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116-418: It is the most imposing and complex Roman villa known. The complex contains over 30 monumental and scenic buildings arranged on a series of artificial esplanades at different heights and surrounded by gardens decorated with water basins and nymphaea (fountains). The whole covers an area of at least a square kilometre, an area larger than the city of Pompeii . In addition to the villa's impressive layout, many of

232-464: A World Heritage Site in 1999. The designation specified the boundaries of the site and created a buffer zone around it in which no new construction was permitted. In 2011, the communal government of Tivoli announced plans, later cancelled, to build a waste dump in the vicinity of the villa and approved the construction of public housing on 120,000 sq. meters within the buffer zone. At its 36th Annual Meeting, UNESCO formally addressed these encroachments on

348-409: A "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and

464-562: A call for papers for a conference titled Designing the UNESCO Buffer Aobe. The Academy of the villa was placed on the 100 Most Endangered Sites 2006 list of the World Monuments Watch because of the rapid deterioration of the ruins. In 2019, UNESCO designated Hadrian's Villa as a site with special immunity from wartime activity due to its profound symbolic value. This added level of security prohibits U.N. members from attacking

580-432: A cardinal (see " lay cardinals ", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. The 1917 Code of Canon Law mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as bishops , even if they are only priests at

696-448: A cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel. To symbolize their bond with the papacy , the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal

812-451: A daily basis. Many beautiful artifacts have been unearthed and restored at the villa, such as marble statues of Antinous, Hadrian's deified lover, accidentally drowned in Egypt, and mosaics from the theatre and baths. However, not all could be completely restored. The most well-preserved pieces of sculptures are usually the ones that get published, while over a thousand fragments remain housed in

928-473: A library, heated baths, three suites with heated floors, washbasin, an art gallery, and a large fountain. During the ancient times, the island was connected to the portico by two wooden drawbridges. On the island sits a small domus , complete with an atrium , a library, a triclinium, and small baths. The area was probably used by the emperor as a retreat from the busy life at the court. The villa utilizes numerous architectural styles and innovations. The domes of

1044-530: A member of the same Cyclocephalini tribe, has been reported in Nymphaea subg. Lotos . The subgenera Nymphaea subg. Anecphya and Nymphaea subg. Brachyceras are pollinated by bees and flies. The subgenus Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea is pollinated by bees, flies and beetles. Many birds feed on seeds and fruits of Nymphaea . Outside of its natural habitat, Nymphaea mexicana and hybrids thereof have become invasive weeds. It has been proposed to employ

1160-622: A new section of the villa, named by scholars the Antinoeion, was rediscovered. This area is located on the main road leading to the grand vestibule. The discovery of a large concrete foundation has been used as evidence of the original location of the Antinous Obelisk which is now located on the Pincian Hill in Rome. Some scholars have argued that this evidence is proof of Antinous' tomb being located on

1276-417: A potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past. The selection is entirely up to the pope and tradition is his only guide. As of 25 November 2024, there are 232 serving cardinals , of whom 120 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that " cardinalis "

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1392-639: A smooth surface or longitudinal ridges. Proliferating pseudanthia or tuberous flowers (i.e., sterile, branching, proliferating floral structures for vegetative propagation ) can be present or absent. Various ploidy levels have been observed in Nymphaea : 2x, 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, and 16x. The chromosome count ranges from 28 to 224. The genus Nymphaea L. was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has three synonyms: Castalia Salisb. published by Richard Anthony Salisbury in 1805, Leuconymphaea Kuntze published by Otto Kuntze in 1891, and Ondinea Hartog published by Cornelis den Hartog in 1970. The type species

1508-481: A so-called " crown-cardinal ". In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII 's England, his chief minister was for some time Cardinal Wolsey . Cardinal Richelieu 's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin . Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete

1624-709: Is Nymphaea alba L. The genus Nymphaea has been divided into several subgenera : The subgenus Nymphaea subg. Nymphaea has been divided into sections: As of January 2024, there are 65 accepted species by Plants of the World Online : The genus Nymphaea may be paraphyletic in its current circumscription, as the genera Euryale and Victoria have been placed within the genus Nymphaea in several studies. Nymphaea occurs in freshwater, as well as brackish water habitats. Flowers of Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis are pollinated by Cyclocephala beetles. Likewise, beetle pollination by Ruteloryctes morio ,

1740-492: Is etymologically from the Latin word cardo (meaning "pivot" or "hinge") was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal", "eminent", or "superior". The name

1856-527: Is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such. Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. In previous times, at

1972-618: Is assigned a titular church upon his creation, which is always a church in the city of Rome . Through the process of opting ( optazione ), a cardinal can raise through the ranks from cardinal deacon to priest, and from cardinal priest to that of cardinal bishop - in which case he obtains one of the suburbicarian sees located around the city of Rome. The only exception is for patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to

2088-489: Is classified as critically endangered (CR), Nymphaea loriana is classified as endangered (EN), Nymphaea stuhlmannii is classified as endangered (EN), and Nymphaea nouchali var. mutandaensis is also classified as endangered (EN). Water lilies are not only decorative, but also provide useful shade which helps reduce the growth of algae in ponds and lakes. Many of the water lilies familiar in water gardening are hybrids and cultivars . These cultivars have gained

2204-565: Is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In addition, cardinals collectively participate in papal consistories (which generally take place annually), in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created. Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing dicasteries of

2320-435: Is still applied, both seriously and as a criticism of the perceived attitudes of some cardinals. Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order; Latin : cardinales episcopi ) are the senior order of cardinals. Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also bishops or archbishops , few are "cardinal bishops". For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of

2436-618: Is still unexcavated, is owned by the Republic of Italy and has been managed since 2014 by the Polo Museale del Lazio . The villa was constructed near Tibur (modern-day Tivoli ) as a retreat from Rome for Emperor Hadrian during the second and third decades of the 2nd century AD. Hadrian is said to have disliked the palace on the Palatine Hill in Rome , leading to the construction of the retreat. It

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2552-420: Is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest . He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand . The cardinal deacons ( Latin : cardinales diaconi ) are

2668-625: Is the most complete including copies of famous sculptures including the caryatids of the Erechtheion , a statue depicting the Egyptian dwarf and fertility god Bes , and a crocodile. Throughout the canopus, there are many different types of marble seen. The sculptures from the Tiber and Nile gods are made from Parian marble. Pentelic makes up the Caryatids and Telamons. The head of Hadrian of Lunense along with

2784-550: The Diocese of Rome , who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome,

2900-686: The Musei Capitolini or the Musei Vaticani . However, many were also excavated in the 18th century by antiquities dealers such as Piranesi and Gavin Hamilton to sell to Grand Tourists and antiquarians such as Charles Towneley , and so are in major antiquities collections elsewhere in Europe and North America. Artworks found in the villa include: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) designated Hadrian's Villa as

3016-561: The Roman Curia , the central administration of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals in addition to their existing roles within the Church. Most cardinals are bishops and archbishops leading dioceses and archdioceses around the world – often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country. Others are titular bishops who are current or former officials within

3132-517: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : All water lilies are poisonous and contain an alkaloid called nupharin in almost all of their parts. In India, it has mostly been eaten as a famine food or as a medicinal (both cooked). In Sri Lanka it was formerly eaten as a type of medicine and its price was too high to serve as a normal meal, but in the 1940s or earlier some villagers began to grow water lilies in

3248-419: The consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero . This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta . In ecclesiastical heraldry , however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms . Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when

3364-488: The paddy fields left uncultivated during the monsoon season (Yala season), and the price dropped. The tubers are called manel here and eaten boiled and in curries. In West Africa, usage varied between cultures, in the Upper Guinea the rhizomes were only considered famine foods - here the tubers were either roasted in ashes, or dried and ground into a flour. The Buduma people ate the seeds and rhizomes. Some tribes ate

3480-527: The papal tiara , although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978. The current cardinal protodeacon is Dominique Mamberti . * Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest † Was protodeacon at time of death The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church , assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and

3596-520: The 14th–13th centuries BC shows the goddess Asherah holding two lotus blossoms. An ivory panel from the 9th-8th centuries BC shows the god Horus seated on a lotus blossom, flanked by two cherubs . The French Impressionist painter Claude Monet is known for his many paintings of water lilies in the pond in his garden at Giverny . N. nouchali is the national flower of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka . Water lilies are also used as ritual narcotics. According to one source, this topic "was

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3712-773: The Amazons and Hermes are made of white Dokymaean. The Pecile is modeled after the Stoa Poikile in Athens, a city favored by Hadrian. The structures freely mix traditional Greek and innovative Roman elements. The island enclosure (known as the Maritime Theatre) uses the classical Ionic order , albeit in a novel way; the triclinium of the so-called Piazza d'Oro and the Serapeum were covered with Roman segmented concrete domes, probably designed by Hadrian himself. Hadrian's Pecile located inside

3828-525: The June 2018 consistory, Pope Francis increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their titular churches and deaconries suburbicarian rank pro hac vice (temporarily) and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of

3944-462: The Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "pivotal" as in "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the 9th century to the priests of the tituli ( parishes ) of the diocese of Rome . In the year 1563, the Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV , wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals: "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that

4060-456: The Latin word "cardo" meaning a hinge. Here it means a "door", an example of synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby the part refers to the whole. The "door" is the address of the titular church from which the cardinal derives his membership of the Roman clergy, who elect the pope. The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia ,

4176-770: The Mediterranean world, it inspired the Renaissance and baroque period, it inspires the modern world as well, and the villa is an exceptional survival of the early Roman Empire. In 2016, as part of the reorganization of the Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, Hadrian's Villa, the neighboring Villa d'Este and the Temple of Hercules in Tivoli were placed under the supervision of the newly created Istituto Autonomo di Villa Adriana. The Accademia Adrianea di Architettura ed Archeologia1 issued

4292-521: The Operational Guidelines, before any irreversible commitment is made." UNESCO also requested "the State Party to submit . . . an updated report on the state of conservation of the property," by February 2014, reflecting concerns over the deterioration of the exposed ruins. The reasons for making the villa a World Heritage Site are: it is a masterpiece that brings together the material culture of

4408-509: The Roman Curia (generally the heads of dicasteries and other bodies linked to the Curia). A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; as canon law requires them to be generally consecrated as bishops before they are made cardinals, but some are granted a papal dispensation. There are no strict criteria for elevation to the College of Cardinals. Since 1917,

4524-454: The Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank. The current Dean is Giovanni Battista Re and the Vice-Dean is Leonardo Sandri . Cardinal priests ( Latin : cardinales presbyteri ) are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above

4640-406: The administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches. The term cardinal is from

4756-593: The appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court , even the Roman Rota , is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by

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4872-631: The area during his early life. There may have also been a connection through his wife Vibia Sabina (83–136/137), who was the niece of the Emperor Trajan. Sabina's family held large land holdings and it is speculated the Tibur property may have been one of them. A villa from the Republican era formed the basis for Hadrian's establishment.. Hadrian began construction on the villa early in his career as emperor, though brick stamp evidence shows us that construction of

4988-520: The breast ). During the Western Schism , many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V , cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed creati et reservati in pectore . A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinals in pectore to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change,

5104-500: The buildings after Egyptian cities or temples. The buildings are constructed in travertine , brick, lime , pozzolana , and tufa . Villas were typically sited on hilltops, but with its fountains, pools and gardens, Hadrian's villa required abundant sources of water, which was supplied by aqueducts feeding Rome, including the Aqua Anio Vetus , Aqua Anio Novus , Aqua Marcia , and Aqua Claudia . To avail themselves of those sources,

5220-406: The buildings are considered masterpieces of architecture[citation needed], making use of striking curved shapes enabled by extensive use of concrete. They were ingenious for the complex symmetry of their ground plans and are considered unrivalled until the arrival of Baroque architecture in the 17th century, initiated by Borromini , who used Hadrian's Villa for inspiration. The site, much of which

5336-406: The cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally also bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. In modern times, the term "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of

5452-578: The cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance , and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the college expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing

5568-518: The case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. However, official sources, such as the Catholic News Service , say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church. This style is also generally followed on

5684-490: The case since 1378. The term Prince of the Church has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy. It has been rejected by Pope Francis , who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left.' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him." The term

5800-442: The college. Popes can set aside church laws and they have regularly brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, twice reaching as high as 135 with Pope John Paul II's consistories of February 2001 and October 2003. No more than 120 electors have ever participated in a conclave , but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate. Pope Paul VI also increased

5916-411: The day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). When not celebrating Mass, but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing , some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with

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6032-429: The decree of 769. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian, the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian, by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in

6148-566: The display buildings. There were no stratigraphical excavations on most of the site and much information was lost forever. Only from the end of the 19th century have its architecture and functionality begun to be studied scientifically. Hadrian's Villa is a vast area of land with many pools, baths, fountains and classical Greek and Roman architecture set in what would have been a mixture of landscaped gardens, wilderness areas and cultivated farmlands. Due to Hadrian's travels, he also commissioned Egyptian style buildings and statues, even naming some of

6264-740: The election of the pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V , which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the Curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent. John Paul II maintained this ratio. As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of

6380-558: The emperor. Thus, the area known as the Canopus, named after the Egyptian city and a section of the Nile which leads to the city, features a long, stately reflecting pool representing the Nile. It is a large open-air dining area with a covered triclinium with a huge stibadium (a semicircular masonry couch) located in an enormous domed exedra overlooking the lake. This area's sculptural program

6496-450: The evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office." The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the kings of France , reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal,

6612-405: The fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which

6728-720: The genus are known commonly as water lilies , or waterlilies in the United Kingdom. The genus name is from the Greek νυμφαία, nymphaia and the Latin nymphaea , which means "water lily" and were inspired by the nymphs of Greek and Latin mythology . Water lilies are aquatic, rhizomatous or tuberous, perennial or annual herbs with sometimes dessication-tolerant, branched or unbranched rhizomes, which can be stoloniferous , or lacking stolons. The tuberous or fibrous roots are contractile. The leaves are mostly floating, but submerged and emergent leaves occur as well. The shape of

6844-406: The holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through

6960-822: The lamina can be ovate, orbicular, elliptic, hastate, or sagittate. The width of the lamina ranges in size from 2.5–3 cm to 40–60 cm. The lamina has a deep sinus and the basal lobes can be overlapping or divergent. The margin of the lamina can be entire, dentate, or sinuate. The leaves can be stipulate , or exstipulate. The petioles are a few centimetres to 5-6 m long, and 0.3–1.9 cm wide. The flowers are emergent, floating, or rarely submerged. The diurnal or nocturnal, chasmogamous or rarely cleistogamous , solitary, hermaphrodite, entomophilous, fragrant or inodorous flowers are mostly protogynous . The flowers have (3–)4(–5) green, sometimes spotted sepals, and about 6–50 lanceolate to spathulate, differently coloured petals, which are often gradually transitioning into

7076-534: The late 15th century who brought its attention to Pope Pius II whose writings on the villa in his Comeratti began to pique architectural interest in the villa. In the 16th century, Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este had much of the remaining marble and statues in Hadrian's Villa removed to decorate his own Villa d'Este located nearby. Since that period, excavations have sporadically turned up more fragments and sculptures, some of which have been kept in situ or housed on site in

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7192-535: The list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France. In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry of Portugal , was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king (although John II Casimir Vasa was a cardinal from 1646 until he resigned in 1647, later being elected and crowned King of Poland, in 1648 and 1649, respectively). While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordat (usually earning either its primate or

7308-413: The lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday, chosen mainly for the honor of it (since those over 80 are not able to vote in a conclave). While bishops with diocesan responsibilities are created cardinal priests, it is generally not so for cardinal deacons. Cardinal deacons derive originally from

7424-500: The maximum size of the college at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. The cardinal who

7540-493: The metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a patriarch : the notable exception is the Patriarch of Lisbon who, by Pope Clement XII 's 1737 bull Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii , is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II gave cardinals

7656-530: The need to staff church offices. In November 1970 in Ingravescentem aetatem , Pope Paul VI established that electors would be under the age of eighty years. When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave. In October 1975 in Romano Pontifici eligendo , he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of

7772-469: The number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches when named cardinals. In 2018, Pope Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave. Each cardinal

7888-495: The order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" ( optazione ) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant " title " (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to

8004-541: The other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave . Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in minor orders , could be created

8120-401: The pope makes the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal in pectore is Pope John Paul II , who named four, including one whose identity

8236-411: The pope. While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia , every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though

8352-445: The practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome. The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on

8468-527: The premises). Zenobia , the deposed queen of Palmyra , lived near the villa from 273 until her passing. The villa was restored by Diocletian during the final decades of the third century. During the decline of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, the villa gradually fell into disuse and was partially ruined as valuable statues and marble were taken away by Constantine the Great and his successors. The facility

8584-635: The primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular church retain that church. In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince, making them second only to the pope and crowned monarchs. In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card. ) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin , "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in

8700-523: The privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain churchmen as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin the Younger , ruler of the Franks , in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of

8816-497: The result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops. Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate ordinary . Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the College of Cardinals . When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim

8932-697: The rhizomes raw. The Hausa people of Ghana, Nigeria and the people of Southern Sudan used the tubers of Nymphaea lotus , the seeds (inside the tubers) are locally referred to as 'gunsi' in Ghana. They are ground into flour. The plants were also said to be eaten in the Philippines . In the 1950s there were no records of leaves or flowers being eaten. In a North American species, the boiled young leaves and unopened flower buds are said to be edible. The seeds, high in starch, protein, and oil, may be popped, parched, or ground into flour. Potato-like tubers can be collected from

9048-482: The right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. No cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in a papal conclave since the 1962 rule change. A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre , crozier , zucchetto , pectoral cross , and ring). He has both actual and honorary precedence over archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals. However, he cannot perform

9164-539: The right to elect the Bishop of Rome in the papal bull In nomine Domini . For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but in 1179 the Third Lateran Council restored the right to the whole body of cardinals. In 1586, Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70: six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Pope John XXIII exceeded that limit citing

9280-414: The sacrament of ordination or other rites reserved solely to bishops. At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics , they were inaccurately called " lay cardinals ". Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who

9396-472: The see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops. Pope John XXIII abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope. In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e. "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after

9512-415: The seven suburbicarian sees around Rome: Ostia , Albano , Porto and Santa Rufina , Palestrina , Sabina and Mentana , Frascati , and Velletri . Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with

9628-468: The seven deacons in the Papal Household who supervised the Church's works in the 14 districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages , when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services . They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by

9744-474: The shape of the stamens. The gap between petals and stamens can be present or absent. The androecium consists of 20–750 stamens. The stamens can be petaloid or not petal-like. The gynoecium consists of 5–35 carpels. The carpels usually posess a sterile appendage. The globose, fleshy, spongy, irregularly dehiscent fruit, borne on a terete, glabrous or pubescent, curved or coiled peduncle, bears arillate, globose to elliptic, hairy or glabrous seeds with

9860-471: The simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex ). The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he announces a new pope's election and name from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City . The protodeacon also bestows the pallium on the new pope and crowns him with

9976-517: The site or using it for military purposes in the event of a war. In 2021 February, archaeologists led by researcher Rafael Hidalgo Prieto from the Pablo de Olavide University announced the discovery of remains of Hadrian's breakfast room which used to show his imperial power. They revealed a structure as a water triclinium and a separate dining room that served as a model for the well-known Serapeum . "The emperor wanted to show things that would overwhelm

10092-631: The site. While they commended the Italian government for its decision to abandon the construction of a waste dump in the Corcolle area, the committee requested the government "to inform the World Heritage Centre in due time about any major development project planned in the buffer zone of the property, including the housing development at Comprensorio di Ponte Lucano, for which a Heritage Impact Assessment should be included, in accordance with Paragraph 172 of

10208-433: The six Roman rite cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees. ( Latin Church patriarchs who become cardinals are cardinal priests , not cardinal bishops: for example Angelo Scola was made Patriarch of Venice in 2002 and cardinal priest of Santi XII Apostoli in 2003.) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry). At

10324-464: The species N. tuberosa (= N. odorata ). Water lilies were said to have been a major food source for a certain tribe of indigenous Australians in 1930, with the flowers and stems eaten raw, while the "roots and seedpods" were cooked either on an open fire or in a ground oven. Tannins extracted from rhizomes are used in dyeing wool a purple-black or brown colour. The peduncles are used as pipes to smoke tobacco. The Ancient Egyptians used

10440-458: The steam baths have circular holes on the apex to allow steam to escape. This is reminiscent of the Pantheon , also built by Hadrian. The area has a network of tunnels and were mostly used to transport servants and goods from one area to another. The personal baths of Emperor Hadrian, constructed around 118 AD, were part of his Republican residence and included the innovative Heliocaminus room, which

10556-537: The subject of a lecture by William Emboden given at Nash Hall of the Harvard Botanical Museum on the morning of April 6, 1979". Cardinal (Catholicism) A cardinal ( Latin : Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis ; lit.   ' cardinal of the Holy Roman Church ' ) is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church . Cardinals are created by the pope and typically hold

10672-402: The sun, suggested the glory of the sun's own emergence from the primaeval slime . It was a metaphor of creation. It was a symbol of the fertility gods and goddesses as well as a symbol of the upper Nile as the giver of life. A Roman belief existed that drinking a liquid of crushed Nymphaea in vinegar for 10 consecutive days turned a boy into a eunuch . A Syrian terra-cotta plaque from

10788-527: The three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors as they had reached the age of 80. Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020, bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven. The Dean of the College of Cardinals , the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise

10904-519: The time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye lived long enough to exercise

11020-453: The title for life. Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals . The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a conclave , almost always from among themselves (with a few historical exceptions), when the Holy See is vacant . During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See

11136-571: The villa after various significant locations within the Roman Empire (the Lyceum, the Academy, Hades) and these continue today to be the terms scholars use to describe sections of the villa. The architecture goes beyond the mere naming of its structures after places and monuments seen by Hadrian on his extensive travels across the empire. Certain buildings clearly attempt to recreate specific features of landscapes or architecture that had personal significance for

11252-562: The villa had to be located on land lower than the aqueduct. The complex of the villa contains many structures from different cultures. For example, the villa has a small river running through it which relates back to the Egyptian Nile river. The villa contains several Greek figures called Poikilos. All surviving written evidence of Hadrian's Villa in ancient writing is from the Historia Augusta , which describes how Hadrian named rooms of

11368-457: The villa in the summer of 125 AD. The picturesque landscape around Tibur had made the area a popular choice for villas and rural retreats. It was reputed to have been popular with people from the Spanish peninsula who were residents in the city of Rome. This may have contributed to Hadrian's choice of the property: although born in Rome, his parents came from Spain and he may have become familiar with

11484-406: The villa is the so-called "Maritime Theatre". It consists of a round portico with a barrel vault supported by pillars. Inside the portico was a ring-shaped pool with a central island. The large circular enclosure 40 metres (130 ft) in diameter has an entrance to the north. Inside the outer wall and surrounding the moat are a ring of unfluted Ionic columns. The Maritime Theater includes a lounge,

11600-409: The villa was a huge garden surrounded by a swimming pool and an arcade. The pool's dimensions measure 232 by 97 metres (761 by 318 ft). Originally, the pool was surrounded by four walls with colonnaded interior. These columns helped to support the roof. In the centre of the quadriportico was a large rectangular pool. The four walls create a peaceful solitude for Hadrian and guests. One structure in

11716-559: The villa was ongoing. During the later years of his reign, Hadrian governed the empire from the villa. He started using the villa as his official residence around AD 128. Therefore, a large court lived there permanently and large numbers of visitors and bureaucrats would have to have been entertained and housed temporarily on site. After Hadrian, the villa was used occasionally by his various successors (busts of Antoninus Pius (138–161), Marcus Aurelius (161–180), Lucius Verus (161–169), Septimius Severus and Caracalla have been found on

11832-608: The villa's Canopus and Cento Camerelle and are ignored. A lifelike mosaic depicted a group of doves around a bowl, with one drinking, seems to be a copy of a work by Sosus of Pergamon as described by Pliny the Elder . It has in turn been widely copied. Many copies of Greek statues (such as the Wounded Amazon ) have been found, and even Egyptian -style interpretations of Roman gods and vice versa. Most of these have been taken to Rome for preservation and restoration, and can be seen at

11948-405: The villa. This has been challenged by scholars who argue that the area instead was a highly Egyptianized nypheum. The Antinoeion is just one example of Egyptianization of the villa. Artwork such as the crocodile of the Canopus and the statue of Osiris-Antinous show the prevalence of this orientalist aesthetic in the villa. In September 2013, a network of tunnels was investigated, buried deep beneath

12064-415: The villa; these were probably service routes for staff so that the idyllic nature of the landscape might remain undisturbed. The site housed several thousand people including staff, visitors, servants and slaves. Although much major activity would have been engaged in during Hadrian's absence on tours of inspection of the provinces a great many people (and animals) must have been moving about the Tivoli site on

12180-591: The visitor, something that had not been seen anywhere else in the world and that exists only in Villa Adriana" said Prieto. Nymphaea 65 species, see text Nymphaea ( / n ɪ m ˈ f iː ə / ) is a genus of hardy and tender aquatic plants in the family Nymphaeaceae . The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution . Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants , and many cultivars have been bred. Some taxa occur as introduced species where they are not native, and some are weeds . Plants of

12296-525: The water lilies of the Nile as cultural symbols. Since 1580 it has become popular in the English language to apply the Latin word lotus , originally used to designate a tree, to the water lilies growing in Egypt, and much later the word was used to translate words in Indian texts. The lotus motif is a frequent feature of temple column architecture. In Egypt, the lotus, rising from the bottom mud to unfold its petals to

12412-416: The websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences . Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy. The [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the Latin proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as has been

12528-500: The weevil species Bagous longulus as a biocontrol agent against Nymphaea mexicana in South Africa. Invasive horticultural hybrids can pose a threat to Nymphaea species through introgressive hybridisation. The naturalised hybrids can displace native species and mask their disappearance, as it can be difficult to distinguish between species and naturalised hybrids. Several species are in danger of extinction. Nymphaea thermarum

12644-470: The word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V . In 1059 (five years after the East-West Schism ), the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees . In the 12th century

12760-444: Was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the Church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome. Cardinals were granted

12876-403: Was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside. There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside. Cardinals have in canon law

12992-518: Was heated by both sunlight and a traditional hypocaust system. This room featured bakery openings to enhance the heat, serving as a sauna. The hall had a coffered dome with a central opening and large windows facing the south-west. The materials used in the Heliocaminus included marble coatings and stone fillings. The baths feature a unique and complex architectural design, with different types of mortars and concretes used in their construction. In 1998

13108-418: Was never revealed. When in choir dress , a Latin Church cardinal wears scarlet garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white—the scarlet garments include the cassock , mozzetta , and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto ). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for

13224-501: Was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV , only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals in pectore (Latin for in

13340-409: Was traditional for the Roman emperor to have constructed a villa as a place to relax from everyday life. Previous emperors and Romans with wealth had also constructed villas (e.g. Villa of Trajan ). Though emperors' villas were supposed to be a place of rest and leisure, there is some evidence of Hadrian conducting official duty from the villa in the form of an inscription of an official letter sent from

13456-526: Was used as a warehouse by both sides during the destructive Gothic War (535–554) between the Ostrogoths and Byzantines . Remains of lime kilns have been found, where marble from the complex was burned to extract lime for building material. Building material was also reused by the Christians to build basilicas and other buildings. The first documented rediscovery of the villa was by Historian Biondo Flavio in

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