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52-513: The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, and their relation with the prime minister and cabinets have over time differed with the various Portuguese constitutions . Currently, in the Third Republic , a semi-presidential system , the president holds no direct executive power, unlike his counterparts in the United States and France . However, even though he is in general

104-792: A candidate from its own ranks. In the end, Barroso, as EPP candidate, was chosen by the European Council . During his first presidency, the following issues were on the Commission's agenda: Turkey applying for EU membership , the reform of the institutions ( Treaty of Lisbon ), the Bolkestein directive , aimed at creating a single market for services within the EU, Lisbon Strategy , Galileo positioning system , Doha Development Agenda negotiations, European Institute of Innovation and Technology and an EU climate change package. The EPP again endorsed Barroso for

156-586: A ceremonial figure, he holds some powers not that usual in parliamentary systems : one of his most significant responsibilities is the promulgation of all laws enacted by the Assembly of the Republic (parliament) or the Government (an act without which such laws have no legal validity), with an alternative option to veto them (although this veto can be overcome in the case of laws approved by Parliament) or send them to

208-542: A former Portuguese colony, then a province of Indonesia by force. In 1992, Barroso was promoted to the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs , and served in this capacity until the defeat of the PSD in the 1995 general election. In 1995, while in opposition, Barroso was elected to the Assembly of the Republic as a representative for Lisbon. He became chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee. In 1998 he graduated from

260-541: A growing budget deficit, he made a number of difficult decisions and adopted strict reforms. He vowed to reduce public expenditure, which made him unpopular among leftists and public servants. . His purpose was to lower the public budget deficit to a 3% target (according to the demands of EU rules), and official data during the 2002–2004 period stated that the target was being attained. In March 2003, Barroso hosted U.S President George W. Bush , British Prime Minister Tony Blair , and Spanish Prime Minister José María Aznar in

312-404: A less fuel efficient Volkswagen Touareg , amid EU legislation of targets drastically to reduce car CO 2 emissions, Barroso dismissed this as "overzealous moralism". In April 2008, amid sharp food price rises and mounting food vs fuel concerns, Barroso insisted that biofuel use was "not significant" in pushing up food prices . The following month, he announced a study that would look into

364-616: A member of the same government as he was elevated to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (answering to the Minister of Foreign Affairs), a post he was to hold for the next five years. In this capacity, he was the driving force behind the Bicesse Accords of 1990, which led to a temporary armistice in the Angolan Civil War between the ruling MPLA and the opposition UNITA . He also supported independence for East Timor ,

416-762: A politically minded student during the post-Carnation Revolution turmoil known as PREC , criticises the bourgeois education system which "throws students against workers and workers against students." His academic career began as an assistant professor in the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. Barroso did PhD research at Georgetown University and Georgetown's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. , but his CV does not list any doctoral degree (except honorary). Back in Lisbon , Barroso became director of

468-604: A questionable role in the 2007–2008 financial crisis that nearly broke the euro. Furthermore, Barroso announced his move to the London-based subsidiary of Goldman Sachs shortly after the Brexit referendum . The European Commission agreed to an unprecedented ethics inquiry into the move. The independent panel concluded there were "not sufficient grounds to establish a violation of the duty of integrity and discretion" and accepted Barroso's assurances that he would not be lobbying on behalf of

520-508: A second term during the 2009 European election campaign and, after the EPP again won the elections, was able to secure his nomination by the European Council on 17 June 2009. On 3 September 2009, Barroso unveiled his manifesto for his second term. On 16 September 2009, Barroso was re-elected by the European Parliament for another five years. Since he completed his second term he became only

572-453: A week on the yacht of the Greek shipping billionaire Spiro Latsis . It emerged soon afterward that this had occurred only a month before the Commission approved 10  million euros of Greek state aid for Latsis's shipping company – though the state aid decision had been taken by the previous European Commission before Barroso took up his post. In response to this revelation, Nigel Farage MEP of

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624-465: A €14.8 million grant for former workers at Dell 's Limerick plant, described as "conveniently opportune" by former Member of the European Parliament and anti-Lisbonite Patricia McKenna . On 12 September 2012, Barroso called for the EU to evolve into a "federation of nation-states", necessary to combat the continent's economic crisis. He said he believed Greece would be able to stay in the eurozone if it stood by its commitments. Barroso also heralded

676-531: Is a semi-presidential system . Despite being a rather ceremonial figure, unlike most European presidents, who are at large ceremonial figures, the Portuguese President is vested with more extensive powers. Although the prime minister and parliament oversee and direct much of Portugal's actual governmental affairs, the president wields significant influence and authority, especially in the fields of national security and foreign policy , however, always on

728-583: Is a Portuguese politician and law professor. He previously served from 2002 to 2004 as the 114th prime minister of Portugal and from 2004–2014 as the 11th president of the European Commission . He has been one of the revolving door cases at the EU, which received the most media attention because only two months after the cooling off period, Barroso accepted a position as "senior adviser " and "non-executive chairman" of Goldman Sachs International and became subject of an ethics inquiry. José Barroso

780-654: Is a policy fellow at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University and the Frederick H. Schultz Class of 1951 Visiting Professor of International Economic Policy at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Woodrow Wilson School , where he teaches with Wolfgang F. Danspeckgruber on the EU in International Affairs. Barroso has been a professor at Portuguese Catholic University since 2015. He has taught at

832-520: Is elected to a five-year term. He may be reelected any number of times, but not more than twice in a row. The official residence of the Portuguese president is the Belém Palace in Lisbon . The president is elected in a two-round system : if no candidate reaches 50% of the votes during the first round, the two candidates with the most votes face each other in a second round held two weeks later. However,

884-427: Is the head of government of Portugal . As head of government, the prime minister coordinates the actions of ministers, represents the Government of Portugal to the other bodies of state, is accountable to parliament and keeps the president informed. The prime minister can hold the role of head of government with the portfolio of one or more ministries. As Portugal is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic ,

936-693: Is the official residence of the President of the Portuguese Republic since 1910. Built in the 16th century by a high ranking diplomat named Manuel de Portugal , was bought by King John V in the 18th century and served as one of the residence of the Royal Family until the early 20th century. Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa , current President, lives in the palace. Prime Minister of Portugal The prime minister of Portugal ( Portuguese : primeiro-ministro ; pronounced [pɾiˈmɐjɾu miˈniʃtɾu] )

988-418: Is the official residence of the prime minister, not all incumbents have lived in the mansion during their term in office. In 2012 and 2014 newspaper i and the polling agency Pitagórica conducted polls asking for the best Portuguese prime minister among the seven most recent ones (i.e. in the previous 30 years). The results revealed that the public clearly separated the seven evaluated prime ministers between

1040-589: The Constitutional Court for appreciation of whether they violate the Constitution. This and other abilities imply that the president of Portugal does not fit clearly into either of the three traditional powers  – legislative, executive and judicial –, acting instead as a sort of "moderating power" among the traditional three. The current president of Portugal is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa , who took office on 9 March 2016. The Portuguese Third Republic

1092-566: The Estado Novo , the president was nominally vested with near-dictatorial powers, but in practice supreme power was held by the President of the Council of Ministers ( António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano ). The president's greatest power is his ability to appoint the prime minister. However, since the Assembly of the Republic has the sole power to dismiss the prime minister's government,

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1144-553: The Georgetown Leadership Seminar . In 1999 he was elected president of the PSD, succeeding Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (a professor of law), and thus became Leader of the Opposition. Parliamentary elections in 2002 gave the PSD enough seats to form a coalition government with the right-wing Portuguese People's Party , and Barroso subsequently became Prime Minister of Portugal on 6 April 2002. As prime minister, facing

1196-864: The Institute of Political Studies , at the Catholic Global School of Law, and at the Catholic Lisbon School of Business and Economics, and directs the Center for European Studies from the same institution. In February 2015, he was appointed visiting professor at the University of Geneva and taught at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies . In July 2016, Barroso became senior adviser and non-executive chairman and senior adviser of London-based Goldman Sachs International (GSI),

1248-606: The UK Independence Party persuaded around 75 MEPs from across the political spectrum to back a motion of no confidence in Barroso, so as to compel him to appear before the European Parliament to be questioned on the matter. The motion was tabled on 12 May 2005, and Barroso appeared before Parliament as required at a debate on 26 May 2005. The motion itself was heavily defeated. In response to criticism for his choice of

1300-631: The University of Geneva in Switzerland. Barroso became politically active in his late teens, during the Estado Novo regime in Portugal, before the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974. In his university days, he was one of the leaders of the underground Maoist MRPP (Re-Organized Movement of the Proletariat Party, later Portuguese Workers' Communist Party (PCTP/MRPP), Communist Party of

1352-544: The Department for International Relations at Lusíada University (Universidade Lusíada). In December 1980, Barroso joined the right-of-centre PPD (Democratic Popular Party, later PPD/PSD- Social Democratic Party ), where he remains to the present day. In 1985, under the PSD government of Aníbal Cavaco Silva , prime minister of Portugal , Barroso was named Under-Secretary of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs. In 1987 he became

1404-634: The European Commission on 5 July 2004. Barroso arranged with Portuguese President Jorge Sampaio to nominate Pedro Santana Lopes as a substitute prime minister of Portugal. Santana Lopes led the PSD/PP coalition for a few months until early 2005, when new elections were called. When the Portuguese Socialist Party won the elections it produced an estimation that by the end of the year the budget deficit would reach 6.1%, which it used to criticise Barroso's and Santana Lopes's economic policies. In 2004,

1456-687: The Government eventually deployed 128 members of the National Republican Guard (GNR) to Iraq from 2003 to 2005 , this being possible because the GNR, despite being a military force, was not part of the Armed Forces. The constitution grants the following powers to the president: Under the Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976, in the wake of the 1974 Carnation Revolution , the president

1508-661: The Portuguese Workers/Revolutionary Movement of the Portuguese Proletariat). In an interview with the newspaper Expresso , he said that he had joined MRPP to fight the only other student body movement, also underground, which was controlled by the Portuguese Communist Party . Despite this justification, there is a very famous political 1976 interview recorded by the Portuguese state-run television channel, RTP , in which Barroso, as

1560-505: The Portuguese island of Terceira, in the Azores . The four leaders finalised the controversial US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq . Under Barroso's leadership, Portugal became part of the " coalition of the willing " for the invasion and occupation of Iraq , sending non-combat troops. On 30 January 2003, Barroso signed The letter of the eight supporting US. policy on Iraq . Barroso did not finish his term as he had been nominated as president of

1612-478: The Third Portuguese Republic: Just behind the main building of the Assembly of the Republic , there is a mansion that serves as residence and office for the prime minister of Portugal. The mansion, dated from 1877, was built within the garden of the old monastery that held the Portuguese parliament. It has been the prime minister's official residence since 1938, when Salazar moved in. Although it

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1664-619: The advice of the Government and the approval of Parliament. The president is the supreme commander of the Armed Forces , holds the nation's most senior office, and outranks all other politicians. Prior to the Carnation Revolution, the powers of the presidency varied widely; some presidents were virtual dictators (such as Pais , and Carmona in his early years), while others were little more than figureheads (such as Carmona in his later years, Craveiro Lopes , and Américo Tomás ). During

1716-558: The bank's clients. In 2020, Barroso was selected as chair of the board at GAVI , succeeding Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala . In addition, Barroso has held several paid and unpaid positions, including: In 1980, he married Maria Margarida Pinto Ribeiro de Sousa Uva, with whom he has three sons. Sousa Uva died from uterine cancer in August 2016, at the age of 60. Apart from Portuguese, Barroso is fluent in French, speaks Spanish and English and has taken

1768-427: The bank's largest subsidiary. At the time of his appointments, this was regarded as quite controversial, and later led Barroso's successor Jean-Claude Juncker to launch an ethics investigation. Barroso was heavily criticised for taking the position only two months after the 18-month "cooling-off" period for EU officials after they leave their posts. Barroso's move was especially sensitive because Goldman Sachs played

1820-553: The controversial government of Pedro Santana Lopes , despite the absolute majority of deputies supporting the government. In 2003, President Sampaio also intervened to limit the Portuguese participation in the Iraq War – as Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces he forbade the deployment of the Portuguese Army in a war that he personally disagreed with, clashing with the then–prime minister José Manuel Barroso . Because of this,

1872-516: The country, just above the then-prime minister, and the first Portuguese president after 1974 to have a negative popularity. By 2024, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa also displayed negative popularity ratings. Under article 132 of the Constitution, if the president dies or becomes incapacitated while in office, the president of the Assembly assumes the office with restricted powers until a new president can be inaugurated following fresh elections. Belém Palace

1924-623: The country. Barroso said the problems in the Irish banks caused a "major destabilisation" in the euro, rather than structural problems with the currency itself, "I am saying this because it would be wrong to give the impression that Europe has created a problem for Ireland and now Europe has to help Ireland. In fact, it was the banking sector in Ireland—it was one of the biggest problems in the world in terms of banking stability what happened in Ireland." Barroso

1976-472: The issue. The backdoor approval of the GE potato, by President Barroso, has met a wave of strong opposition from EU member-states. The governments of Greece, Austria, Luxembourg, Italy, Hungary and France have all publicly announced that they will not allow the GE potato to be grown in their countries. Barroso has expressed criticism of national governments arguing "Decisions taken by the most democratic institutions in

2028-491: The legislative proposal published the same day for European Banking Supervision . He was once appointed Acting Commissioner for Inter-Institutional Relations and Administration in Maroš Šefčovič 's stead, from 19 April 2014 – 25 May 2014 while he was on electoral campaign leave for the 2014 elections to the European Parliament . He ultimately decided to not take up his seat. In 2005, Die Welt reported that Barroso had spent

2080-611: The morning of 19 September 2009 before briefly meeting with the joint committee of the Oireachtas and meeting and greeting people at functions in Limerick 's City Hall, University of Limerick (UL) and the Savoy Hotel . He told The Irish Times in an interview referenced internationally by Reuters that he had been asked if Ireland would split from the European Union. He also launched

2132-442: The prime minister is the country's leading political figure and de facto chief executive. There is no limit to the number of terms a person can serve as prime minister. The prime minister is appointed by the president following legislative elections , after having heard the parties represented in the parliament. Usually, the person named is the leader of the largest party in the previous election, but there have been exceptions over

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2184-457: The prime minister named by the president must have the confidence of a majority of representatives in the assembly, otherwise the prime minister may face a motion of no confidence . The president has the discretionary power to dissolve parliament when he/she sees fit (colloquially known as the "atomic bomb" in Portugal), and President Jorge Sampaio made use of this prerogative in late 2004 to remove

2236-470: The proposed European Constitution and now the Treaty of Lisbon included a provision that the choice of the president must take into account the result of Parliamentary elections and the candidate supported by the victorious European political party in particular. That provision was not in force in the nomination in 2004, but the centre-right European People's Party (EPP), who won the elections, pressured for

2288-531: The second Commission president to serve two terms, after Jacques Delors . That Commission's term of office ran until 31 October 2014. Barroso visited Ireland to persuade Irish citizens to approve the Treaty of Lisbon in the country's second referendum due to be held the following month. Barroso was greeted by Irish Minister for Defence Willie O'Dea and Peter Power , the Minister of State for Overseas Development , as he got off his plane at Shannon Airport on

2340-439: The second round has only been needed once, during the 1986 presidential election . To date, all of the elected presidents since the Carnation Revolution have served for two consecutive terms, and presidents consistently rank as the most popular political figure in the country. During his time in office, however, the popularity of former president Aníbal Cavaco Silva plummeted, making him the second-least popular political figure in

2392-490: The three best ones (each receiving more than 20% of the votes) and the four worst (each receiving from 4 to 8% of the votes). In both polls, António Guterres (1995–2002) ranked as the best prime minister. Mário Soares (1976–78 and 1983–85) and Aníbal Cavaco Silva (1985–95) were also among the best prime ministers. On the other hand, José Manuel Durão Barroso (2002–04), Pedro Santana Lopes (2004–05), José Sócrates (2005–11) and Pedro Passos Coelho (2011–15, incumbent at

2444-455: The time of the polls) ranked as the worst prime ministers. Pedro Santana Lopes was ranked the worst in the 2012 poll while Barroso ranked as the worst in the 2014 one. Together, the three best prime ministers ruled Portugal uninterruptedly from 1983 to 2002, while the four worst ruled from 2002 to 2015. Jos%C3%A9 Manuel Barroso José Manuel Durão Barroso ( Portuguese: [ʒuˈzɛ mɐˈnwɛl duˈɾɐ̃w bɐˈʁozu] ; born 23 March 1956)

2496-460: The world are very often wrong." In December 2013 Barroso said that Europe was not the cause of the problems for Ireland; Ireland caused a problem for Europe. Following the bailout exit, in December 2013, the Irish government's bid to get backdated funding for the banking sector was rejected as the head of the European Commission blamed the Irish banks, regulators, and government for the difficulties in

2548-613: The years. Since the Middle Ages , some officers of the Portuguese Crown gained precedence over the others, serving as a kind of prime ministers. Over time, the role of principal officer of the Crown fell upon the chanceler-mor ( chancellor ), the mordomo-mor ( mayor of the palace ) and the escrivão da puridade (king's private secretary). The first modern prime minister of Portugal was Pedro de Sousa Holstein , 1st Duke of Palmela , who

2600-580: Was born in Lisbon to Luís António Saraiva Barroso and his wife Maria Elisabete de Freitas Durão. Durão Barroso (as he is known in Portugal ) graduated from the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon . He subsequently obtained a Diploma in European Studies from the European University Institute , and received a MA degree with honours in both Political Science and Social Sciences from

2652-642: Was officially established by the Constitution of 1976 after the revolution of 25 April 1974 The incumbent prime minister of Portugal is Luís Montenegro , who took office on 2 April 2024 as the 14th prime minister of the Third Portuguese Republic . The official residence of the prime minister is the Palacete de São Bento , a mansion next to São Bento Palace , which, in confusion, is sometimes also called "São Bento Palace". Portuguese prime ministers of

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2704-562: Was sworn in on 24 September 1834, as Presidente do Conselho de Ministros (President of the Council of Ministers ). In 1911, the official title of the prime minister became Presidente do Ministério (President of the Ministry ). In 1933, it became again Presidente do Conselho de Ministros . The present title Primeiro-Ministro (Prime Minister), attributed to the head of the Government of Portugal ,

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