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34-646: The figure of one fountain is said to represent the River Tiber , in front of an oak-tree; a she-wolf, the symbol of Rome, was a later addition. A second fountain represents the River Arno . The other two fountains feature female figures believed to represent the Goddess Diana ; the symbol of Chastity; and the Goddess Juno , the symbol of Strength, but it is possible that they may also represent rivers. The fountains of

68-485: A memory of an earlier, perhaps pre-Indo-European name for the river, "white" ( alba ) with sediment, or "from the mountains" from pre-Indo-European word "alba, albion" mount, elevated area. Tiberis/Tifernus may be a pre-Indo-European substrate word related to Aegean tifos "still water", Greek phytonym τύφη a kind of swamp and river bank weed ( Typha angustifolia ), Iberian hydronyms Tibilis , Tebro and Numidian Aquae Tibilitanae . Yet another etymology

102-639: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . River Tiber The Tiber ( / ˈ t aɪ b ər / TY -bər ; Italian : Tevere [ˈteːvere] ; Latin : Tiberis ) is the third-longest river in Italy and the longest in Central Italy , rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing 406 km (252 mi) through Tuscany , Umbria , and Lazio , where it

136-734: Is a town and comune in Lazio , central Italy , 30 kilometres (19 miles) north-east of Rome , at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine Hills . The city offers a wide view over the Roman Campagna . Gaius Julius Solinus cites Cato the Elder 's lost Origines for the story that the city of Tibur was founded by Catillus the Arcadian, a son of Amphiaraus , who came there having escaped

170-637: Is found in the Latin praenomen Tiberius . Also, Etruscan variants of this praenomen are in Thefarie (borrowed from Faliscan *Tiferios , lit. '(He) from the Tiber' < *Tiferis 'Tiber') and Teperie (via the Latin hydronym Tiber ). Legendary king Tiberinus , ninth in the king-list of Alba Longa , was said to have drowned in the River Albula, which was afterwards called Tiberis . The myth may have explained

204-466: Is from *dubri-, water, considered by Alessio as Sicel , whence the form Θύβρις later Tiberis. This root *dubri- is widespread in Western Europe e.g. Dover, Portus Dubris. According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC on the banks of the Tiber about 25 km (16 mi) from the sea at Ostia . Tiber Island , in the center of the river between Trastevere and the ancient city center,

238-587: Is joined by the River Aniene , to the Tyrrhenian Sea , between Ostia and Fiumicino . It drains a basin estimated at 17,375 km (6,709 sq mi). The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome , which was founded on its eastern banks. The river rises at Mount Fumaiolo in Central Italy and flows in a generally southerly direction past Perugia and Rome to meet

272-509: The Via Portuensis , to connect Rome with Fiumicino, leaving the city by Porta Portese (the port gate). Both ports were eventually abandoned due to silting. Several popes attempted to improve navigation on the Tiber in the 17th and 18th centuries, with extensive dredging continuing into the 19th century. Trade was boosted for a while, but by the 20th century, silting had resulted in the river only being navigable as far as Rome. The Tiber

306-616: The Gauls in 361 BC. Vestiges remain of its defensive walls of this period, in opus quadratum . In 338 BC, however, Tibur was defeated and absorbed by the Romans. The city acquired Roman citizenship in 90 BC and became a resort area famed for its beauty and its good water, and was enriched by many Roman villas . The most famous one, of which the ruins remain, is the Villa Adriana ( Hadrian's Villa ). Maecenas and Augustus also had villas at Tibur, and

340-752: The Ponte Milvio and the Ponte Sant'Angelo ), or in whole ( Pons Fabricius ). In addition to bridges, the Metro trains use tunnels. Following the standard Roman depiction of rivers as powerfully built reclining male gods, the Tiber, also interpreted as a god named Tiberinus , is shown with streams of water flowing from his hair and beard. 41°44′26″N 12°14′00″E  /  41.7405°N 12.2334°E  / 41.7405; 12.2334 Tivoli, Italy Tivoli ( / ˈ t ɪ v əl i / TIV -ə-lee ; Italian: [ˈtiːvoli] ; Latin : Tibur )

374-775: The Punic Wars of the third century BC, the harbour at Ostia became a key naval base. It later became Rome's most important port, where wheat , olive oil , and wine were imported from Rome's colonies around the Mediterranean. Wharves were also built along the riverside in Rome itself, lining the riverbanks around the Campus Martius area. The Romans connected the river with a sewer system (the Cloaca Maxima ) and with an underground network of tunnels and other channels, to bring its water into

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408-748: The Tivoli Gardens amusement park in Copenhagen (Denmark). The Wörlitz Synagogue in the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm (Germany) is a replica of the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli. Tivoli has a Mediterranean climate with warm and dry summers and cool and wet winters. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Tivoli ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. [REDACTED] Tivoli .,

442-604: The " Forlì painting school ") or Federico Zuccari . In 1527 Tivoli was sacked by bands of the supporters of the emperor and the Colonna , important archives being destroyed during the attack. In 1547 it was again occupied, by the Duke of Alba in a war against Paul IV , and in 1744 by the Austrians . In 1835 Pope Gregory XVI added the Villa Gregoriana , a villa complex pivoting around

476-641: The Aniene's falls. The "Great Waterfall" was created through a tunnel in the Monte Catillo, to give an outlet to the waters of the Aniene sufficient to preserve the city from inundations like the devastating flood of 1826. In 1944, Tivoli suffered heavy damage under an Allied bombing, which destroyed the Jesuit Church of Jesus. Tivoli's quarries produce travertine , a particular white calcium-carbonate rock used in building most Roman monuments. The water power of

510-686: The Arno, Tiber, and Juno are the work of Domenico Fontana . The fountain of Diana was designed by the painter and architect Pietro da Cortona . The later Baroque church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane , by Francesco Borromini , is located near the fountains, and takes its name from them. Until 1964 the Via Quattro Fontane was home to the Pontifical Scots College . [REDACTED] Media related to Quattro Fontane at Wikimedia Commons This article about an Italian building or structure

544-504: The Byzantine general Belisarius , but was later destroyed by Totila 's army. After the end of the war it became a Byzantine duchy, later absorbed into the Patrimony of St. Peter . After Italy was conquered by Charlemagne , Tivoli was under the authority of a count, representing the emperor. From the tenth century onwards, Tivoli, as an independent commune governed by its elected consuls, was

578-765: The Greek writers. In the nearby woods, Faunus had a sacred grove. During the Roman age Tibur maintained a certain importance, being on the way (the Via Tiburtina , extended as the Via Valeria ) that Romans had to follow to cross the mountain regions of the Apennines towards the Abruzzo , the region where lived some of its fiercest enemies such as Volsci , Sabines , and Samnites . At first an independent ally of Rome , Tibur allied itself with

612-514: The Latin praenomen Tiberius . From Etruscan times Tibur, a Sabine city, was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl . There are two small temples above the falls, the rotunda traditionally associated with Vesta and the rectangular one with the Sibyl of Tibur, whom Varro calls Albunea , the water nymph who was worshipped on the banks of the Aniene as a tenth Sibyl added to the nine mentioned by

646-520: The Tiber. People executed at the Gemonian stairs were thrown in the Tiber during the later part of the reign of the emperor Tiberius . This practice continued over the centuries. For example, the corpse of Pope Formosus was thrown into the Tiber after the infamous Cadaver Synod held in 897. In addition to the numerous modern bridges over the Tiber in Rome, there remain a few ancient bridges (now mostly pedestrian-only) that have survived in part (e.g.,

680-532: The boundary between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna , so that the springs of the Tiber would lie in Romagna. The Tiber was critically important to Roman trade and commerce, as ships could reach as far as 100 km (60 mi) upriver; some evidence indicates that it was used to ship grain from the Val Teverina as long ago as the fifth century BC. It was later used to ship stone, timber, and foodstuffs to Rome. During

714-507: The falls supplies some of the electricity that lights Rome. The slopes of the neighbouring hills are covered with olives, vineyards and gardens; the most important local industry is the manufacture of paper. Tivoli's reputation as a stylish resort and the fame of the gardens of the Villa d'Este have inspired the naming of other sites after Tivoli: for example, the Jardin de Tivoli, Paris (France) and

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748-503: The fiercest rival of Rome in the struggle for the control over the impoverished central Lazio. Emperor Otto III conquered it in 1001, and Tivoli fell under the papal control. Tivoli however managed to keep a level of independence until the 15th century: symbols of the city's strength were the Palace of Arengo, the Torre del Comune and the church of St. Michael, all built in this period, as well as

782-600: The fourteenth century, Tivoli sided with the Guelphs and strongly supported Urban VI against Antipope Clement VII . King Ladislaus of Naples was twice repulsed from the city, as was the condottiero Braccio da Montone . In the city there was also a Jewish community . During the Renaissance , popes and cardinals did not limit their embellishment program to Rome; they also erected buildings in Tivoli. In 1461 Pope Pius II built

816-526: The massive Rocca Pia to control the always restive population, and as a symbol of the permanence of papal temporal power here. From the sixteenth century the city saw further construction of villas. The most famous of these is the Villa d'Este , a World Heritage Site , whose construction was started in 1550 by Pirro Ligorio for Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este and which was richly decorated with an ambitious program of frescoes by painters of late Roman Mannerism, such Girolamo Muziano, Livio Agresti (a member of

850-456: The middle of the city. Wealthy Romans had garden-parks or horti on the banks of the river in Rome through the first century BC. These may have been sold and developed about a century later. The heavy sedimentation of the river made maintaining Ostia difficult, prompting the emperors Claudius and Trajan to establish a new port on the Fiumicino in the first century AD. They built a new road,

884-459: The new line of walls (authorized in 1155), needed to house the increasing population. Reminders of the internal turbulence of communal life are the tower houses that may be seen in Vicolo dei Ferri, Via di Postera, Via del Seminario and Via del Colle. In the 13th century Rome imposed a tribute on the city, and gave itself the right to appoint a count to govern it in conjunction with the local consuls. In

918-562: The poet Horace had a modest villa: he and Catullus and Statius all mention Tibur in their poems. In 273, Zenobia , the captive queen of Palmyra , was assigned a residence here by the Emperor Aurelian . The second-century temple of Hercules Victor is being excavated. The present Piazza del Duomo occupies the Roman forum. In 547, in the course of the Gothic War , the city was fortified by

952-469: The point where the river rises, inscribed QUI NASCE IL FIUME SACRO AI DESTINI DI ROMA ("Here is born the river / sacred to the destinies of Rome"). An eagle is on the top of the column, part of its fascist symbolism . The first miles of the Tiber run through Valtiberina before entering Umbria. The genesis of the name Tiber probably was pre-Latin, like the Roman name of Tibur (modern Tivoli ), and may be specifically Italic in origin. The same root

986-558: The riverbanks are lined by boulevards known as lungoteveri , streets "along the Tiber". Because the river is identified with Rome, the terms "swimming the Tiber" or "crossing the Tiber" have come to be the shorthand term for converting to Roman Catholicism . A Catholic who converts to Protestantism, in particular Anglicanism, is referred to as "swimming the Thames " or "crossing the Thames". In ancient Rome, executed criminals were thrown into

1020-476: The sea at Ostia . Known in ancient times as Flavus (Latin for 'the Blond';), in reference to the yellowish colour of its water, the Tiber has advanced significantly at its mouth, by about 3 km (2 mi), since Roman times, leaving the ancient port of Ostia Antica 6 kilometres (4 miles) inland. However, it does not form a proportional delta , owing to a strong north-flowing sea current close to

1054-408: The shore, due to the steep shelving of the coast, and to slow tectonic subsidence . The source of the Tiber consists of two springs 10 m (33 ft) away from each other on Mount Fumaiolo . These springs are called Le Vene . The springs are in a beech forest 1,268 m (4,160 ft) above sea level . During the 1930s, Benito Mussolini had an antique marble Roman column built at

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1088-456: The slaughter at Thebes, Greece . Catillus and his three sons Tiburtus, Coras, and Catillus drove out the Siculi from the Aniene plateau and founded a city they named Tibur in honor of Tiburtus. According to another account, Tibur was a colony of Alba Longa . Historical traces of settlement in the area date back to the thirteenth century BC. Tibur may share a common root with the river Tiber and

1122-459: Was once known for its floods — the Campus Martius is a flood plain and would regularly flood to a depth of 2 m (6 ft 7 in). There were also numerous major floods; for example, on September 15, 1557 the river flooded to a height of 62 feet above sea level and over 1,000 people died. The river is now confined between high stone embankments, which were begun in 1876. Within the city,

1156-596: Was the site of an important ancient ford and was later bridged. Legend says Rome's founders, the twin brothers Romulus and Remus , were abandoned on its waters, where they were rescued by the she-wolf, Lupa. The river marked the boundary between the lands of the Etruscans to the west, the Sabines to the east and the Latins to the south. Benito Mussolini , born in Romagna , adjusted

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