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124-598: Pontoppidan was born in Aarhus to provost Ludvig Henriksen Pontoppidan (1648–1706) and his second wife Else Sophie Spend (1673–1707). His younger brother Christian Ludvigsen Pontoppidan (1696–1765) was a provist ( stiftsprovst ) in Aarhus. His father's first wife was Barbara Backer (1646–1689). Orphaned at an early age, Erik Pontoppidan was placed in the house of a distant relative, Justice Councilor D.C. Braes to Kokkedal in Torslev parish and

248-522: A sjó kona ( siókona [sic.]; "sea-woman"). Old Norse marmennill , -dill , masculine noun , is also listed as cognate to "†mermin", as well as ON margmelli , modern Icelandic marbendill , and modern Norwegian marmæle . Old English męrewif is another related term, and appears once in reference not so much to a mermaid but a certain sea hag , and not well-attested later. Its MHG cognate merwîp , also defined as " meerweib " in modern German with perhaps " merwoman "

372-550: A rewilding effort in Geding-Kasted Bog and continuous monitoring of the four Natura 2000 areas in the municipality. Aarhus has a population of 261,570 on 91 square kilometres (35 sq mi) for a density of 2,874/km (7,444/sq mi). Aarhus municipality has a population of 330,639 on 468 km with a density of 706/km (1,829/sq mi). Less than a fifth of the municipal population resides beyond city limits and almost all live in an urban area. The population of Aarhus

496-423: A central component in the local economy. The biotech industry is well-established in the city, with many small- and medium-sized companies mainly focused on research and development. There are multiple Big Tech companies with offices in the city, including Uber and Google . Several major companies are headquartered in Aarhus, including four of the ten largest in the country. These include Arla Foods , one of

620-418: A devilfish so large a whole cavalry regiment could maneuver on it." Despite the skepticism of his companions, they soon encounter "a squid of colossal dimensions." See, also, his The Sea Serpent . Pontoppidan was married three times. On 26 October 1723, he married Francisca Toxverd (died 1730). She was the daughter of minister Peder Frandsen Toxverd (died 1735). They had no children. Pontoppidan's second wife

744-509: A famed clan of merfolk with a place in Denmark, i.e., Sjælland. Sjælland was the divided portion of Villcina-land inherited by the bastard prince Vaði/Wade according to the saga. The Swedish epilogue transposed the locations concerning the battle (from Italy to Germany), and claimed the rescued Viðga/Witige was brought to Sjælland. That is to say, the crucial battle had been in Ravenna, Northern Italy in

868-409: A few kilometres south of the Aarhus city centre. The centre of Aarhus was originally a pagan burial site until Aarhus's first Christian church, Holy Trinity Church, a timber structure, was built upon it during the reign of Frode , King of Jutland, around 900. The bishopric of Aarhus dates back to at least 948 when Adam of Bremen reported that the missionary bishop Reginbrand of Aros attended

992-416: A few so-called ghettos , defined as residential areas with more than half of inhabitants from non-Western countries and with relatively high levels of poverty and/or crime. Gellerup is the most notable neighbourhood in that respect. The ghetto-labelling has been criticized as unnecessarily stigmatising and counterproductive for social and economical development of the related areas. The economy of Aarhus

1116-404: A medieval Þiðreks saga only in a late, reworked Swedish version, i.e., one of the closing chapters of Ðiðriks saga (fifteenth century, also known as the "Swedish epilogue" ). The mermaid/undine is here translated as Old Swedish haffru . The Old Norse Þiðreks saga proper calls the same mermaid a sjó kona ( siókona [sic.]) or "sea-woman". The genealogy is given in

1240-422: A new business and residential quarter. The main bus terminal close by is planned to be moved to the central railway station and the site will be redeveloped to a new residential neighbourhood. Elsewhere in the inner city, the site of the former Ceres breweries was redeveloped in 2012–2019 as a new mixed use neighbourhood known as CeresByen . Construction of Aarhus Letbane , the first light rail system in

1364-549: A novel, Menoza (3 vols., 1742–1743), a critique of the religious conditions of Denmark and other countries. In 1747 he was appointed bishop at Bergen , where he introduced many educational reforms, and wrote Glossarium Norvagicum (1749) and Forsøk til Norges naturlige historie (Copenhagen, 1752–1753), while his pastoral letters formed in part the basis of his later Collegium pastorale practicum (1757). The antagonism which Pontoppidan roused at Bergen, however, obliged him to go in 1754 to Copenhagen, where he became prochancellor at

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1488-507: A part of the siren may be bird or fish. In a ninth-century Physiologus manufactured in France (Fig., top left), the siren was illustrated as a "woman-fish", i.e., mermaid-like, despite being described as bird-like in the text. The Bodleian bestiary dated 1220–12 also pictures a group of fish-tailed mermaid-like sirens (Fig. bottom), contradicting its text which likens it to a winged fowl ( volatilis habet figuram ) down to their feet. In

1612-626: A period of creativity and optimism; Gaffa and the KaosPilot school were founded in 1983 and 1991 respectively, and Aarhus was at the centre of a renaissance in Danish rock and pop music launching bands and musicians such as TV2 , Gnags , Thomas Helmig , Bamses Venner , Anne Dorte Michelsen , Mek Pek and Shit & Chanel . Since the turn of the millennium, Aarhus has seen an unprecedented building boom with many new institutions, infrastructure projects, city districts and recreational areas. Several of

1736-627: A third of those employed within the Aarhus municipality commute from neighbouring communities. Aarhus is a centre for retail in the Nordic and Baltic countries, with expansive shopping centres, the busiest commercial street in the country and a dense urban core with many speciality shops. The job market is knowledge- and service-based, and the largest employment sectors are healthcare and social services, trade, education, consulting, research, industry and telecommunications. The municipality has more high- and middle-income jobs, and fewer low-income jobs, than

1860-415: A total of four churches. The 13th century also marks a thorough reorganisation, erasing most of the town's original layout with new streets, relocations, dismantling and new constructions. The Church clearly had the upper hand in the Aarhus region during medieval times, and the large bishopric of Aarhus prospered and expanded territory, reaching as far as Viborg in extent. In 1441, Christopher III issued

1984-492: A valid English definition. The word is attested, among other medieval epics, in the Nibelungenlied , and rendered "merwoman", "mermaid", "water sprite", or other terms; the two in the story are translated as ON sjó konur ("sea-women"). The siren of Ancient Greek mythology became conflated with mermaids during the medieval period. Some European Romance languages still use cognate terms for siren to denote

2108-546: A year (2012). Grain is the principal export, while feedstuffs , stone, cement and coal are among the chief imports. Since 2012 the port has faced increasing competition from the Port of Hamburg and freight volumes have decreased somewhat from the peak in 2008. The ferry terminal presents the only alternative to the Great Belt Link for passenger transport between Jutland and Zealand . It has served different ferry companies since

2232-598: Is 10 hours and 30 minutes. Aarhus is the seat of Aarhus Municipality, and Aarhus City Council ( Aarhus Byråd ) is also the municipal government with headquarters in Aarhus City Hall . The Mayor of Aarhus since 2010 is Jacob Bundsgaard of the Social Democrats . Municipal elections are held every fourth year on the third Tuesday of November with the next election in 2021. The city council consists of 31 members elected for four-year terms. When an election has determined

2356-727: Is British author William Bond , who has written several books about it. Two prophetic merwomen (MHG pl.: merwîp ), Sigelinde (MHG: Sigelint) and her maternal aunt Hadeburg (MHG: Hadeburc) are bathing in the Danube River when Hagen von Tronje encounters them ( Nibelungenlied , Âventiure 25). They are called sjókonar ("sea women") in the Old Norse Þiđreks saga . There is a swan maiden tale motif involved here (Hagen robs their clothing), but Grimm argued they must have actually been swan maidens, since they are described as hovering above water. In any case, this brief segment became

2480-460: Is a compound of the two Old Norse words; ár , genitive of á ("river", Modern Danish å ), and oss ("mouth") referencing the city's location at the mouth of Aarhus Å ( Aarhus River ). In Valdemar's Census Book (1231) the city was called Arus , and in Icelandic it was known as Aros , later written as Aars. The spelling "Aarhus" is first found in 1406 and gradually became

2604-490: Is a type of longship ), east of the Brabrand Lake close to Viby , and it was in use for more than 400 years from the late 700s till around the mid-1200s. Archaeological evidence indicates that Aarhus was a town as early as the last quarter of the 8th century. Discoveries after a 2003 archaeological dig included half-buried longhouses , firepits, glass pearls and a road dated to the late 700s. Several excavations in

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2728-479: Is both younger and better-educated than the national average which can be attributed to the high concentration of educational institutions. More than 40% of the population have an academic degree while only some 14% have no secondary education or trade. The largest age group is 20- to 29-year-olds and the average age is 37.5, making it the youngest city in the country and one of its youngest municipalities. Women have slightly outnumbered men for many years. The city

2852-469: Is by far the largest religious institution both in the city and the country as a whole. Some 20% of the population are not officially affiliated with any religion, a percentage that has been slowly rising for many years. During the 1990s there was significant immigration from Turkey and in the 2000s, there was a fast growth in the overall immigrant community, from 27,783 people in 1999 to 40,431 in 2008. The majority of immigrants have roots outside Europe and

2976-488: Is explicit in the aforementioned Old German Physiologus (eleventh century ). The Middle English bestiary (mid-13th century) clearly means "mermaid" when it explains the siren to be a mereman , stating that she has a body and breast like that of a maiden but joined, at the navel, by a body part which is definitely fish, with fins growing out of her. Old French verse bestiaries (e.g. Philipp de Thaun 's version, written c. 1121–1139) also accommodated by stating that

3100-556: Is formed from " mere " (sea), and " maid ". Another English word "†mermin" ( headword in the OED ) for 'siren or mermaid' is older, though now obsolete. It derives from Old English męremęnen , ad. męre 'sea' + męnen 'female slave', earliest attestation mereminne , as a gloss for "siren", in Corpus Glossary (c. 725). A Middle English example mereman in a bestiary (c. 1220?; manuscript now dated to 1275–1300 )

3224-452: Is home to 75 different religious groups and denominations, most of which are Christian or Muslim with a smaller number of Buddhist, Hindu, and Jewish communities. Since the 1990s there has been a marked growth in diverse new spiritual groups although the total number of followers remains small. The majority of the population are members of the Protestant state church, Church of Denmark , which

3348-567: Is home to a Bronze Age barrow shrouded in local myths and legends. The hilly area around Aarhus consists of a morainal plateau from the last ice age, broken by a complex system of tunnel valleys . The most prominent valleys of this network are the Aarhus Valley in the south, stretching inland east–west with the Aarhus River, Brabrand Lake, Årslev Lake and Tåstrup Lake, and the Egå Valley to

3472-469: Is indeed a 'mermaid', part maiden, part fish-like. Its Old High German cognate merimenni is known from biblical glosses and Physiologus . The Middle High German cognate merminne , (mod. German " meerweib "), "mermaid", is attested in epics, and the one in Rabenschlacht is a great-grandmother; this same figure is in an Old Swedish text a haffru , and in Old Norse

3596-468: Is predominantly knowledge- and service-based, strongly influenced by the University of Aarhus and the large healthcare industry. The service sector dominates the economy and is growing as the city transitions away from manufacturing. Trade and transportation remain important sectors, benefiting from the large port and central position on the rail network. Manufacturing has been in slow but steady decline since

3720-482: Is the longest cathedral in Denmark with a total length of 93 m (305 ft). The Church of our Lady ( Vor Frue Kirke ) was originally built in 1060, making it the oldest stone church in Scandinavia. The City Hall , designed by Arne Jacobsen and Erik Møller , was completed in 1941 in a modern Functionalist style. Aarhus Theatre , the largest provincial theatre in Denmark, opposite the cathedral on Bispetorvet,

3844-573: Is the second-largest city in Denmark and the seat of Aarhus Municipality . It is located on the eastern shore of Jutland in the Kattegat sea and approximately 187 kilometres (116 mi) northwest of Copenhagen . Dating back to the late 8th century, Aarhus was founded as a harbour settlement at the mouth of the Aarhus River and quickly became a trade hub. The first Christian church was built here around

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3968-923: The Atlantic Wall in west Jutland and cargo headed for Germany. Combined, these factors resulted in a strong German presence, especially in 1944–45. Small resistance groups first appeared in 1941–42 but the first to co-ordinate with the Freedom Council was the Samsing Group , responsible for most operations from early 1943. The Samsing group, along with others in and around Aarhus, was dismantled in June 1944 when Grethe "Thora" Bartram turned her family and acquaintances over to German authorities. In response, requests for assistance were sent to contacts in England and in October 1944

4092-645: The Baltic Sea . The ARoS Art Museum , the Old Town Museum and Tivoli Friheden are among Denmark's top tourist attractions . With a combined total of almost 1.4 million visitors they represent the driving force behind tourism but other venues such as Moesgård Museum and Kvindemuseet are also popular. The city's extensive shopping facilities are also said to be a major attraction for tourists, as are festivals, especially NorthSide and SPOT . Many visitors arrive on cruise ships: in 2012, 18 vessels visited

4216-605: The Danish straits and the fertile countryside. The trade, however, was not nearly as prominent as that in Ribe and Hedeby during the Viking Age, and it was primarily linked to Norway as evidenced by archaeological finds. A shipbuilding yard from the Viking Age was uncovered upriver in 2002 by archaeologists. It was located at a place formerly known as Snekkeeng , or Snekke Meadow in English ('Snekke'

4340-685: The Folketing (national Parliament). The diocese of Aarhus has four deaneries composed of 60 parishes within Aarhus municipality. Aarhus municipality contains 21 postal districts and some parts of another 9. The urban area of Aarhus and the immediate suburbs are divided into the districts Aarhus C , Aarhus N , Aarhus V , Viby J , Højbjerg and Brabrand . Aarhus has increasingly been investing in environmental planning and, in accordance with national policy, aims to be CO 2 -neutral and independent of fossil fuels for heating by 2030. The municipal power plants were adapted for this purpose in

4464-587: The Peter group . The increasingly destructive occupation was compounded when an ammunition barge exploded in July 1944, destroying much of the harbour area. On 5 May 1945 German forces in Denmark surrendered but during the transitional period fighting broke out resulting in 22 dead. On 8 May the British Royal Dragoons entered the city. In the 1970s and 1980s the city entered a period of rapid economic growth and

4588-647: The Royal Air Force bombed the Gestapo headquarters successfully destroying archives and obstructing the ongoing investigation. In the summer of 1944 the Copenhagen-based resistance group Holger Danske helped establish the 5 Kolonne group and an SOE agent arrived from England to liaison with the L-groups . Subsequently, resistance operations escalated which was countered with Schalburgtage terror operations by

4712-597: The Royal Greenland Trading Department and was a councilman in Copenhagen. Pontoppidan's Heller Glaubensspiegel was an influence on Swedish Lutheran lay preacher Carl Olof Rosenius , impressing upon him the importance of conversion and having a living faith. Aarhus Aarhus ( / ˈ ɔːr h uː s / , US also / ˈ ɑːr -/ , Danish: [ˈɒːˌhuˀs] ; officially spelled Århus from 1948 until 1 January 2011)

4836-516: The Swedish wars and trade was dampened by the preferential treatment of the capital by the state. Not until the middle of the 18th century did growth return, in large part due to trade with the large agricultural catchment areas around the city; grain, particularly, proved to be a remunerative export. The first factories were established at this time, as the Industrial Revolution reached

4960-766: The University of Copenhagen to study theology, earning his certificate ( attestats ) in 1718. Pontoppidan worked as a private tutor in Norway in 1719–1720. He was then engaged as hovmester for Ivar Huitfeldt 's son Claus with whom he went to the Netherlands and England (1720–1721). During their stay in Utrecht , he came into personal contact with the then-influential reformed theologian Friedrich Adolph Lampe , whose theological thinking left an impression on him. In 1721 he became private tutor for Frederick Carl of Carlstein (later duke of Plön ), and two years later morning preacher in

5084-428: The district heating system. Since 2015, the city has been implementing energy-saving LED technology in street lighting; by January 2019, about half of the municipal street lighting had been changed. Apart from reducing the city's CO 2 emissions, it saves 30% on the electricity bill, thereby making it a self-financed project over a 20-year period. The municipality aims for a coherent and holistic administration of

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5208-527: The dockyard Aarhus Flydedok and the oil mill Århus Oliefabrik . Aarhus became the largest provincial city in the country by the turn of the century and the city marketed itself as the "Capital of Jutland". The population increased from 15,000 in 1870 to 52,000 in 1901 and, in response, the city annexed large land areas to develop new residential quarters such as Trøjborg , Frederiksbjerg and Marselisborg . Many of its cultural institutions were also established at this time such as Aarhus Theatre (1900),

5332-700: The octroi was abolished and the city walls were removed to provide easier access for trade. Regular steamship links with Copenhagen had begun with the Jylland in 1825–26 and the Dania (1827–36), and in 1862 Jutland's first railway was established between Aarhus and Randers . In the second half of the 19th century, industrialisation came into full effect and a number of new industries emerged around production and refinement of agricultural products, especially oil and butter. Many companies from this time would come to leave permanent iconic marks on Aarhus. The Ceres Brewery

5456-694: The pre-quaternary . By contrast, the Aarhus River Valley and the Giber River Valley are late glacial meltwater valleys . The coastal cliffs along the Bay of Aarhus consist of shallow tertiary clay from the Eocene and Oligocene (57 to 24 million years ago). Aarhus has a temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) and the weather is constantly influenced by major weather systems from all four ordinal directions , resulting in unstable conditions throughout

5580-534: The sirens of Greek mythology , which were originally half-birdlike, but came to be pictured as half-fishlike in the Christian era. Historical accounts of mermaids, such as those reported by Christopher Columbus during his exploration of the Caribbean , may have been sightings of manatees or similar aquatic mammals. While there is no evidence that mermaids exist outside folklore, reports of mermaid sightings continue to

5704-589: The synod of Ingelheim in Germany, but the late Viking Age during the Christianization of Scandinavia was a turbulent and violent time with several naval attacks on the town, such as Harald Hardrada 's assault around 1050, when the Holy Trinity Church was burned to the ground. Despite the conflicts, Aarhus continued to prosper from the trade and the finding of six runestones in and around Aarhus indicates

5828-472: The university in the following year. However, all his plans in this capacity were thwarted by his opponents, and he sought consolation in writing, the results being his Origines Hafnienses (1760) and the first two parts of his Den danske Atlas (1763–1767), of which the last five volumes were edited posthumously. He was also active as a political economist, being the editor of Danmarks og Norges ökonomiske Magazin (8 vols., 1757–1764). Pontoppidan argued for

5952-421: The water cycle to protect against, and clean up previous, pollution as well as encourage green growth and self-sufficiency. The main issues are excessive nutrients , adapting to increased (and increasing) levels of precipitation brought on by climate change , and securing the water supply. These goals have manifested in a number of large water treatment projects often in collaboration with private partners. In

6076-566: The "foundational" groundwork of subsequent water-nix lore and literature that developed in the Germanic sphere. They are a probable source of the three Rhine maidens in Richard Wagner 's opera Das Rheingold . Though conceived of as swan-maidens in Wagner's 1848 scenario, the number being a threesome was suggested by the woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld and Eugen Napoleon Neureuther in

6200-418: The 1844 elections, only 174 citizens qualified out of a total population of more than 7,000. The first city council, mainly composed of wealthy merchants and industrialists, quickly looked to improve the harbour, situated along the Aarhus River . Larger ships and growing freight volumes made a river harbour increasingly impractical. In 1840, the harbour was moved to the coast, north of the river, where it became

6324-420: The 1960s while agriculture has long been a marginal sector within the municipality. The municipality is home to 175,000 jobs with some 100,000 in the private sector and the rest split between state, region and municipality. The region is a major agricultural producer , with many large farms in the outlying districts. People commute to Aarhus from as far away as Randers , Silkeborg and Skanderborg and almost

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6448-501: The 19th century. The city began to grow significantly as trade prospered in the mid-18th century, but not until the mid-19th century did the Industrial Revolution bring real growth in population. The first railway line in Jutland was built here in 1862. In 1928, the first university in Jutland was founded in Aarhus and today it is a university city and the largest centre for trade, services, industry, and tourism in Jutland. Aarhus Cathedral

6572-533: The 2000s, underground rainwater basins were built across the city while the two lakes Årslev Engsø and Egå Engsø were created in 2003 and 2006 respectively. The number of sewage treatment plants is planned to be reduced from 17 to 2 by 2025, as the treatment plants in Marselisborg and Egå are scheduled for expansion to take over all waste water treatment. They have already been refitted for biogas production to become net producers of electricity and heat. To aid

6696-531: The 2010s. In 2015, the municipality took over three private straw -fired heating plants and the year after, a new 77 MW combined heat and power biomass plant at Lisbjerg Power Station was completed while Studstrup Power Station finished a refit to move from coal to wood chips. In conjunction with the development of the Docklands district there are plans for a utility-scale seawater heat pump which will take advantage of fluctuating electricity prices to supply

6820-588: The Aa spelling as an alternative and most newspapers and public institutions will accept either. Some official authorities such as the Danish Language Committee , publisher of the Danish Orthographic Dictionary , still retain Århus as the main name, providing Aarhus as a second option, in brackets and some institutions are still using Århus explicitly in their official name, such as

6944-530: The Aarhus Bay imposing a temperate effect on the low-lying valley floor where central Aarhus is located. Brabrand Lake to the west further contributes to this effect and as a result, the valley has a comparably mild, temperate climate. The sandy ground on the valley floor dries up quickly after winter and warms faster in the summer than the surrounding hills of moist-retaining boulder clay . These conditions affect crops and plants that often bloom 1–2 weeks earlier in

7068-446: The Bay of Aarhus provides a natural harbour with a depth of 10 m (33 ft) quite close to the shore. Aarhus was founded at the mouth of a brackish water fjord , but the original fjord no longer exists, as it has gradually narrowed into what is now the Aarhus River and the Brabrand Lake , due to natural sedimentation . The land around Aarhus was once covered by forests, remains of which exist in parts of Marselisborg Forest to

7192-593: The Danish Preserved Butter Company in 1874, focusing on butter export to England, China and Africa and later founded the Aarhus Butterine Company in 1883, the first Danish margarine factory. His company became an important local employer, with factory employees increasing from 100 in 1896 to 1,000 in 1931, partaking in the effective transformation of the city from a regional trade hub to an industrial centre. Other new factories of note included

7316-510: The German advance through Jutland. The war and occupation left a notable impact on the city as many streets, particularly on Frederiksbjerg , are named after Danish officers of the time. Fifteen years later, in 1864, the city was occupied again, this time for seven months, during the Second Schleswig War . In spite of wars and occupation, the city continued to expand and develop. In 1851,

7440-670: The Macedonian king's material via some unnamed source. There is a mermaid legend attached to Alexander the Great's sister, but this is of post-medieval vintage (see below ). Sometime before 546 BC, Milesian philosopher Anaximander postulated that mankind had sprung from an aquatic animal species, a theory that is sometimes called the Aquatic Ape Theory . He thought that humans, who begin life with prolonged infancy , could not have survived otherwise. There are also naturalist theories on

7564-507: The Middle Ages. The traits of the classical sirens, such as using their beautiful song as a lure as told by Homer, have often been transferred to mermaids. These change of the medieval siren from bird to fish were thought by some to be the influence of Teutonic myth, later expounded in literary legends of Lorelei and Undine ; though a dissenting comment is that parallels are not limited to Teutonic culture. The earliest text describing

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7688-516: The Moesgård Museum, Gender Museum Denmark , Musikhuset Aarhus and Aarhus Theatre . Known as Smilets By (lit. City of Smiles) it is the Danish city with the youngest demographics and home to Scandinavia 's largest university, Aarhus University . Commercially, the city is the principal container port in the country, and major Danish companies such as Vestas , Arla Foods , Salling Group , and Jysk have their headquarters there. Aarhus

7812-511: The Old . The fortifications were later improved and expanded by his son Harald Bluetooth , encircling the settlement much like the defence structures found at Viking ring fortresses elsewhere. Together with the town's geographical placement, this suggests that Aros became an important military centre in the Viking Age. There are also strong indications of a former royal residence from the same period in Viby ,

7936-516: The Pfizer edition of 1843 (fig. on the left). Middle High German mereminne 'mermaid' is mentioned, among other epics, in the Rabenschlacht ("Battle of Ravenna", 13th cent.) of the Dietrich cycle. The mermaid (or undine ) is named Wâchilt and is the ancestress of the traitorous Wittich who carries him off at the time of peril to her "submarine home". This material has been found translated as

8060-481: The United Kingdom. Overall, they spend roughly DKK 3 billion (€402 million) in the city each year. The primary motivation for tourists choosing Aarhus as a destination is experiencing the city and culture, family and couples vacation or as a part of a round trip in Denmark. The average stay is little more than three days on average. Mermaid In folklore , a mermaid is an aquatic creature with

8184-407: The Viking Age, were abandoned to accommodate expansion. Parts of the ramparts still exist today and can be experienced as steep slopes at the riverside, and they have also survived in some place names of the inner city, including the streets of Volden (The Rampart) and Graven (The Moat). Aarhus grew to become one of the largest cities in the country by the early 16th century. In 1657, octroi

8308-600: The aforementioned Kurzgefasste Reformationshistorie der dänischen Kirche . Pontoppidan became successively pastor in Hillerød and castle preacher in Frederiksborg (1734), Danish court preacher at Copenhagen (1735), professor extraordinary of theology at the University (1738), and a member of the mission board (1740), meanwhile writing his Everriculum fermenti veteris (1736) and Böse Sprichwörter (1739). In 1736 Pontoppidan

8432-403: The bay to the northeast. Mols and Helgenæs are both part of the larger regional peninsula of Djursland . A number of larger cities and towns is within easy reach from Aarhus by road and rail, including Randers (38.5 kilometres (23.9 mi) by road north), Grenå (northeast), Horsens (50 kilometres (31 mi) south) and Silkeborg (44 kilometres (27 mi) east). At Aarhus's location,

8556-656: The castle and afternoon preacher in Nordborg. From 1726 to 1734 he was pastor at Hagenberg, where he so protected the pietists as to find it advisable to defend his course against the Lutherans with Dialogus; oder Unterredung Severi, Sinceri, und Simplicis von der Religion and Reinheit der Lehre (1726) and Heller Glaubensspiegel (1727). During this same period he laid the foundation of his later topographical and historical works in Memoria Hafniæ (1729); Theatrum Daniæ (1736); and

8680-435: The city had some significance around the year 1000, as only wealthy nobles traditionally used them. The bishopric diocese was obliterated for almost a hundred years after Reginbrand in 988, but in 1060 a new bishop Christian was ordained and he founded a new church in Aarhus, Sankt Nicolai Domkirke ( St. Nicholas Cathedral ), this time in stone. It was erected outside the town fortifications, and stood finished in 1070 at

8804-503: The city seaside, are being converted to new mixed-use districts. It is among the largest harbourfront projects in Europe. The northern part dubbed Aarhus Ø ( Aarhus Docklands ) is almost finished as of 2018, while the southern district dubbed Sydhavnskvarteret (The South-harbour neighbourhood) is only starting to be developed. The adjacent site of Frederiks Plads at the former DSB repair facilities have been under construction since 2014 as

8928-445: The city, such as the Aarhus River, changed from Århus Å to Aarhus Å . Founded in the early Viking Age , Aarhus is one of the oldest cities in Denmark, along with Ribe and Hedeby . The original Aros settlement was situated on the northern shores of a fjord by the mouth of the Aarhus River , right where the city center is today. It quickly became a hub for sea-going trade due to its position on intersecting trade routes in

9052-417: The composition of the council, it elects a mayor, two deputy mayors and five aldermen from their ranks. Anyone who is eligible to vote and who resides within the municipality can run for a seat on the city council provided they can secure endorsements and signatures from 50 inhabitants of the municipality. The first publicly elected mayor of Aarhus was appointed in 1919. In the 1970 Danish Municipal Reform

9176-481: The construction projects are among the largest in Europe, such as the New University Hospital (DNU) and the harbourfront redevelopment. Both the skyline and land use of the inner city is changing, as former industrial sites are being redeveloped into new city districts and neighbourhoods. Starting in 2008, the former docklands known as De Bynære Havnearealer (The Peri-urban Harbour-areas), and closest to

9300-399: The contamination of the siren myth with Scylla and Charybdis. The female oceanids , nereids and naiads are mythical water nymphs or deities, although not depicted with fish tails. "Nereid" and "nymph" have also been applied to actual mermaid-like marine creatures purported to exist, from Pliny (cf. §Roman Lusitania and Gaul ) and onwards. Jane Ellen Harrison (1882) has speculated that

9424-422: The country, and in 1810 the harbour was expanded to accommodate growing trade. Aarhus began to prosper in the 1830s as the industrial revolution reached the city and factories with steam-driven machinery became more productive. In 1838, the electoral laws were reformed leading to elections for the 15 seats on the city council. The rules were initially very strict, allowing only the wealthiest citizens to run. In

9548-492: The country, commenced in 2013, and the first increment was finished in December 2017. Since then, the lightrail service has been expanded with two intercity sections to the towns of Odder and Grenå , respectively, and also includes a northward leg to the suburb of Lisbjerg . The light rail system is planned to tie many other suburbs closer to central Aarhus in the future, with the next phase including local lines to Brabrand in

9672-461: The current Aarhus municipality was created by merging 20 municipalities. Aarhus was the seat of Aarhus County until the 2007 Danish municipal reform, which substituted the Danish counties with five regions and replaced Aarhus County with Central Denmark Region ( Region Midtjylland ), seated in Viborg . Aarhus Municipality has 45 electoral wards and polling stations in four electoral districts for

9796-527: The developed world, comprising some 25,000 people from 130 different nationalities, with the largest groups coming from the Middle East and North Africa. Some 15,000 have come from within Europe, with Poland, Germany, Romania and Norway being the largest contributors. Many immigrants have established themselves in the suburbs of Brabrand , Hasle and Viby , where the percentage of inhabitants with foreign origins has risen by 66% since 2000. This has resulted in

9920-495: The early 2000s, the city has experienced an influx of larger companies moving from other parts of the Jutland peninsula. The Port of Aarhus is one of the largest industrial ports in northern Europe with the largest container terminal in Denmark, processing more than 50% of Denmark's container traffic and accommodating the largest container vessels in the world. It is a municipal self-governing port with independent finances. The facilities handle some 9.5 million tonnes of cargo

10044-470: The east and Hinnerup to the north. Accelerating growth since the early 2000s, brought the inner urban area to roughly 260,000 inhabitants by 2014. The rapid growth is expected to continue until at least 2030 when Aarhus municipality has set an ambitious target for 375,000 inhabitants. Aarhus is located at the Bay of Aarhus facing the Kattegat sea in the east with the peninsulas of Mols and Helgenæs across

10168-561: The existence of the sea serpent , the kraken and the mermaid in his two-volume work, Forsøk til Norges naturlige historie (The Natural History of Norway) , published in 1752 and 1753. Herman Melville , in his novel Moby-Dick , talks about "the great Kraken of Bishop Pontoppodan". Jules Verne , in his novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas , references this aspect of Pontoppidan's work. The narrator, Professor Aronnax, explains that "another bishop, Pontoppidan of Bergen, also tells of

10292-427: The first steamship route to Copenhagen opened in 1830. Currently, Mols-Linien operates the route and annually transports some two million passengers and a million vehicles. Additional roll-on/roll-off cargo ferries serve Finland and Kalundborg on a weekly basis and smaller outlying Danish ports at irregular intervals. Since the early 2000s the port has increasingly become a destination for cruise lines operating in

10416-451: The head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including Europe, Asia, and Africa. Mermaids are sometimes associated with perilous events such as floods, storms, shipwrecks , and drownings. In other folk traditions (or sometimes within the same traditions), they can be benevolent or beneficent, bestowing boons or falling in love with humans. The male equivalent of

10540-409: The inner city since the 1960s have revealed wells, streets, homes and workshops, and inside the buildings and adjoining archaeological layers, everyday utensils like combs, jewellery and basic multi-purpose tools from approximately the year 900 have been unearthed. The early town was fortified with defensive earthen ramparts in the first part of the 900s, possibly in the year 934 on order from king Gorm

10664-403: The interim, the siren as pure mermaid was becoming commonplace, particularly in the so-called "Second Family" Latin bestiaries, as represented in one of the early manuscripts classified into this group ( Additional manuscript 11283, c. 1170–1180s. Fig., top right). While the siren holding a fish was a commonplace theme, the siren in bestiaries were also sometimes depicted holding the comb, or

10788-409: The largest dairy groups in Europe, Salling Group , Denmark's largest retailer, Jysk , a worldwide retailer of household goods, Vestas , a global wind turbine manufacturer, Terma A/S , a major defence and aerospace manufacturer, Per Aarsleff , a civil engineering company and several large retail companies. Other large employers of note include Krifa, Systematic A/S , ), and Bestseller A/S . Since

10912-522: The largest industrial harbour outside Copenhagen over the following 15 years. From the outset, the new harbour was controlled by the city council, as it is to this day. During the First Schleswig War , Aarhus was occupied by German troops from 21 June to 24 July 1849. The city was spared any fighting, but in Vejlby north of the city a cavalry skirmish known as Rytterfægtningen took place which stopped

11036-407: The local newspaper Århus Stiftstidende and the schools Århus Kunstakademi and Århus Statsgymnasium . "Aa" was used by some major institutions between 1948 and 2011 as well, such as Aarhus University or the largest local sports club, Aarhus Gymnastikforening (AGF), which has never used the "Å" spelling. Certain geographically affiliated names have been updated to reflect the name of

11160-445: The mermaid is the merman , also a familiar figure in folklore and heraldry . Although traditions about and reported sightings of mermen are less common than those of mermaids, they are in folklore generally assumed to co-exist with their female counterparts. The male and the female collectively are sometimes referred to as merfolk or merpeople. The Western concept of mermaids as beautiful, seductive singers may have been influenced by

11284-482: The mermaid, e.g., French sirène and Spanish and Italian sirena . Some commentators have sought to trace origins further back into § Ancient Middle Eastern mythology . In the early Greek period, the sirens were conceived of as human-headed birds, but by the classical period, the Greeks sporadically depicted the siren as part fish in art. The siren's part-fish appearance became increasingly popular during

11408-470: The mermaids or tritonesses of Greek and Roman mythology may have been brought from the Middle East , possibly transmitted by Phoenician mariners. The Greek god Triton had two fish tails instead of legs, and later became pluralized as a group. The prophetic sea deity Glaucus was also depicted with a fish tail and sometimes with fins for arms. Depictions of entities with the upper bodies of humans and

11532-469: The mirror. The comb and mirror became a persistent symbol of the siren-mermaid. In the Christian moralizing context (e.g the bestiaries), the mermaid's mirror and comb were held as the symbol of vanity. The sea-monsters Scylla and Charybdis , who lived near the sirens, were also female and had some fishlike attributes. Though Scylla's violence is contrasted with the sirens' seductive ways by certain classical writers, Scylla and Charybdis lived near

11656-423: The national average. Today, te majority of the largest companies in the municipality are in the sectors of trade, transport and media. The wind power industry has strong roots in Aarhus and the larger region of Central Jutland , and nationally, most of the revenue in the industry is generated by companies in the greater Aarhus area. The wind industry employs about a thousand people within the municipality, making it

11780-531: The new treatment plants, and avoid floodings, sewage and stormwater throughout the municipality is planned to be separated into two different drainage systems. Construction began in 2017 in several areas, but it is a long process that is scheduled to be finished by 2085. Afforestation projects have been undertaken to prevent groundwater pollution , secure drinking water, sequester CO 2 , increase biodiversity , create an attractive countryside, provide easy access to nature and offer outdoor activities to

11904-440: The norm in the 17th century. With the Danish spelling reform of 1948 , "Aa" was changed to "Å". Some Danish cities resisted the change but Aarhus city council opted to change the name. In 2010, the city council voted to change the name back from Århus to Aarhus again with effect from 1 January 2011. It is still grammatically correct to write geographical names with the letter Å and local councils are allowed to use

12028-439: The north, with the stream of Egåen , Egå Engsø , the bog of Geding-Kasted Mose and Geding Lake . Most parts of the two valleys have been drained and subsequently farmed, but in the early 2000s some of the drainage was removed and parts of the wetlands were restored for environmental reasons. The valley system also includes the stream of Lyngbygård Å in the west and valleys to the south of the city, following erosion channels from

12152-405: The oldest known charter granting market town status, although similar privileges may have existed as far back as the 12th century. The charter is the first official recognition of the town as a regional power and is by some considered Aarhus's birth certificate. The commercial and religious status spurred town growth, and in 1477 the defensive earthen ramparts, which had ringed the town since

12276-472: The original State Library (1902), Aarhus University (1928) and several hospitals. On 9 April 1940, Nazi Germany invaded Denmark, occupying Aarhus the following day; the occuption lasted for five years. This was a destructive period with major disasters, loss of life and economic depression. The Port of Aarhus became a hub for supplies to the Baltics and Norway , while the surrounding rail network supplied

12400-407: The origins of the mermaid, postulating they derive from sightings of manatees , dugongs or even seals . Still another theory, tangentially related to the aforementioned Aquatic Ape Theory , is that the mermaids of folklore were actually human women who trained over time to be skilled divers for things like sponges , and spent a lot of time in the sea as a result. One proponent of this theory

12524-455: The port with over 38,000 passengers. In the 2010s, there was a significant expansion of tourist facilities, culminating in the opening of the 240-room Comwell Hotel in July 2014, which increased the number of hotel rooms in the city by 25%. Some estimates put the number of visitors spending at least one night as high as 750,000 a year, most of them Danes from other regions, with the remainder coming mainly from Norway, Sweden, northern Germany and

12648-570: The present day. Mermaids have been a popular subject of art and literature in recent centuries, such as in Hans Christian Andersen 's literary fairy tale " The Little Mermaid " (1837). They have subsequently been depicted in operas, paintings, books, comics, animation, and live-action films. The English word "mermaid" has its earliest-known attestation in Middle English ( Chaucer , Nun's Priest's Tale , c. 1390). The compound word

12772-475: The public. In 2000, the first project, the New Forests of Aarhus , was completed, which aimed to double the forest cover in the municipality and, in 2009, another phase was announced to double forest cover once more before the year 2030. The afforestation plans were realised as a local project in collaboration with private landowners, under a larger national agenda. Other projects to expand natural habitats include

12896-448: The saga: the sea-woman and Villcinus (Vilkinus), king of Scandinavia together had a son, Vaði ( Wade ) of (Sjóland= Sjælland , Zealand) who was a giant ( risi ); whose son was Velent ( Wayland the Smith ), whose son after that was Viðga Velentsson (Wittich or Witige ), who became a companion/champion of King Þiðrekr (Dietrich von Bern). Thus the saga is an early source which associates

13020-410: The service sector overtook trade, industry and crafts as the leading sector of employment for the first time. Workers gradually began commuting to the city from most of east and central Jutland as the region became more interconnected. The student population tripled between 1965 and 1977 turning the city into a Danish centre of research and education. The growing and comparably young population initiated

13144-500: The siren as fish-tailed occurs in the Liber Monstrorum de diversis generibus (seventh to mid-eighth century), which described sirens as "sea girls" ( marinae pullae ) whose beauty in form and sweet song allure seafarers, but beneath the human head and torso, have the scaly tail-end of a fish with which they can navigate the sea. "Sirens are mermaids" (Old High German/Early Middle High German : Sirêne sínt méremanniu )

13268-466: The sirens' domain. In Etruscan art before the sixth century BC, Scylla was portrayed as a mermaid-like creature with two tails. This may be tied to images of two-tailed mermaids ranging from ancient times to modern depictions, and is sometimes attached to the later character of Melusine . A sporadic example of sirens as mermaids (tritonesses) in Early Greek art (third century BC), can be explained as

13392-547: The site where Church of Our Lady stands today, but only an underground crypt remains. The growing influence of the Church during the Middle Ages gradually turned Aarhus, with its bishopric, into a prosperous religious centre. Many public and religious buildings were built in and around the town; notably Aarhus Cathedral was initiated in the late 12th century by the influential bishop Peder Vognsen , and around 1200, Aros had

13516-463: The south and Riis Skov to the north. Several lakes extend west from the inner city as the landscape merges with the larger region of Søhøjlandet with heights exceeding 152 metres (499 ft) at Himmelbjerget between Skanderborg and Silkeborg . The highest natural point in Aarhus Municipality is Jelshøj at 128 metres above sea level, in the southern district of Højbjerg . The hilltop

13640-480: The surrounding, open land. Western winds from the Atlantic and North Sea are dominant resulting in more precipitation in western Denmark. In addition, Jutland rises sufficiently in the centre to lift air to higher, colder altitudes contributing to increased precipitation in eastern Jutland. Combined, these factors make east and south Jutland comparatively wetter than other parts of the country. Average temperature over

13764-689: The tails of fish appear in Mesopotamian artwork from the Old Babylonian Period onwards, on cylinder seals . These figures are usually mermen ( kulullû ), but mermaids do occasionally appear. The name for the mermaid figure may have been *kuliltu , meaning "fish-woman". Such figures were used in Neo-Assyrian art as protective figures and were shown in both monumental sculpture and in small, protective figurines. A mermaid-like goddess, identified by Greek and Roman writers as Derceto or Atargatis,

13888-409: The upper body of a woman and the tail of a fish. He noted the contrast with the grand statue located at her Holy City ( Hierapolis Bambyce ), which appeared entirely human. In the myth, Semiramis's first husband is named Onnes. Some scholars have compared this to the earlier Mesopotamian myth of Oannes , one of the apkallu or seven sages described as fish-men in cuneiform texts. While Oannes

14012-457: The valley than on the northern and southern hillsides. Because of the northern latitude, the number of daylight hours varies considerably between summer and winter. On the summer solstice, the sun rises at 04:26 and sets at 21:58, providing 17 hours 32 minutes of daylight. On the winter solstice, it rises at 08:37 and sets at 15:39 with 7 hours and 2 minutes of daylight. The difference in length of days and nights between summer and winter solstices

14136-413: The year 900 and later in the Viking Age the town was fortified with defensive ramparts. The bishopric of Aarhus grew steadily stronger and more prosperous, building several religious institutions in the town during the early Middle Ages . Trade continued to improve, although it was not until 1441 that Aarhus was granted market town privileges, and the population of Aarhus remained relatively stable until

14260-399: The year is 8.43 °C (47.17 °F) with February being the coldest month (0.1 °C or 32.2 °F) and August the warmest (15.9 °C or 60.6 °F). Temperatures in the sea can reach 17–22 °C (63–72 °F) in June to August, but it is not uncommon for beaches to register 25 °C (77 °F) locally. The geography in the area affects the local climate of the city with

14384-502: The year. Temperature varies a great deal across the seasons with a mild spring in April and May, warmer summer months from June to August, frequently rainy and windy autumn months in October and September and cooler winter months, often with frost and occasional snow, from December to March. The city centre experiences the same climatic effects as other larger cities with higher wind speeds, more fog, less precipitation and higher temperatures than

14508-717: Was Lina (Ellina) Danielsen (1712–1744), daughter of husfoged at Sønderborg Castle Peter Danielsen (1680–1735) and Ingeborg Thomsen (born 1690). The wedding took place on 4 September 1731 in Sønderborg . They had two sons and a daughter. The elder of the two sons, Christian Frederik Pontoppidan (1830–1816), was a counter admiral. Pontoppidan 's third wife was Johanne Marie de Hofman (1722–1809), daughter of Justice Councillor Søren de Hofman til Skerrildgård (1688–1771) and Karen Elisabeth Dreyer (1689–1727). The wedding took place on 16 February 1745. They had three daughters and three sons. The son Carl Pontoppidan (1748–1802) served as director of

14632-443: Was a servant of the water deity Ea , having gained wisdom from the god, English writer Arthur Waugh understood Oannes to be equivalent to Ea, and proposed that surely "Oannes had a fish-tailed wife" and descendants, with Atargatis being one deity thus descended, "through the mists of time". Diodorus's chronology of Queen Semiramis resembles the feats of Alexander the Great (campaigns to India, etc.), and Diodorus may have woven

14756-571: Was built by Hack Kampmann in the Art Nouveau style and completed in 1916. Musikhuset Aarhus (concert hall) and Det Jyske Musikkonservatorium (Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus/Aalborg) are also of note, as are its museums including the open-air museum Den Gamle By , the art museum ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum , the Moesgård Museum and the women's museum Kvindemuseet . The city's major cultural institutions include Den Gamle By, ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum,

14880-492: Was directed by royal rescript to prepare an explanation of the catechism and a new hymnal, and through these two works — Sandhed til gudfrygtighed (1737) and the hymnbook (1740) — the pietistic cause in Denmark received powerful assistance. He likewise continued his historical investigations in his Marmora Danica (3 vols., 1739–1741; a collection of noteworthy epitaphs and ecclesiastical monuments) and his uncritical Annales ecclesiæ Danicæ (4 vols., 1741–1752); and also wrote

15004-527: Was established in 1856 and served as Aarhus's local brewery for more than 150 years, gradually expanding into an industrial district known as Ceres-grunden (lit.: the Ceres-ground). In 1896, local farmers and businessmen created Korn- og Foderstof Kompagniet (KFK), focused on grain and feedstuffs . KFK established departments all over the country, while its headquarters remained in Aarhus where its large grain silos still stand today. Otto Mønsted created

15128-454: Was imposed in larger Danish cities which changed the layout and face of Aarhus over the following decades. Wooden city walls were erected to prevent smuggling, with gates and toll booths on the major thoroughfares, Mejlgade and Studsgade . The city gates funnelled most traffic through a few streets where merchant quarters were built. In the 17th century, Aarhus entered a period of recession as it suffered blockades and bombardments during

15252-548: Was mistreated by the home teacher, so in 1709, through the family's intervention, he first came to Aarhus Latin School and in 1710 to Fredericia Latin School, where he lived with his half-brother, parish priest Henrik Pontoppidan, who, when the boy found the school discipline unbearable, put him in the house with parish priest Ove Guldberg in Barrit 1713. In 1715 he returned to Fredericia Latin School, matriculating in 1716. He then enrolled at

15376-433: Was worshipped at Ashkelon . In a myth recounted by Diodorus Siculus in the first century BC, Derceto gave birth to a child from an affair. Ashamed, she abandoned the child in the desert and drowned herself in a lake, only to be transformed into a human-headed fish. The child, Semiramis , was fed by doves and survived to become a queen. In the second century, Lucian described seeing a Phoenician statue of Derceto with

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