and separation of the sexes. The lives of free men centered around military campaigns. When not abroad, men stayed in all-male residences focusing on military training until the age of 30, regardless of marital status. Dorian women had greater freedom and economic power than women of other Greek ethnicities. Unlike other Hellenic women, Dorian women were able to own property, manage their husbands' estate, and delegate many domestic tasks to slaves. Women in ancient Sparta possessed

680-612: A return of families ruling in Aetolia and northern Greece to a land in which they had once had a share. The return is described in detail: there were "disturbances" throughout the Peloponnesus except in Arcadia , and new Dorian settlers. Pausanias goes on to describe the conquest and resettlement of Laconia , Messenia , Argos and elsewhere, and the emigration from there to Crete and the coast of Asia Minor . Laconophilia Admirers of

765-465: A rise to supremacy at the end of the Dark Age rather than during and after the fall of Mycenae. The Messenian population was reduced to serfdom . Only a few fragments of Tyrtaeus' five books of martial verse survive. His is the earliest mention of the three Dorian tribes: Pamphyli , Hylleis, Dymanes . He also says: For Cronus' Son Himself, Zeus the husband of fair-crowned Hera, hath given this city to

850-400: A single proselyte. The virtuous declaimer will neither persuade himself nor any other person to be content with a double mess of porridge, instead of a reasonable stipend for his services. We might as soon reconcile ourselves to the Spartan community of goods and wives, to their iron coin, their long beards, or their black broth . There is a total dissimulation in the circumstances, as well as

935-566: A son of Heracles , but were defeated by the Achaeans. Under other leadership they managed to be victorious over the Achaeans and remain in the Peloponnesus, a mythic theme called "the return of the Heracleidae ." They had built ships at Naupactus in which to cross the Gulf of Corinth . This invasion is viewed by the tradition of Pausanias as a return of the Dorians to the Peloponnesus, apparently meaning

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1020-550: A tyranny in Laconia. In later centuries, Greek philosophers, especially Platonists , often described Sparta as an ideal state, strong, brave, and free from the corruptions of commerce and money. These descriptions, of which Plutarch 's is the most complete, vary in many details. Many scholars have attempted to reconstruct which parts of these utopias the classical Spartans actually practised, which parts Cleomenes, and which later classical authors invented. It became fashionable for

1105-418: Is also evident in the graphic novel 300 and the film derived from it . In the modern world, the adjective "spartan" is used to imply simplicity, frugality, or avoidance of luxury and comfort. Because of their reputation for physical prowess, the name "Spartans" has been adopted by teams in several sports. Michigan State University adopted "Spartans" as their collegiate team identity in 1925. In addition to

1190-592: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Dorians The Dorians ( / ˈ d ɔːr i ə n z / ; Greek : Δωριεῖς , Dōrieîs , singular Δωριεύς , Dōrieús ) were one of the four major ethnic groups into which the Hellenes (or Greeks) of Classical Greece divided themselves (along with the Aeolians , Achaeans , and Ionians ). They are almost always referred to as just "the Dorians", as they are called in

1275-511: Is from the o-grade (either ō or o ) of Proto-Indo-European *deru- , "tree", which also gives the Homeric Δούρειος Ἵππος ( Doureios Hippos , "Wooden Horse"). This derivation has the advantage of naming the people after their wooded, mountainous country. A second popular derivation was given by the French linguist, Émile Boisacq, from the same root, but from Greek δόρυ ( doru ) 'spear-shaft' (which

1360-572: Is from the o-grade of Indo-European * deru , "solid," in the sense of wood. It is similar to an extended form, * dō-ro- , of *dō- , (give), as can be seen in the modern Greek imperative δώσε ( dose , "give [sing.]!") appearing in Greek as δῶρον ( dōron , "gift"). This is the path taken by Jonathan Hall , relying on elements taken from the myth of the Return of the Herakleidai. Hall cites the tradition, based on

1445-551: Is not compatible with a Dorian invasion that brought Dorians to Crete only after the fall of the Mycenaean states. In the Odyssey , Odysseus and his relatives visit those states. Two solutions are possible, either the Odyssey is anachronistic or Dorians were on Crete in Mycenaean times. The uncertain nature of the Dorian invasion defers a definitive answer until more is known about it. Also,

1530-579: Is portrayed as praising the laws of Sparta and Crete. Critias , a companion of Socrates, helped bring about the oligarchic rule of the Thirty Tyrants , who were supported by Sparta. Xenophon , another disciple of Socrates, fought for the Spartans against Athens. Plato also, in his writings, seems to prefer a Spartan-type regime over a democratic one. Aristotle regarded the kind of laws adopted by Crete and Sparta as especially apt to produce virtuous and law-abiding citizens, although he also criticises

1615-497: Is the favorite of "the many". A group of extreme Laconising oligarchs, known as the Thirty Tyrants , seized power in Athens in 404 BC and held it for eleven months, assisted by a Spartan army . Their rule, however, was quickly overthrown, and democracy was reinstated. In 371 BC, the Spartans were defeated in the Battle of Leuctra . As a result of that defeat, Sparta's allies revolted and

1700-450: Is the valedictory phrase uttered by Spartan mothers to their sons before sending them off to war: ἢ τὰν ἢ ἐπὶ τᾶς ( ḕ tàn ḕ epì tâs , literally "either with it or on it": return alive with your shield or dead upon it) would have been ἢ τὴν ἢ ἐπὶ τῆς ( ḕ t ḕ n ḕ epì t ê s ) in the Attic - Ionic dialect of an Athenian mother. Tsakonian , a descendant of Doric Greek, is still spoken in some parts of

1785-568: The Iliad , combined with the administrative records of the former Mycenaean states, prove to universal satisfaction that East Greek (Ionian) speakers were once dominant in the Peloponnesus but suffered a setback there and were replaced at least in official circles by West Greek (Doric) speakers. An historical event is associated with the overthrow, called anciently the Return of the Heracleidai and by moderns

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1870-604: The -eus suffix as very productive. One of its uses was to convert a toponym to an anthroponym; for example, Megareus, "Megarian", from Megara . A Dōrieus would be from Dōris, the only classical Greek state to serve as the basis for the name of the Dorians. The state was a small one in the mountains of west central Greece. However, classical Doris may not have been the same as Mycenaean Doris. A number of credible etymologies by noted scholars have been proposed. Julius Pokorny derives Δωριεύς, Dōrieus from δωρίς, dōris , "woodland" (which can also mean upland). The dōri- segment

1955-600: The Dorian Invasion . This theory of a return or invasion presupposes that West Greek speakers resided in northwest Greece but overran the Peloponnesus replacing the East Greek there with their own dialect. No records other than Mycenaean ones are known to have existed in the Bronze Age so a West Greek of that time and place can be neither proved nor disproved. West Greek speakers were in western Greece in classical times. Unlike

2040-555: The Dorians , the ethnic sub-group of the Greeks to which the Spartans belonged. While the Greek Laconophiles like Plutarch had praised the Spartans, they did not extend this admiration to the Dorians as a whole. Plutarch argued that the founder of their constitution, Lycurgus , had inherited corrupt Dorian institutions. Argos , the traditional enemy of Sparta, was also a Dorian state; so were Corinth , Rhodes , and Syracuse , three of

2125-601: The Jacobins ...imagined the republican France as a new Sparta". Early Zionists, and particularly the founders of the Kibbutz movement in Israel, had been influenced by Spartan ideals, and drew on the Spartan model in particular when disparaging the materialistic values they associated with the diaspora communities they had left. Tabenkin , for example, a founding father of the Kibbutz and

2210-456: The Palmach , was greatly influenced by ancient Sparta. He prescribed that "fighters' education should begin from the nursery", that children should from kindergarten age be taken to "spend nights in the mountains and valleys", taught to fight, and educated for war. A new element was introduced into Laconophilia by Karl Otfried Müller , who linked Spartan ideals to the supposed racial superiority of

2295-857: The Peloponnese , Crete , southwest Asia Minor , the southernmost islands of the Aegean Sea , and the various Dorian colonies of Magna Graecia in Southern Italy and Sicily . After the classical period, it was mainly replaced by the Attic dialect upon which the Koine or "common" Greek language of the Hellenistic period was based. The main characteristic of Doric was the preservation of Proto-Indo-European [aː] , long ⟨α⟩ , which in Attic-Ionic became [ɛː] , ⟨η⟩ . A famous example

2380-682: The Persian Wars . Some, like Cimon , son of Miltiades , believed that Athens should ally with Sparta against the Persian Empire . Cimon persuaded the Athenians to send soldiers to aid Sparta, when the helots (serfs of the Spartans) revolted and fortified Mount Ithome . The Spartans sent the Athenians home again with thanks, lest democratic Athenian ideas influence the helots or the Perioeci . Some Athenians, especially those who disliked commerce, preferred

2465-529: The Romans to visit Lacedaemon and see the rites of Artemis Orthia , as a sort of tourist attraction – the nearest Greece had to offer to gladiatorial games. Even in ancient cultures, Laconophilia was a tendency, not an absolute. None of the contemporaries of the Lycurgan Constitution praised Sparta without reservations, except the Spartans themselves. Herodotus of Halicarnassus , consistently portrays

2550-676: The Spartan state and its illustrious individuals are detailed at great length in such authors as Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus . The Odyssey has one reference to the Dorians: There is a land called Crete , in the midst of the wine-dark sea, a fair, rich land, begirt with water, and therein are many men, past counting, and ninety cities. They have not all the same speech, but their tongues are mixed. There dwell Achaeans , there great-hearted native Cretans , there Cydonians , and Dorians of waving plumes, and goodly Pelasgians . The reference

2635-608: The Thessalians into Boeotia and 20 years later "the Dorians and the Heraclids became masters of the Peloponnese." So the lines were drawn between the Dorians and the Aeolians (here Boeotians) with the Ionians (former Peloponnesians). Other than these few brief observations Thucydides names but few Dorians. He does make it clear that some Dorian states aligned or were forced to align with

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2720-555: The Trojan War except to say that it was full of barbarians and that there was no distinction between barbarians and Greeks. The Hellenes came from Phthiotis . The whole country indulged in and suffered from piracy and was not settled. After the Trojan War, "Hellas was still engaged in removing and settling." Some 60 years after the Trojan War the Boeotians were driven out of Arne by

2805-588: The Arts and Sciences , arguing that its austere constitution was preferable to the more cultured nature of Athenian life. Samuel Adams expressed a disappointment that the American republic was failing to meet his ideal of a "Christian Sparta". Alexander Hamilton mocked the Laconophilia of his era as unrealistic: We may preach till we are tired of the theme, the necessity of disinterestedness in republics, without making

2890-494: The Athenians while some Ionians went with the Lacedaemonians and that the motives for alignment were not always ethnic but were diverse. Among the Dorians was Lacedaemon , Corcyra , Corinth and Epidamnus , Leucadia , Ambracia , Potidaea , Rhodes , Cythera , Argos , Syracuse , Gela , Acragas (later Agrigentum), Acrae , Casmenae. He does explain with considerable dismay what happened to incite ethnic war after

2975-458: The Battle-Charge which are also called Enoplia or Songs-under-Arms". These were chants used to establish the timing of standard drills under arms. He stressed patriotism: For 'tis a fair thing for a good man to fall and die fighting in the van for his native land, ... let us fight with a will for this land, and die for our children and never spare our lives. Herodotus was from Halicarnassus ,

3060-486: The Cretans and Spartans themselves as incompetent and corrupt, and built on a culture of war. Greek philosophy, therefore, inherited a tradition of praising Spartan law. This was only reinforced when Agis IV and Cleomenes III attempted to "restore the ancestral constitution" at Sparta, which no man then living had experienced. This attempt ended with the collapse of the institutions of Lycurgus , and one Nabis established

3145-680: The Dorian invasion was the main cause of the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization. The source of the West Greek speakers in the Peloponnese remains unattested by any solid evidence. Though most of the Dorians settled in the Peloponnese, they also settled on Rhodes and Sicily and in what is now Southern Italy. In Asia Minor existed the Dorian Hexapolis (the six great Dorian cities): Halikarnassos (Halicarnassus) and Knidos (Cnidus) in Asia Minor , Kos , and Lindos , Kameiros , and Ialyssos on

3230-531: The Dorian islands, dotted the southern coasts of Sicily from Syracuse to Selinus. Also Taras was a Spartan colony. A man's name, Dōrieus , occurs in the Linear B tablets at Pylos , one of the regions later invaded and subjugated by the Dorians. Pylos tablet Fn867 records it in the dative case as do-ri-je-we , *Dōriēwei , a third- or consonant-declension noun with stem ending in w. An unattested nominative plural, *Dōriēwes , would have become Dōrieis by loss of

3315-402: The Dorians did not name themselves after Dorus until they had reached Peloponnesus. Herodotus does not explain the contradictions of the myth; for example, how Doris, located outside the Peloponnesus, acquired its name. However, his goal, as he relates in the beginning of the first book, is only to report what he had heard from his sources without judgement. In the myth, the Achaeans displaced from

3400-532: The Dorians is a multifaceted concept. In modern scholarship, the term has often meant the location of the population disseminating the Doric Greek dialect within a hypothetical Proto-Greek speaking population. The dialect is known from records of classical northwestern Greece, the Peloponnesus and Crete and some of the islands. The geographic and ethnic information found in the west's earliest known literary work,

3485-516: The Dorians to import his worship to Rhodes . In Greek historiography , the Dorians are mentioned by many authors. The chief classical authors to relate their origins are Herodotus , Thucydides and Pausanias . The most copious authors, however, lived in Hellenistic and Roman times, long after the main events. This apparent paradox does not necessarily discredit the later writers, who were relying on earlier works that did not survive. The customs of

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3570-461: The Dorians. Overseas were the islands of Rhodes , Cos , Nisyrus and the Anatolian cities of Cnidus , Halicarnassus , Phaselis and Calydna. Dorians also colonised Crete including founding of such towns as Lato , Dreros and Olous . The Cynurians were originally Ionians but had become Dorian under the influence of their Argive masters. Thucydides professes little of Greece before

3655-635: The East Greeks, they are not associated with any evidence of displacement events. That provides circumstantial evidence that the Doric dialect disseminated among the Hellenes of northwest Greece, a highly-mountainous and somewhat-isolated region. The Dorian invasion is a modern historical concept attempting to account for: On the whole, none of the objectives has been met, but the investigations served to rule out various speculative hypotheses. Most scholars doubt that

3740-475: The Heracleidae enlisted the help of their Dorian neighbors. Hall does not address the problem of the Dorians not calling Lacedaemon Doris, but assigning that name to some less holy and remoter land. Similarly, he does not mention the Dorian servant at Pylos, whose sacred gift, if such it was, was still being ruled by the Achaean Atreid family at Lacedaemon. A minor, and perhaps regrettably forgotten, episode in

3825-408: The Lacedaemonians is not unalloyed praise. Aristotle criticises the Spartans in his Politics : the helots keep rebelling; the Spartan women are luxurious; the magistrates (and especially the ephors ) are irresponsible; reaching decisions by the loudest yell in the apella is silly; the wealth of the citizens is unequal (so that too many are losing the resources necessary to be a citizen and

3910-675: The Lower Canada Rebellion Doric Park , a park in Liverpool, England Doric Organ , a 1960s Combo organ produced in Italy Doric String Quartet , a string quartet based in the UK SS Doric (1883) , a British ocean liner operated by White Star Line SS Doric (1923) , another ship operated by White Star Line See also [ edit ] Dorian (disambiguation) , a synonym Topics referred to by

3995-634: The Messenian town of Dorium is mentioned in the Catalogue of Ships . If its name comes from Dorians, it would imply there were settlements of the latter in Messenia during that time as well. Tyrtaeus , a Spartan poet, became advisor of the Lacedaemonians in their mid-7th-century war to suppress a rebellion of the Messenians . The latter were a remnant of the Achaeans conquered "two generations before", which suggests

4080-510: The Pelasgians used to speak I am not able with certainty to say. But if one must pronounce judging by those that still remain of the Pelasgians who dwelt in the city of Creston above the Tyrsenians, and who were once neighbours of the race now called Dorian, dwelling then in the land which is now called Thessaliotis, and also by those that remain of the Pelasgians who settled at Plakia and Skylake in

4165-422: The Peloponnesus gathered at Athens under a leader Ion and became identified as "Ionians". Herodotus' list of Dorian states is as follows. From northeastern Greece were Phthia , Histiaea and Macedon . In central Greece were Doris (the former Dryopia) and in the south Peloponnesus , specifically the states of Lacedaemon , Corinth , Sicyon , Epidaurus and Troezen . Hermione was not Dorian but had joined

4250-769: The Slavs should be treated like the helots under the Spartans: "They [the Spartans] came as conquerors, and they took everything", and so should the Germans. A Nazi officer specified that "the Germans would have to assume the position of the Spartiates, while... the Russians were the Helots." Modern Laconophilia has been present in popular culture, particularly with reference to the Battle of Thermopylae , as portrayed in films such as The 300 Spartans . It

4335-420: The Spartans typically praise their valour and success in war, their " laconic " austerity and self-restraint, their aristocratic and virtuous ways, the stable order of their political life, and their constitution, with its tripartite mixed government . Ancient Laconophilia started to appear as early as the 5th century BC, and even contributed a new verb to Ancient Greek : λακωνίζειν (literally: to act like

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4420-406: The Spartans, except when actually facing battle, as rustic, hesitant, uncooperative, corrupt, and naïve. Plato had Socrates argue that a state which really followed the simple life would not need a warrior class; one which was luxurious and aggressive would need a group of philosophers, like Plato himself, to guide and deceive the guardians. Even Xenophon 's encomium of the Constitution of

4505-421: The Spartans, recommending in 1928 that Germany should imitate them by limiting "the number allowed to live". He added that "The Spartans were once capable of such a wise measure... The subjugation of 350,000 Helots by 6,000 Spartans was only possible because of the racial superiority of the Spartans." The Spartans had created "the first racialist state." Following the invasion of the USSR , Hitler insisted that

4590-497: The assistance of other Dorian states. Dorians were distinguished by the Doric Greek dialect and by characteristic social and historical traditions. In the 5th century BC, Dorians and Ionians were the two most politically important Greek ethnē , whose ultimate clash resulted in the Peloponnesian War . The degree to which fifth-century Hellenes self-identified as "Ionian" or "Dorian" has itself been disputed. At one extreme Édouard Will  [ fr ] concludes that there

4675-420: The character of Spartan society in the works of non-Spartan writers," beginning in Greek and Roman antiquity and continuing through the medieval and modern eras. These accounts of Sparta are typically associated with the social or political concerns of the writer. No accounts survive by the Spartans themselves, if such were ever written. In ancient Athens, Laconism began as a current of thought and feeling after

4760-403: The children of Heracles, with whom we came into the wide isle of Pelops from windy Erineus. Erineus was a village of Doris. He helped to establish the Spartan constitution, giving the kings and elders, among other powers, the power to dismiss the assembly. He established a rigorous military training program for the young including songs and poems he wrote himself, such as the "Embateria or Songs of

4845-423: The culture of their day as well; their biases contribute to the traditional modern interpretation of "Dorians". Accounts vary as to the Dorians' place of origin. One theory, widely believed in ancient times, is that they originated in the mountainous regions of Greece , such as Macedonia and Epirus , and obscure circumstances brought them south into the Peloponnese , to certain Aegean islands . The origin of

4930-491: The earliest literary mention of them in the Odyssey , where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete . They were diverse in way of life and social organization, varying from the populous trade center of the city of Corinth , known for its ornate style in art and architecture, to the isolationist, military state of Sparta ; and yet, all Hellenes knew which localities were Dorian and which were not. Dorian states at war could more likely, but not always, count on

5015-417: The greatest agency and economic power, likely due to the prolonged absences of men during military campaigns. Dorian women wore the peplos , which was once common to all Hellenes. This tunic was pinned at the shoulders by brooches and had slit skirts which bared the thighs and permitted more freedom of movement than the voluminous Ionian chiton (costume) . The Doric dialect was spoken in northwest Greece,

5100-410: The growth of the power of Athens and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon...." In the Platonic work Laws is mentioned that the Achaeans who fought in the Trojan War , on their return from Troy were driven out from their homes and cities by the young residents, so they migrated under a leader named Dorieus and hence they were renamed "Dorians". Now during this period of ten years, while

5185-460: The helots of Messenia were freed. Afterwards, the Spartan economy became less able to support professional soldiers, and inequalities between supposedly equal citizens increased. As a result, the reputation of Sparta, either as a military success or as a guide in domestic affairs, diminished substantially. Laconophiles nevertheless remained among the philosophers. Some of the young men who followed Socrates had been Laconophiles. Socrates himself

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5270-425: The history of scholarship was the attempt to emphasize the etymology of Doron with the meaning of 'hand'. This in turn was connected to an interpretation of the famous lambda on Spartan shields, which was to rather stand for a hand with outstanding thumb than the initial letter of Lacedaimon. Given the origin of the Spartan shield lambda legend, however, in a fragment by Eupolis , an Athenian comic poet, there has been

5355-434: The island of Rhodes. The six cities would later become rivals with the Ionian cities of Asia Minor. The Dorians also settled Crete . The origin traditions remained strong into classical times: Thucydides saw the Peloponnesian War in part as "Ionians fighting against Dorians" and reported the tradition that the Syracusans in Sicily were of Dorian descent. Other such "Dorian" colonies, originally from Corinth, Megara, and

5440-441: The legislation of Lycurgus was entirely sufficient; and for those who are content with these objects we must concede that there neither exists nor ever has existed a constitution and civil order preferable to that of Sparta." Admiration of Sparta continued in the Renaissance . Niccolò Machiavelli agreed that Sparta was noteworthy for its long and static existence, but nevertheless asserted that, for virtù and glory, Rome

5525-428: The manners, of society among us; and it is as ridiculous to seek for models in the simple ages of Greece and Rome, as it would be to go in quest of them among the Hottentots and Laplanders . Laconophilia increased in importance during the nineteenth century. Sparta was used as a model of social purity by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. Slavoj Žižek stated that "all modern egalitarian radicals, from Rousseau to

5610-490: The most commercial states in Greece. In 1824, however, Müller wrote Die Dorier , a history of the Dorian race. It has been described as a "thousand-page fantasia", which portrays the Dorians as a heroic and noble race who expanded into Greece from the north. He used the new disciplines of comparative linguistics and source-criticism to argue that the Dorians represented a distinct ethno-linguistic group whose original culture could be isolated from later influences. He linked

5695-405: The name on taking possession of Lacedaemon. Doris was subsequently named after them. Hall makes comparisons of Spartans to Hebrews as a chosen people maintaining a covenant with God and being assigned a Holy Land. To arrive at this conclusion, Hall relies on Herodotus' version of the myth (see below) that the Hellenes under Dorus did not take his name until reaching the Peloponnesus. In other versions

5780-551: The one never migrated from its place in any direction, while the other was very exceedingly given to wanderings; for in the reign of Deucalion this race dwelt in Pthiotis, and in the time of Doros the son of Hellen in the land lying below Ossa and Olympos, which is called Histiaiotis; and when it was driven from Histiaiotis by the sons of Cadmos, it dwelt in Pindos and was called Makednian; and thence it moved afterwards to Dryopis, and from Dryopis it came finally to Peloponnesus, and began to be called Dorian. 1.57.1-3 What language however

5865-441: The origin of the Dorians to the mythic Myrmidons of the Trojan war, and their leader Achilles . Müller's emphasis on the northern origins and racial qualities of the Spartans later fed into the development of Nordicism , the theory of the superiority of a North European Master Race . Later German writers regularly portrayed the Spartans as a model for the modern Prussian state , which also emphasised military self-discipline. It

5950-478: The patriotic sacrifice of the individual to the state characteristic of Nordics everywhere and exemplified in modern Prussia, while Athens exhibited the intellectual brilliancy, the instability, the extreme individualism, the tendency to treason and conspiracy so characteristic of populations having a large Mediterranean element . These arguments were repeated by Nazi race theorists such as Hans F. K. Günther and Alfred Rosenberg . Adolf Hitler particularly praised

6035-450: The people of Creston do not speak the same language with any of those who dwell about them, nor yet do the people of Phakia, but they speak the same language one as the other: and by this it is proved that they still keep unchanged the form of language which they brought with them when they migrated to these places. 1.58 As for the Hellenic race, it has used ever the same language, as I clearly perceive, since it first took its rise; but since

6120-612: The region of the Hellespont, who before that had been settlers with the Athenians, and of the natives of the various other towns which are really Pelasgian, though they have lost the name,—if one must pronounce judging by these, the Pelasgians used to speak a Barbarian language. If therefore all the Pelasgian race was such as these, then the Attic race, being Pelasgian, at the same time when it changed and became Hellenic, unlearnt also its language. For

6205-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Doric . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doric&oldid=1252306326 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

6290-410: The siege lasted, the affairs of each of the besiegers at home suffered much owing to the seditious conduct of the young men. For when the soldiers returned to their own cities and homes, these young people did not receive them fittingly and justly, but in such a way that there ensued a vast number of cases of death, slaughter, and exile. So they, being again driven out, migrated by sea; and because Dorieus

6375-589: The southern Argolid coast of the Peloponnese , in the modern prefecture of Arcadia . Culturally, in addition to their Doric dialect of Greek, Doric colonies retained their characteristic Doric calendar that revolved round a cycle of festivals, the Hyacinthia and the Carneia being especially important. The Dorian mode in music also was attributed to Doric societies and was associated by classical writers with martial qualities. The Doric order of architecture in

6460-404: The time when it parted off feeble at first from the Pelasgian race, setting forth from a small beginning it has increased to that great number of races which we see, and chiefly because many Barbarian races have been added to it besides. Moreover it is true, as I think, of the Pelasgian race also, that so far as it remained Barbarian it never made any great increase. Thus, according to Herodotus,

6545-573: The tradition inherited by Vitruvius included the Doric column, noted for its simplicity and strength. The Dorians seem to have offered the central mainland cultus for Helios . The scattering of cults of the sun god in Sicyon , Argos , Ermioni , Epidaurus and Laconia , and his holy livestock flocks at Taenarum , seem to suggest that the deity was considerably important in Dorian religion, compared to other parts of ancient Greece. Additionally, it may have been

6630-438: The unity between the Greek states during the Battle of Thermopylae . The Congress of Corinth, formed prior to it, "split into two sections." Athens headed one and Lacedaemon the other: For a short time the league held together, till the Lacedaemonians and Athenians quarreled, and made war upon each other with their allies, a duel into which all the Hellenes sooner or later were drawn. He adds: "the real cause I consider to be ...

6715-409: The w and contraction. The tablet records the grain rations issued to the servants of "religious dignitaries" celebrating a religious festival of Potnia , the mother goddess. The nominative singular, Dōrieus , remained the same in the classical period. Many Linear B names of servants were formed from their home territory or the places where they came into Mycenaean ownership. Carl Darling Buck sees

6800-530: Was a short step from this to argue that the Prussians and the Spartans were originally of the same race. Frank H. Hankins summarises views of the American Nordicist Madison Grant , writing in 1916: Sparta is pictured as particularly Nordic on account of the purity of its Dorian stock, while Athens is more of a mixture. Sparta thus exhibited the military efficiency, the thorough organization and

6885-560: Was in Thessaly , central Greece. He goes on to expand in mythological terms, giving some of the geographic details of the myth: 1.56.2-3 And inquiring he found that the Lacedemonians and the Athenians had the pre-eminence, the first of the Dorian and the others of the Ionian race. For these were the most eminent races in ancient time, the second being a Pelasgian and the first a Hellenic race: and

6970-510: Was made of wood); i.e., "the people of the spear" or "spearmen." In this case the country would be named after the people, as in Saxony from the Saxons. However, R. S. P. Beekes doubted the validity of this derivation and asserted that no good etymology exists. It sometimes happens that different derivations of an Indo-European word exploit similar-sounding Indo-European roots. Greek doru , "lance,"

7055-400: Was much preferable ( Discourses ). The Elizabethan English constitutionalist John Aylmer compared the mixed government of Tudor England with the Spartan republic, commending "Lacedaemonia [meaning Sparta], the noblest and best city governed that ever was" as a model for England. The Swiss-French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau contrasted Sparta favourably with Athens in his Discourse on

7140-637: Was no true ethnic component in fifth-century Greek culture, in spite of anti-Dorian elements in Athenian propaganda. At the other extreme John Alty reinterprets the sources to conclude that ethnicity did motivate fifth-century actions. Moderns viewing these ethnic identifications through the 5th and 4th century BC literary tradition have been profoundly influenced by their own social politics. Also, according to E. N. Tigerstedt , nineteenth-century European admirers of virtues they considered "Dorian" identified themselves as " Laconophile " and found responsive parallels in

7225-417: Was the man who then banded together the exiles, they got the new name of "Dorians", instead of "Achaeans". But as to all the events that follow this, you Lacedaemonians relate them all fully in your traditions. The Description of Greece by Pausanias relates that the Achaeans were driven from their lands by Dorians coming from Oeta , a mountainous region bordering on Thessaly . They were led by Hyllus ,

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