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104-576: The site was originally part of the Outeiro das Vinhas , a property that fronted the beach of the Tagus River . D. Manuel of Portugal, a diplomat and poet who was the son of the 1st Count of Vimioso, acquired the land in 1559, naming it Quinta de Belém and constructing a building with three salons and two atria. By the mid-17th century the property was linked to a scion of the Royal Court, then transferred to

208-540: A Republic can be truly free [...]. Labour and industry are republican, because the creative activity wants security and stability and only a Republic [...] is stable and secure [...]. A Republic is, in the state, liberty [...]; in industry, production; in labour, security; in the nation, strength and independence. For all, wealth; for all, equality; for all, light." Antero de Quental in República , 11-05-1870 The revolutionary movement of 5 October 1910 occurred following

312-606: A ave de Estinfália " (Hercules and the Stymphalian birds ), " Figura masculina com machado " (Masculine figure with hoe), " Hércules e a serpente de Ládon " (Hercules and the serpent Ladon ), " Hércules e o touro de Creta " (Hercules and the Cretan Bull ), " Hércules e a Hidra de Lerna " (Hercules and the Lernaean Hydra ). There are also two rows of tiles with geometric patterns and acanthus leaves. The eastern façade, which fronts

416-570: A barracks with dozens of members of the Carbonária , the naval officer went on with about 100 soldiers that entered the 1st Artillery Regiment, where Captain Afonso Palla and a few sergeants and civilians, had already taken the administration building and captured all officers that refused to join them. With the arrival of Machado Santos two columns were formed which were placed under the leadership of captains Sá Cardoso and Palla. The first went to meet

520-403: A cape and take out a carbine [...]. When I saw [him] [...] aiming at the carriage I realised, unfortunately, what it was. My God, the horror of what then happened! Soon after Buíça opened fire [...] started a perfect shooting, like a fight among beasts. The Palace Square was deserted, not a soul! This is what I find hardest to forgive João Franco... D. Manuel II The Royal Family was in

624-457: A central body with floor level arcades, over a colonnade gallery surmounted by a triangular pediment decorated in stucco. The two outside blocks are farther in front then the main building, forming a terrace delimited by balusters and accessible by lateral staircases. The top of these lateral walls are topped by twelve panels of monochromatic azulejo tile. On the veranda are 14 azulejo panels representing figures from mythology, with many showing

728-542: A few sailors left the São Rafael . After some gunfire from which a lieutenant and a ship commander became wounded, the officers gave up control of the D. Carlos I , yielding it to the hands of the republicans. That was the last unit to join the rebels, which included by then part of the 1st Artillery Regiment, 16th Infantry Regiment, the naval corps and the three warships. Navy members had joined in large numbers as expected, but many military sections considered sympathizers with

832-505: A government edict to rent an annex alongside the palace for 100,000 réis per month to house the first president, Manuel de Arriaga , who eventually preferred to live in his local residence and work at the palace. This policy of renting the space continued throughout the period of the First Republic . After the assassination of President Sidónio Pais in 1918 at the Rossio railway station ,

936-718: A hill about 100 m high, around the meander known as Torno del Tajo, which preserved it from possible attacks and incursions. From the Late Middle Ages, the mouth of the Tagus articulated an intense commercial activity between Northern Europe and the Mediterranean. From the Renaissance, it was the main communications hub of the Portuguese Empire, which extended through America, Africa, and Asia. The nearly 100 km (60 mi) of

1040-577: A male figure", a "Backgammon game", "Music in the Garden" and "Music in the Garden, with harpsichord and violin". The main space is highlighted by a linear sequence of rooms along the south elevation, dominated by the Sala das Bicas ( Room of the Spouts ), a grand vestibule paved in marble. The ceiling is panelled with an allegorical composition of carved flora and 18th-century polychromatic azulejo ashlars , completed in

1144-465: A neo-Pompeian motif. The Sala Luís XV ( Louis Quinze Room ), also panelled, is highlighted by a series of paintings surmounted two shields of the House of Braganza and Orléans . The narrow rectangular chapel, with smooth walls and wood panelling, is occupied by a Neoclassical retable in gold-leafed wood, with a painting by André Reinoso representing the " A Adoração dos Pastores " ( The Adoration of

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1248-737: A place known as Fuente García, within the municipality of Frías de Albarracín in Teruel, Spain. Its source is located between the Muela de San Juan (1,830 m) and Cerro de San Felipe (1,839 m), in the Sierra de Albarracín, which belongs to the Montes Universales in the western branch of the Iberian System. The river flows through Spain for 816 km (507 mi), passing through four autonomous communities (Aragón, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid, and Extremadura) and

1352-401: A reduced escort, to demonstrate normality. While greeting the crowds present in the square, the carriage was struck by several shots. One of the carbine bullets hit the king's neck, killing him immediately. More shots followed, fatally wounding the prince . The queen defended herself with a bouquet of flowers offered by the people, which she used to hit one of the attackers who had climbed onto

1456-513: A revolt and capture the commanders, one of whom was wounded. The aim of this action was to prevent the exit of the cavalry unit of the Municipal Guard, an aim that was achieved. For this end, they required the support of 3 warships anchored in the Tagus. By this time, Lieutenant Mendes Cabeçadas had already taken command of the mutinied crew of the NRP Adamastor while the mutinied crew of

1560-459: A rounded-arch is a waterfall featuring a statue of Hercules. In the central pavilion are six azulejo panels forming a figurative composition, completed in the 19th century. The central composition is in black and white, while the trim is polychromatic: yellow, green and manganese plant ornamentation. These panels include: an "Outdoor Scene", "Two female figures and a male figure in the park, with fruit basket", "Standing female figure gives an apple to

1664-453: A situation of impasse throughout 4 October, with all manner of rumours about victories and defeats spreading through the city. As soon as news of the concentration of rebels in Rotunda were received, the military command of the city organised a detachment to break them up. The column, under the command of Colonel Alfredo Albuquerque, was formed by units that had been removed from the protection of

1768-400: A summer home. Although it is unclear when the first building was completed, by 1754 Queen Maria Anna of Austria had already died in the residence. During the aftermath of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake , it was determined that there was superficial damage and no fear of collapse, but a number of repairs were completed between 1755 and 1756. Under supervision of the architect João Pedro Ludovice,

1872-724: A system of rotating governments in which the Progressive and Regenerator Parties kept alternating in government. The king, as arbiter of the system under the Constitution, had designated João Franco as the president of the Council of Ministers (government chief). João Franco, dissident of the Regenerator Party, convinced the king to dissolve the parliament so that he could implement a series of measures with an aim to moralise Portuguese politics. This decision irritated not only republicans but

1976-626: A total area of 80,600 km (31,100 sq mi). It is the most populated basin in the Iberian Peninsula, with more than ten million inhabitants. It includes the Madrid metropolitan area and the Lisbon region. The Tagus basin has a total reservoir capacity of around 14,500 hm (510 billion cu ft). The lower Tagus region in Portugal is a seismically active area. Major earthquakes in

2080-622: A total of six provinces (Teruel, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Madrid, Toledo, and Cáceres). After forming a 47 km (29 mi) border between Spain and Portugal, it enters Portugal. In Portugal, it flows for 145 km (90 mi) through the traditional regions of Beira Baixa, Alto Alentejo, Ribatejo, and Estremadura, which include the districts of Castelo Branco, Portalegre, Santarém, and Lisbon. The most important cities along its course are Aranjuez, Toledo, and Talavera de la Reina in Spain; and Abrantes, Santarém, and Lisbon in Portugal. The Tagus basin has

2184-638: Is known of the Fiscal Guard (a total of 1397 men), only that a few soldiers were with the troops in Rossio. The civil police (total of 1200 men) stayed in their barracks. This inaction decreased the effective government forces by approximately 2600 men. The fact that some units of the monarchical side sympathised with the republicans, combined with the abandonment by the rebels of the original plan of action, opting instead for entrenchment in Rotunda and Alcântara , led to

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2288-406: Is only one that fulfills their duty, this only one will be me."). Machado Santos had already got into action and did not attend the assembly. Instead, he went to the military quarters of the 16th Infantry Regiment where a revolutionary corporal had triggered a rebellion involving the majority of the garrison. A commander and a captain were killed when they made an attempt to control it. Entering

2392-733: Is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula . The river rises in the Montes Universales between Cuenca and Teruel , in mid-eastern Spain , flows 1,007 km (626 mi), generally westward, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean in Lisbon . The river's Latin name is Tagus . While the etymology is unclear, the most probable etymological origin for the hydronym Tagus is Indo-European *(s)tag- ('to drip'). The Tagus River originates at an elevation of 1,593 meters above sea level in

2496-568: The Arrábida wing was remodelled to serve as the residence of the president of the republic. In 1967, the property was finally classified as an IIP - Imóvel de Interesse Público ( Property of Public Interest ), by decree 47-508, published in the Diário do Governo on 24 January 1967. The palace was closed in 1969 to repair damage from the earthquake of that year. After the Carnation Revolution ,

2600-466: The Casa Real de Campo de Belém (Belém Royal Country House) or Palácio das Leoneiras also received attention. Work included replacing tile and repairs to the greenhouses and stables. Similarly, around 1770, architect Mateus Vicente de Oliveira undertook reconstruction of the total estate. This was the beginning of several small projects within the residence that included the painting of the Sala das Bicas ,

2704-733: The Ducal Palace in Vila Viçosa in Alentejo , where they had spent time hunting, the King Dom Carlos I and his eldest son and heir-apparent, Luís Filipe , Prince Royal of Portugal were assassinated in Lisbon's Commerce Square . The attack occurred after a progressive decline of the Portuguese political system, effective since the Regeneration , due in part by the political erosion stemming from

2808-522: The Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa , but the events led the king to bring forward his return to Lisbon, taking a train from the station of Vila Viçosa on the morning of 1 February. The royal escort arrived in Barreiro in the evening where, to cross the Tagus , it took a steam boat to Terreiro do Paço in Lisbon, at around 5pm. Despite the atmosphere of great tension, the king chose to continue in an open carriage , with

2912-513: The Pátio das Damas (Lady's Patio), features two levels of windows and portal. The western wing is served from the Pátio dos Bichos (Animals' Patio), where a gated entrance and ramp provides access to the principal staircase via an elevated space that overlooks the Jardim da Cascata (Falls Garden). The space was resurfaced and re-paved with stone at the beginning of the 21st century. Immediately in front of

3016-494: The São Rafael waited for an officer to command it. At about 7am Ladislau Parreira, having been informed by civilians of the situation, sent the Second-Lieutenant Tito de Morais to take command of the São Rafael , with orders for both ships to support the garrison of the barracks. When it became known that on the ship D. Carlos I the crew had begun a mutiny but the officers had entrenched, Lieutenant Carlos da Maia and

3120-562: The University of Coimbra and, later on, President of the Republic , published an article entitled " Bragança, o último ", considered slanderous against the king and led to Almeida's imprisonment. On 1 April 1890, the explorer Silva Porto self-immolated wrapped in a Portuguese flag in Kuito , Angola, after failed negotiations with the locals, under orders of Paiva Couceiro , which he attributed to

3224-455: The republic in Brazil two months previously, an event that was followed with apprehension by the monarchic government and with jubilation by the defenders of the republic in Portugal. The republicans knew how to take advantage of the dissatisfaction, initiating an increase of their social support base that would climax in the demise of the regime. On 14 January, the progressive government fell and

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3328-604: The ultimatum . The death of the well-known explorer of the African continent generated a wave of national sentiment, and his funeral was followed by a crowd in Porto. On 11 April, Guerra Junqueiro 's poetic work Finis Patriae , a satire criticising the King, went on sale. In the city of Porto , on 31 January 1891, a military uprising against the monarchy took place, constituted mainly by sergeants and enlisted ranks . The rebels, who used

3432-463: The " Labours of Hercules ", including " Plutão e Cérbero " ( Pluto and Cerberus ), " Vénus " ( Venus ), " Neptuno " ( Neptune ), " Hércules " ( Hercules ), " Hércules e a égua de Diómedes " (Hercules and the Mares of Diomedes ), " Figura masculina " (Masculine figure), " Figura masculina com arco e flechas " (Masculine figure with bow and arrow), two panels of " Figura feminina " (Female figure), " Hércules e

3536-480: The 2nd Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Caçadores Regiment, also sympathisers of the rebellion, to go on to Alcântara where it was to support the naval barracks. The original route intersected with a Municipal Guard outpost which forced the column to follow a different route. After a few confrontations with the police and civilians, it finally found the column led by Palla. Together, the columns advanced to Rotunda, where they entrenched at around 5am. The stationed force

3640-697: The Alto Tajo canyon as it passes through the natural park of the same name offer one of the best options for practicing whitewater canoeing in the central peninsula. Several adventure companies offer this activity in the vicinity of Poveda de la Sierra and Ocentejo. In the flat water modality, canoeing can be practiced in the Entrepeñas and Bolarque reservoirs. There are also important flat water canoeing clubs in Aranjuez and Talavera de la Reina. 5 October 1910 Revolution Republican victory 5 October 1910 Revolution

3744-549: The Citadel of Cascais . After the murder of Miguel Bombarda , shot by one of his patients, the republican leaders assembled with urgency on the night of the 3rd. Some officials were against the meeting due to the strong military presence, but Admiral Cândido dos Reis insisted for it to take place, saying " A Revolução não será adiada: sigam-me, se quiserem. Havendo um só que cumpra o seu dever, esse único serei eu. " ("The Revolution will not be delayed: follow me, if you want. If there

3848-573: The First Republic. The national anthem and flag were changed, and some civil and religious liberties established; a wave of harsh anti-clericalism soon followed, corroding relations between the Republic and the Catholic Church . On 11 January 1890 the British government of Lord Salisbury sent the Portuguese government an ultimatum in the form of a "memorandum", demanding the retreat of

3952-477: The Lower Tagus include those of 1309, 1531 , 1755 , and 1909 . The Tagus river is one of the few rivers in the world to have an inverted delta . Its delta is wider at the beginning and narrows down as it approaches the sea, contrary to a typical delta . This is because it flows into the sea through a small opening in a valley. Although due to sedimentation, this delta is now only very partially inverted, with

4056-568: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Following the 5 October 1910 Revolution , the Secretaria-Geral da Presidência da República ( Secretary-General of the Presidency ) moved into the palace on 24 August 1911, as article 45 of the Constitution prohibited the chief of state from occupying a residence on properties held by the state. A loophole in the document allowed the authorization on 28 June 1912 of

4160-453: The Palace of Belém for ceremonial affairs, official meetings, receptions and other formal occasions. In anticipation of the projected visit of the King of Spain, the palace underwent several renovations, although the visit did not materialize. In 1936, the main staircase was expanded by António Lino and finished by Cristino da Silva. During the term of General Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1951–1952)

4264-408: The Palace of Necessidades: 2nd Infantry, 2nd Cavalry and the mobile battery of Queluz. The latter included the colonial war hero Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro . The column advanced until near the prison, where it assumed combat positions. However, before these were completed, the column was attacked by rebels. The attack was repelled but resulted in a few wounded men, several dead pack animals and

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4368-511: The Portuguese military forces led by Serpa Pinto from the territory between the colonies of Angola and Mozambique (in the current Zimbabwe and Zambia ), an area claimed by Portugal under the Pink Map . The swift compliance by the government to the British demands was seen as a national humiliation by a broad cross-section of the population and the elite. This ramified deep dissatisfaction with

4472-472: The Republican Party continued to gain ground. In the election of 5 April 1908, the last legislative elections to occur during the monarchy, seven members were elected to parliament, among which were Estêvão de Vasconcelos, Feio Terenas and Manuel de Brito Camacho . In the election of 28 August 1910 the party had a resounding success, electing 14 members to parliament, 10 for Lisbon. Meanwhile, in spite of

4576-469: The Republican Party. Besides Rodrigues de Freitas, Manuel de Arriaga , José Elias Garcia, Zófimo Consiglieri Pedroso , José Maria Latino Coelho, Bernardino Pereira Pinheiro, Eduardo de Abreu, Francisco Teixeira de Queirós, José Jacinto Nunes, and Francisco Gomes da Silva were also elected members of parliament, representing the PRP in various legislative sessions between 1884 and 1894. From this date to 1900 there

4680-736: The Shepherds ). The vaulted ceiling is decorated with a profusion of decorative motifs in a "ferronneire" similar to those found in the Sala Dourada . On the walls are paintings by the artist Paula Rego , representing the " Ciclo da Vida da Virgem Maria e da Paixão de Jesus Cristo " ( Circle of Life of the Virgin Mary and the Passion of Christ ). Tagus River The Tagus ( / ˈ t eɪ ɡ ə s / TAY -gəs ; Spanish : Tajo [ˈtaxo] ; Portuguese : Tejo [ˈtɛʒu] )

4784-447: The attack, since King Carlos was highly regarded by other European heads of state. The Lisbon regicide hastened the end of the monarchy by placing the young and inexperienced D. Manuel II on the throne and throwing the monarchical parties against one another. Their [the republicans'] shows of strength on the streets of Lisbon – for example, on 2 August 1909, which brought together fifty thousand people, with an impressive discipline – echo

4888-468: The beginning of the events did not occur favorably for the rebels. The three cannon shots – the accorded signal for the civilians and military to advance – did not take place. Only a shot was heard and the Admiral Cândido dos Reis, expecting the signal to take command of the warships, was informed that everything had failed, which prompted him to retire to his sister's house. The next morning his dead body

4992-474: The carriage. The prince, D. Manuel was struck in the arm. Two of the attackers, Manuel Buíça , a primary school teacher, and Alfredo Luís da Costa , a commerce employee and editor, were killed at the scene, others managed to escape. The carriage entered the Navy Arsenal, where the deaths of the king and his heir were verified. After the attack, João Franco's government was dismissed and a rigorous investigation

5096-489: The cause hadn't joined. Even so, the republican forces included about 400 men in Rotunda, 1000 to 1500 in Alcântara counting the naval crews, as well as having managed to take hold of the city's artillery, with most of the ammunition, to which was added the naval artillery. Rotunda and Alcântara were occupied, but concrete plans for the revolution had not yet been decided and the main leaders hadn't yet appeared. In spite of this,

5200-633: The central region of the Iberian Peninsula. The high degree of depopulation in some areas integrated into its basin, such as its upper and middle-lower course, has allowed the preservation of places of great ecological interest. Some of them have been legally protected, such as the Alto Tajo Natural Park (Guadalajara and Cuenca), the Monfragüe National Park (Cáceres), and the Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve, near Lisbon. Around

5304-402: The congress the imperative mandate to start the revolution . The logistic role for the preparation of plot was assigned to the most radical elements. The civil committee was formed by Afonso Costa , João Pinheiro Chagas and António José de Almeida , while the admiral Carlos Cândido dos Reis was the leader of the military committee. António José de Almeida was assigned the role of organising

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5408-504: The course of the river, four endangered animal species live: the Iberian lynx, the Spanish imperial eagle, the black stork, and the black vulture. In addition to its geographical relevance, the Tagus has great historical importance, resulting from its connection with Toledo and Lisbon, two of the cities with the greatest weight and historical journey in the Iberian Peninsula. The first was built on

5512-452: The current president, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa , used it merely as a workplace, living in their private residences during their terms. Between 1980 and 1985, the main dining hall was used to exhibit gifts received by the chief of state. In 1998, the construction of the Centro de Documentação e Informação ( Documentation and Information Centre ), was begun by architect João Luís Carrilho da Graça,

5616-437: The division's command. However, he received the perplexing order to retreat. Meanwhile, a column had been formed with the intention to attack simultaneously the rebels in Rotunda, a plan that was never carried out because of the order to retreat. The column reached Rossio in the evening without having joined combat. This inaction was not caused by the incompetence of its commander, General António Carvalhal, as would become clear

5720-424: The emergence of the revolution was marked by great instability and political and social unrest, with several threats of uprising risking the revolution due to the impatience of the navy , led by Machado Santos , who was ready for action. On 3 October 1910 the republican uprising foreshadowed by the political unrest finally took place. Although many of those involved in the republican cause avoided participation in

5824-546: The end of 1903. The following year, the training stables were separated from the palace and destined to shelter the National Coach Museum . By a royal decree published in the Diário do Governo (4 September), the palace ceased to operate as a royal residence, and passed to the Treasury for the "accommodation of heads of state, princes and foreign missions that come on an official visit to Lisbon, leaving for that purpose by

5928-496: The everyday realities of the country. The works of Teófilo Braga contributed to this task by trying to concretise the decentralising and federalist ideas, abandoning the socialist quality in favour of democratic aspects. This change also aimed to attract the small and medium bourgeoisie , which turned into one of the main bases of republican support. In the election of 13 October 1878 the PRP elected its first member of parliament, José Joaquim Rodrigues de Freitas , for Porto. There

6032-510: The evident electoral success of the republican movement, the most revolutionary sector of the party called for armed struggle as the best means to achieve power in a short amount of time. It was this faction that came victorious from the party congress that took place in Setúbal between 23 and 25 April 1909. The directorate, composed by the moderate Teófilo Braga , Basílio Teles , Eusébio Leão , José Cupertino Ribeiro and José Relvas , received from

6136-410: The ex-president's body lay in state in the Sala Luís XV ( Luís XV Hall ) until his burial. The official residency law for the president of the republic was promulgated on 24 March 1928. It specified that the president and his family would be permitted to reside in one of the national palaces. At the time of the promulgation, General Óscar Carmona decided to reside in the Citadel of Cascais , leaving

6240-422: The first republican theses by José Félix Henriques Nogueira, identifying the monarchy as antipatriotism and the yielding to foreign interests. Another strong component of republican ideology was emphasised by anti-clericalism , due to the theorisation of Teófilo Braga, who identified religion as an obstacle to progress and responsible for the scientific retardation of Portugal, in opposition to republicanism, which

6344-424: The grand ballroom was complete, permitting Queen Maria II to receive Portuguese society, and in September 1861, the Infanta was married there to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern. In November 1861, the Infante Augusto died, followed by the Infante João on Christmas. A succession of deaths forced the royal family to abandon the palace, and it once again became a residence for visiting dignitaries. This change in purpose

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6448-419: The ideological and political action that, since its creation in 1876, the Portuguese Republican Party (PRP) had been developing with the objective of overthrowing the monarchic regime. By making the national renewal dependent on the end of the monarchy, the Republican Party managed to define itself as distinct from the Portuguese Socialist Party , which defended a collaboration with the regime in exchange for

6552-430: The inauguration on 5 October 2004 of the Presidential Museum ( Portuguese : Museu da Presidência da República ). Similarly, the King D. Luís I Painting Gallery was the setting for the 2005 exposition, Do Palácio de Belém , which presented the history of the palace and its architecture, as well as an overview of artistic works that have been displayed there. On 10 March 2006, a Ministry of Culture dispatch reclassified

6656-454: The last quarter of that century. In the space one can observe along one wall two round marble fountains with lion heads, which give the space its name. In addition, the space is surrounded by eight jasper busts on plinths, representing Roman emperors. In the Sala Dourada or Salão de Baile ( Golden Room or Ballroom , respectively) the ceiling is panelled with a central allegory of the Roman Empire, with murals and crown moulding medallions in

6760-403: The leader of the Regenerador Party, António de Serpa Pimentel , was chosen to form the new government. The progressivists then began to attack the king, voting for republican candidates in the March election of that year, questioning the colonial agreement then signed with the British. Feeding an atmosphere of near insurrection, on 23 March 1890, António José de Almeida , at the time a student at

6864-526: The middle of great popular enthusiasm and, also, the transfer of the remains of Camões and Vasco da Gama to Jerónimos Monastery . The atmosphere of the national celebration that characterised the commemorations complemented the patriotic exaltation. The idea of the Camões commemorations came from the Lisbon Geographic Society , but the execution was entrusted to a commission constituted by, amongst others, Teófilo Braga, Ramalho Ortigão , Jaime Batalha Reis , Magalhães Lima and Pinheiro Chagas, leading figures of

6968-500: The municipal guard that remained loyal to the government, resulting in 40 injured and 12 casualties. The captured rebels were judged. 250 received sentences of between 18 months and 15 years of exile in Africa. A Portuguesa was forbidden. Despite its failure, the rebellion of 31 January 1891 was the first large threat felt by the monarchic regime and a sign of what would come almost two decades later. Thinking and science are republican, because creative genius lives on freedom and only

7072-399: The nationalist anthem A Portuguesa as their marching song , took the Paços do Concelho , from whose balcony, the republican journalist and politician Augusto Manuel Alves da Veiga proclaimed the establishment of the republic in Portugal and hoisted a red and green flag belonging to the Federal Democratic Centre. The movement was, shortly afterwards, suppressed by a military detachment of

7176-413: The new king, Carlos I of Portugal , the royal family and the institution of the monarchy, all of which were seen as responsible for the alleged process of "national decline". The situation was aggravated by the severe financial crisis that occurred between 1890 and 1891, when the money sent from emigrants in Brazil decreased by 80% with the so-called crisis of encilhamento following the proclamation of

7280-411: The palace as a National Monument to include the palace, gardens, Museum of the Presidency and other annexes. Belém Palace is a "L" shape building, with the main space located in a rectangular three-volume space in the south façade. This front, which faces the formal gardens, presents a space of five bodies, flanked by wedges surmounted by pinnacles. A combination of Mannerist and Baroque styles, has

7384-527: The palace was made the headquarters of the Junta de Salvação Nacional ( National Salvation Junta ). It also experienced the traumas of the new democracy with the counter-revolutionary attempts by António Spínola and Francisco da Costa Gomes . As in previous administrations, Belém Palace underwent new renovations in the Arrábida wing in order to accommodate the demands of the president and his family. While some presidents resided in Belém, others such as Mário Soares , Jorge Sampaio , Aníbal Cavaco Silva and

7488-535: The palace, and the building was abandoned until the end of the Liberal Wars . By 1839, the palace was once again used to hold royal balls, and served as the temporary residence for visiting royal dignitaries. In 1840, during extensive renovations of the Palace of Necessidades , the royal family returned to Belém and resided in the palace during that decade. The Infanta Antónia was born there in 1845. By 1850, renovation of

7592-464: The palace, fronting the Rua de Belém , are the formal gardens. Of an 18th-century design, they consist of a terrace enclosed by a balustrade adorned with statues and intersecting pattern of hedges around three circular ponds. In the Jardim da Cascata (in the northwest corner of the grounds) there are three pavilions (greenhouses) of capstone topped by a decorative railing, with vases and statues. Inserted within

7696-472: The party didn't bother to spread its principles. The most effective action of dissemination was the propaganda made through its rallies and popular demonstrations and bulletins such as A Voz Pública (The Public Voice) in Porto, O Século (The Age, from 1880) O Mundo (The World, from 1900) and A Luta (The Struggle, from 1906) in Lisbon. The republican propaganda managed to take advantage of some historical facts with popular repercussions. The celebrations of

7800-411: The path of progress . After the reluctance of the military to oppose the nearly two thousand soldiers and sailors that rebelled on 3 and 4 October 1910, the Republic was proclaimed at 9 a.m the next day from the balcony of Lisbon 's City Hall . A provisional government led by Teófilo Braga directed the fate of the country until the approval of the Constitution in 1911, which marked the beginning of

7904-647: The police force and municipal guards, they were distributed through the city as set out in the plan, intended to protect strategic points such as Rossio Railway Station , the gas factory, the Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda (the Portuguese mint), the postal building, the Carmo barracks , the ammunition depot in Beirolas and the residence of the President of the Council of Ministers, where the government had assembled. Little

8008-525: The possession of the Counts of Aveiras and occupied by a convent. The land was later acquired by King John V , who ordered its reconstruction in 1726. It encompassed two parcels, the Quinta de Baixo and Quinta do Meio , which the monarch purchased from João da Silva Telo, 3rd Count of Aveiros for 200,000 cruzados, in addition to the contiguous farmlands of the Counts of São Lourenço, with the objective of constructing

8112-450: The previous year the government forces had a plan of action, drawn up by order of the military commander of Lisbon, General Manuel Rafael Gorjão Henriques. When, on the evening of the 3rd, the President of the Council of Ministers Teixeira de Sousa informed him of the imminence of a revolt, a prevention order was soon sent to the garrisons in the city. The units of Artillery 3 and Light Infantry 6 were called from Santarém , while Infantry 15

8216-493: The public. The young king began his rule by nominating a consensus government presided by admiral Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral . This government of pacification , as it became known, despite achieving a temporary calm, only lasted for a short amount of time. The political situation degraded again quickly, leading to having seven different governments in the space of two years. The monarchical parties rose against each other once more and fragmented into splinter groups, while

8320-850: The rain and snow variations typical of the central region of the Iberian Peninsula, especially in reference to the mountain formations integrated here. The river's major floods usually occur from January to April, with an absolute maximum in March (when thawing occurs), while the lowest flows occur between July and October, with a minimum in September. This results in a very irregular course, with strong flow oscillations. As it passes through Alcántara (Cáceres), these range from 350 m /s (12,000 cu ft/s) in February and March to 11 m /s (390 cu ft/s) in August and September. This regime has been altered in

8424-592: The replacement of azulejo tiles along the southern veranda (1778), and construction of the birdhouses (1780). Initial construction of the Neoclassical horse training arena, designed by the Italian Giacomo Azzolini, began in 1828. The space is now occupied by the National Coach Museum After 1807, with the departure of the royal family for Brazil , the furniture and artwork were removed from

8528-416: The rights of the working class and attracted the sympathy of the dissatisfied sections of society. Disagreements within the party became more connected with matters of political than ideological strategy. The ideological direction of the Portuguese republicanism had been traced much earlier by the works of José Félix Henriques Nogueira , little changed through the years, except in terms of later adaptation to

8632-517: The riots organised in the Assembly by some republican Parliament representatives. It was on the night of 2 August that I understood that the crown was at stake: when the king, rightly or wrongly, is contested or rejected by a part of the opinion, he can no longer fulfil his unifying role. Amélie of Orléans Due to his young age (18 years) and the tragic and bloody way in which he reached power, Manuel II of Portugal obtained an initial sympathy from

8736-468: The royalist opposition as well; led by political rivals of Franco who accused him of governing as a dictator. The events were aggravated by the issues of the advanced payments to the Royal House and the signing of the decree of 30 January 1908 that foresaw the banishment to the colonies, without judgement, those involved in a failed republican coup two days prior. I saw a man with a black beard [...] open

8840-450: The scattering of about half the infantry. Paiva Couceiro responded with cannons and the infantry that remained during 45 minutes, ordering an attack that was carried out by around 30 soldiers, but which was beaten with some casualties. Continuing the gunfire, he ordered a new attack, but only 20 soldiers followed the order. Thinking that he had found the right time to assault the barracks of Artillery 1, Paiva Couceiro requested reinforcement to

8944-469: The second half of the 20th century as a result of the construction of different engineering works, aimed at regulating its basin for five main uses: drinking water supply, irrigation, water diversion to an external basin (that of the Segura River), electricity production, and cooling of nuclear power plants. The banks and areas of influence of the Tagus are home to relevant flora and fauna, representative of

9048-473: The secret societies such as the Carbonária – in whose leadership was integrated the naval commissary António Machado Santos —, the freemasons and the Junta Liberal , led by Miguel Bombarda . This eminent doctor played an important part in the dissemination of republican propaganda among the bourgeoisie, which brought many sympathisers to the republican cause. The period between the congress of 1909 and

9152-406: The third centenary of the death of Luís de Camões (Portugal's Shakespeare) in 1580, and the British ultimatum in 1890, for example, were capitalised on to present the republicans as the true representatives of the purest national sentiments and popular aspirations. The third centenary of Camões was commemorated with great celebrations: a civic entourage that went through the streets of Lisbon, in

9256-512: The two political parties ( Progressive and Regenerator ), the dictatorship of João Franco , and the regime's apparent inability to adapt to modern times all led to widespread resentment against the Monarchy. The proponents of the republic, particularly the Republican Party, found ways to take advantage of the situation. The Republican Party presented itself as the only one with a programme capable of regaining Portugal's lost status and placing it on

9360-435: The uprising, making it seem like the revolt had failed, it eventually succeeded thanks to the government's inability to gather enough troops to control the nearly two hundred armed revolutionaries that resisted in the Rotunda . In the summer of 1910 Lisbon was teeming with rumours and many times the President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Teixeira de Sousa was warned of imminent coups d'état . The revolution

9464-406: The valley now mostly filled with sediment. The delta is about 15 km (9 mi) wide and 25 km (16 mi) long, but its exit into the sea is only 2 km (1.2 mi) wide. It thus forms a large lagoon with large and very shallow sand banks which go uncovered during low tides. The delta used to be even bigger thousands of years ago. The hydrological regime of the Tagus is determined by

9568-531: The winner of a public competition promoted by the Secretary-General of the Presidency. President Jorge Sampaio commissioned painter Paula Rego for a series of paintings to decorate the walls of the palace chapel in 2002. The painter eventually gave her works entitled " Ciclo da Vida da Virgem Maria e da Paixão de Jesus Cristo " ( Cycle of Life of the Virgin Mary and the Passion of Jesus Christ ". The early exhibitions and Presidential initiatives would lead to

9672-417: Was accompanied by small repairs to the building, as well as the installation of gas lines and new lighting. In 1886, after his marriage to Princess Amélie of Orléans , King Carlos ordered renovations of the palace to prepare it as the royal residence. These were completed under the direction of architect Rafael de Silva Castro; the interior was decorated by Leandro Braga, Columbano and João Vaz . The palace

9776-422: Was also an intention to give the overthrow of the monarchy overtones of unification, nationalism and being above the particular interests of individual social classes. This panacea that would cure, once and for all, all the ills of the nation, elevating it to glory, emphasised two fundamental tendencies: nationalism and colonialism . From this combination came the final desertion of Iberian Federalism , patent in

9880-412: Was called from Tomar . As soon as news of the revolt was received, the plan was put into practice: the 1st Infantry, 2nd Infantry, 2nd Caçadores and 2nd Cavalry regiments and the artillery battery of Queluz , went to the Palace of Necessidades to protect the king, while the 5th Infantry and the 5th Caçadores moved to Rossio Square , with the mission to protect the military headquarters. As for

9984-431: Was composed by four infantry regiments, two cavalry regiments and two Caçadores (light infantry) battalions , with a theoretical total of 6982 men. However, in practice, there were other useful units in military outposts used for lookout and general police duties, especially in the industrial district of Barreiro due to the bout of strikes and syndicalist activity that had been ongoing since September. Ever since

10088-469: Was composed of around 200 to 300 men of the 1st Artillery Regiment, 50 to 60 men of the 16th Infantry Regiment and around 200 civilians. The captains Sá Cardoso and Palla and the naval commissary Machado Santos were among the 9 officers in command. Meanwhile, Lieutenant Ladislau Parreira and some officers and civilians entered the barracks of the Naval Corps of Alcântara at 1am, managing to take arms, provoke

10192-471: Was found in Arroios . In desperation, he had committed suicide by a shot to the head. Meanwhile, in Rotunda, the apparent calm in the city was so discouraging to the rebels that officers preferred to give up. Sá Cardoso, Palla and other officers retired to their houses, but Machado Santos stayed and assumed command. This decision proved fundamental to the success of the revolution. The military garrison of Lisbon

10296-453: Was launched which found, two years later, that the attack had been committed by members of the secret organisation Carbonária . The investigation formally concluded on 5 October 1910. However, more suspects were subsequently found to have had direct involvement, some of whom went into hiding in Brazil and France , though at least two had been killed by the Carbonária . Europe was shocked by

10400-455: Was linked by him to science, progress and well-being. Ideological issues were not, ultimately, fundamental to the republican strategy: for the majority of sympathisers, who didn't even know the texts of the main manifestos, it was enough to be against the monarchy, against the Church and against the political corruption of traditional parties. This lack of ideological preoccupation doesn't mean that

10504-432: Was no republican parliamentary representation. In this phase, while separated from parliament, the party committed itself to its internal organisation. After a period of great repression of PRP, the republican movement could reenter the legislative race in 1900, electing four parliament members: Afonso Costa , Alexandre Braga, António José de Almeida and João de Meneses. On 1 February 1908, while returning to Lisbon from

10608-412: Was not an exception: the coup was expected by the government, who on 3 October gave orders for all the garrison troops of the city to be on guard. After a dinner offered in honour of D. Manuel II by Brazilian president Hermes da Fonseca , then on a state visit to Portugal, the monarch retreated to the Palace of Necessidades while his uncle and sworn heir to the throne, prince D. Afonso , went on to

10712-499: Was the birthplace of the Prince Royal Luís Filipe in 1887 and Manuel in 1889. Between 1902 and 1903, remodelling of the interior spaces was undertaken by Rosendo Carvalheira, with the additional construction of a visitors' house on the north walk of the Pátio das Damas to receive delegations of foreign dignitaries. This addition was inaugurated with the official visit of the King of Spain, Alfonso XIII , to Portugal at

10816-632: Was the overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese monarchy and its replacement by the First Portuguese Republic . It was the result of a coup d'état organized by the Portuguese Republican Party . By 1910, the Kingdom of Portugal was in deep crisis: national anger over the 1890 British Ultimatum , the royal family's expenses, the assassination of the King and his heir in 1908 , changing religious and social views, instability of

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