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89-633: Hans Christian Andersen ( / ˈ æ n d ər s ən / AN -dər-sən ; Danish: [ˈhænˀs ˈkʰʁestjæn ˈɑnɐsn̩] ; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues , novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his literary fairy tales . Andersen's fairy tales, consisting of 156 stories across nine volumes, have been translated into more than 125 languages. They have become embedded in Western collective consciousness , accessible to children as well as presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in

178-528: A medieval Spanish story with Arab and Jewish origins. On the eve of the third installment's publication, Andersen revised the conclusion (in which the Emperor simply walks in procession) to its now-famous finale of a child calling out, "The Emperor is not wearing any clothes!" Danish reviews of the first two booklets first appeared in 1836 and were not enthusiastic. The critics disliked the chatty, informal style and apparent immorality, since children's literature

267-801: A Journey to the Harz, Swiss Saxony, etc. etc. in the Summer of 1831 , A Poet's Bazaar , In Spain , and A Visit to Portugal in 1866 . (The last one describes his visit with his Portuguese friends Jorge and José O'Neill, whom Andersen knew in the mid-1820s while he was living in Copenhagen.) In his travelogues, Andersen used contemporary conventions related to travel writing but developed the style to make it his own. Each of Andersen's travelogues combines documentary and descriptive accounts of his experiences, adding additional philosophical passages on topics such as authorship, immortality, and fiction in literary travel reports. Some of

356-697: A Tour to the Hebrides in 1786 and Goethe published his Italian Journey , based on diaries, in 1816. Fray Ilarione da Bergamo and Fray Francisco de Ajofrín wrote travel accounts of colonial Mexico in the 1760s. Fannie Calderón de la Barca , the Scottish-born wife of the Spanish ambassador to Mexico 1839–1842, wrote Life in Mexico , an important travel narrative of her time there, with many observations of local life. A British traveller, Mrs Alec Tweedie , published

445-676: A colonial mind-set; and Belated Travelers (1994), an analysis of colonial anxiety by Ali Behdad. Prizes awarded annually for travel books have included the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award , which ran from 1980 to 2004, the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature , and the Dolman Best Travel Book Award , which began in 2006. The Lowell Thomas Travel Journalism Awards , which began in 1985, are given by

534-560: A depression. It doesn't matter about being born in a duckyard, as long as you are hatched from a swan's egg. " The Ugly Duckling " A very early fairy tale by Andersen, " The Tallow Candle " ( Danish : Tællelyset ), was discovered in a Danish archive in October 2012. The story, written in the 1820s, is about a candle that does not feel appreciated. It was written while Andersen was still in school and dedicated to one of his benefactors. The story remained in that family's possession until it

623-496: A fictionalized autobiography titled The Improvisatore ( Improvisatoren ), published in 1835 to instant acclaim. Fairy Tales Told for Children. First Collection ( Danish : Eventyr, fortalt for Børn. Første Samling. ) is a collection of nine fairy tales by Andersen. The tales were published in a series of three installments by C. A. Reitzel in Copenhagen between May 1835 and April 1837. They were Andersen's first venture into

712-464: A flock of migrating wild swans . He is delighted and excited but cannot join them because he is too young, ugly, and unable to fly. When winter arrives, a farmer finds and carries the freezing duckling home but he is frightened by the farmer's noisy children and flees the house. The duckling spends a miserable winter alone outdoors, mostly hiding in a cave on the lake that partly freezes over. The duckling, now having fully grown and matured, cannot endure

801-441: A large digital collection of Hans Christian Andersen papercuts , drawings, and portraits. [REDACTED] Category Travelogue (literature) One early travel memoirist in Western literature was Pausanias , a Greek geographer of the 2nd century CE. In the early modern period , James Boswell 's Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides (1786) helped shape travel memoir as a genre. Early examples of travel literature include

890-427: A life of solitude and hardship anymore. He decides to throw himself at a flock of swans, feeling that it is better to be killed by such beautiful birds than to live a life of ugliness. He is shocked when the swans welcome and accept him, only to realise by looking at his reflection in the water that he had been not a duckling but a swan all this time. The flock takes to the air, and he spreads his wings to take flight with

979-425: A livelihood! Give me a bride! My blood wants love, as my heart does!" A girl named Riborg Voigt was the unrequited love of Andersen's youth. A small pouch containing a long letter from Voigt was found on Andersen's chest when he died, several decades after Andersen first fell in love with her. Other disappointments in love included Sophie Ørsted, the daughter of the physicist Hans Christian Ørsted ; and Louise Collin,

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1068-600: A memorial plaque is now placed. Patrons of Andersen's writings included the monarchy of Denmark , the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg . An unexpected invitation from King Christian IX to the royal palace entrenched Andersen's folklore in Danish royalty as well as making its way to the Romanov dynasty when Christian IX's daughter Maria Feodorovna married Alexander III of Russia . In June 1847, Andersen visited England for

1157-587: A multitude of categories, ranging across print and online media. The Ugly Duckling "The Ugly Duckling" ( Danish : Den grimme ælling ) is a Danish literary fairy tale by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875). It was first published on 11 November 1843 in New Fairy Tales. First Volume. First Collection , with three other tales by Andersen in Copenhagen to great critical acclaim. The tale has been adapted to various media, including opera, musical, and animated film. The tale

1246-470: A number of travelogues, ranging from Denmark (1895) and Finland (1897), to the U.S. (1913), several on Mexico (1901, 1906, 1917), and one on Russia, Siberia, and China (1926). A more recent example is Che Guevara 's The Motorcycle Diaries . A travelogue is a film , book written up from a travel diary, or illustrated talk describing the experiences of and places visited by traveller. American writer Paul Theroux has published many works of travel literature,

1335-766: A series of books about discovering unique experiences in Canada, Australia and around the world. Bill Bryson in 2011 won the Golden Eagle Award from the Outdoor Writers and Photographers Guild. On 22 November 2012, Durham University officially renamed the Main Library the Bill Bryson Library for his contributions as the university's 11th chancellor (2005–11). Paul Theroux was awarded the 1981 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel The Mosquito Coast , which

1424-645: A small travel grant from the king in 1833. This enabled Andersen to set out on the first of many journeys throughout Europe. At Jura , near Le Locle , Switzerland, Andersen wrote the story "Agnete and the Merman." The same year, he spent an evening in the Italian seaside village of Sestri Levante , which inspired the title of "The Bay of Fables." Andersen arrived in Rome in October 1834. His travels in Italy were reflected in his first novel,

1513-419: A special kind of texts that sometimes are disregarded in the literary world. They weave together aspects of memoir , non-fiction , and occasionally even fiction to produce a story that is equally about the trip and the goal. Throughout history, people have told stories about their travels like the ancient tales of explorers and pilgrims, as well as blogs and vlogs in recent time. A "factual" piece detailing

1602-417: A stellar pupil, Andersen also attended school at Elsinore until 1827. Andersen later said that his years at this school were the darkest and most bitter years of his life. At one school, Andersen lived at his schoolmaster's home. There, Andersen was abused and was told that it was done in order "to improve his character." Andersen later said that the faculty had discouraged him from writing, which resulted in

1691-579: A table of contents, and a preface by Andersen were published in this volume. In 1868, Horace Scudder , the editor of Riverside Magazine For Young People , offered Andersen $ 500 for 12 new stories. Sixteen of Andersen's stories were published in the magazine, and 10 of them appeared there before they were printed in Denmark. In 1851, Andersen published In Sweden , a volume of travel sketches. The publication received wide acclaim. A keen traveler, he published several other long travelogues : Shadow Pictures of

1780-399: A trip to a distant country is that the travelogue emerged as a significant item in late nineteenth-century newspapers . Short stories genre of that era were influenced directly and significantly by the travelogues that shared many traits with short stories. Authors generally, especially Henry James and Guy de Maupassant , frequently wrote travelogues and short tales concurrently, often using

1869-483: A wealth of geographical and topographical information into their writing, while the 'daytrip essay' Record of Stone Bell Mountain by the noted poet and statesman Su Shi (1037–1101) presented a philosophical and moral argument as its central purpose. Chinese travel literature of this period was written in a variety of different styles, including narratives , prose , essays and diaries , although most were written in prose. Zhou Daguan 's account of Cambodia in

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1958-410: A woman. The femininity of my nature and our friendship must remain a mystery." Collin wrote in his own memoir, "I found myself unable to respond to this love, and this caused the author much suffering." Andersen's infatuation with Karl Alexander , the young hereditary duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , did result in a relationship: The Hereditary Grand Duke walked arm in arm with me across the courtyard of

2047-418: Is Frederick Douglass ' autobiographical Narrative , which is deeply intertwined with his travel experiences, beginning with his travels being entirely at the command of his masters and ending with him traveling when and where he wishes. Solomon Northup 's Twelve Years a Slave is a more traditional travel narrative, and he too overcomes the restrictions of law and tradition in the south to escape after he

2136-529: Is a prolific travel writer. Among his many travel books is the acclaimed Roads to Santiago . Englishmen Eric Newby , H. V. Morton , the Americans Bill Bryson and Paul Theroux , and Welsh author Jan Morris are or were widely acclaimed as travel writers (though Morris has frequently claimed herself as a writer of 'place' rather than travel per se ). Canadian travel writer Robin Esrock has written

2225-538: Is a type of travel literature that developed during the 18th and 19th centuries, detailing how slaves escaped the restrictive laws of the southern United States and the Caribbean to find freedom. As John Cox says in Traveling South , "travel was a necessary prelude to the publication of a narrative by a slave, for slavery could not be simultaneously experienced and written." A particularly famous slave travel narrative

2314-500: Is about a duck that turns into a swan-like ballerina. The 1954 Tom and Jerry cartoon Downhearted Duckling is also based on the famous story. The tale has seen various musical adaptations. In 1914, the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev composed a work for voice and piano based on Nina Meshcherskaya 's adaptation of the tale and, in 1932, arranged the work for voice and orchestra. This was transcribed by Lev Konov in 1996, and his opera

2403-577: Is an autobiographical work by the British naturalist. It tells of the years that he lived as a child with his siblings and widowed mother on the Greek island of Corfu between 1935 and 1939. It describes the life of the Durrell family in a humorous manner, and explores the fauna of the island. It is the first and most well-known of Durrell's "Corfu trilogy", together with Birds, Beasts, and Relatives and The Garden of

2492-448: Is an original story by Andersen. After a mother duck 's eggs hatch, one of the ducklings is perceived by the other animals as an ugly little creature and suffers much verbal and physical abuse. He wanders from the barnyard and lives with wild ducks and geese until hunters slaughter the flocks. He finds a home with an old woman, but her cat and hen tease and taunt him mercilessly, and once again he sets off alone. The duckling sees

2581-504: Is kidnapped and enslaved. Harriet Ann Jacobs ' Incidents includes significant travel that covers a small distance, as she escapes one living situation for a slightly better one, but also later includes her escape from slavery to freedom in the north. Some fictional travel stories are related to travel literature. Although it may be desirable in some contexts to distinguish fictional from non-fictional works, such distinctions have proved notoriously difficult to make in practice, as in

2670-457: Is known for A Walk in the Woods , made into a Hollywood film of the same name . There is no specific format for a travel journal, it typically includes details and reflections about an individual's experiences, observations, and emotions during the journey. Some of the common details in the journal include: The writings of escaped slaves of their experience under slavery and their escape from it

2759-574: Is over." He took this calmly and the two thereafter met in overlapping social circles without bitterness, though Andersen attempted to rekindle their relationship many times without success. According to Wullschlager, "Andersen's diaries leave no doubt that he was attracted to both sexes; that at times he longed for a physical relationship with a woman and that at other times he was involved in physical liaisons with men." For example, Wullschlager quotes from Andersen's diaries: "Scharff bounded up to me; threw himself round my neck and kissed me! .... Nervous in

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2848-665: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (generally considered a 1st century CE work; authorship is debated), Pausanias ' Description of Greece in the 2nd century CE, Safarnama (Book of Travels) by Nasir Khusraw (1003-1077), the Journey Through Wales (1191) and Description of Wales (1194) by Gerald of Wales , and the travel journals of Ibn Jubayr (1145–1214), Marco Polo (1254–1354), and Ibn Battuta (1304–1377), all of whom recorded their travels across

2937-470: The documentary , to the literary, as well as the journalistic, and from memoir to the humorous to the serious. They are often associated with tourism and include guide books . Travel writing may be found on web sites, in periodicals, on blogs and in books. It has been produced by a variety of writers, including travelers, military officers, missionaries, explorers, scientists, pilgrims, social and physical scientists, educators, and migrants. Travelogues are

3026-592: The primitivist presentations of foreign cultures; Haunted Journeys: Desire and Transgression in European Travel Writing (1991) by Dennis Porter, a close look at the psychological correlatives of travel; Discourses of Difference: An Analysis of Women's Travel Writing by Sara Mills , an inquiry into the intersection of gender and colonialism during the 19th century; Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (1992), Mary Louise Pratt 's influential study of Victorian travel writing's dissemination of

3115-550: The underclass , who often led difficult lives affected both by the Industrial Revolution and by abject poverty. In 1857, Andersen visited England again, primarily to meet Dickens. Andersen extended the planned brief visit to Dickens' home at Gads Hill Place into a five-week stay, much to the distress of Dickens' family. After Andersen was told to leave, Dickens gradually stopped all correspondence between them, to Andersen's great disappointment and confusion; he had enjoyed

3204-538: The 18th century, travel literature was commonly known as "books of travels", which mainly consisted of maritime diaries . In 18th-century Britain, travel literature was highly popular, and almost every famous writer worked in the travel literature form; Gulliver's Travels (1726), for example, is a social satire imitating one, and Captain James Cook 's diaries (1784) were the equivalent of today's best-sellers. Alexander von Humboldt 's Personal narrative of travels to

3293-857: The Collin couple, but all three still share the same plot. At the time of his death, Andersen was internationally revered, and the Danish government paid him an annual stipend for being a "national treasure." Andersen's stories laid the groundwork for other children's classics, such as The Wind in the Willows (1908) by Kenneth Grahame and Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) by A. A. Milne . The trope of inanimate objects, such as toys, coming to life (as in "Little Ida's Flowers") would later also be used by Lewis Carroll and Beatrix Potter . For opera and ballet see List of The Little Mermaid Adaptations Andersen's fairy tales include: The Hans Christian Andersen Museum in Odense has

3382-632: The Gods (1978). Ivan T. Sanderson published Animal Treasure , a report of an expedition to the jungles of then-British West Africa; Caribbean Treasure , an account of an expedition to Trinidad , Haiti , and Surinam , begun in late 1936 and ending in late 1938; and Living Treasure , an account of an expedition to Jamaica , British Honduras (now Belize ) and the Yucatán . These authors are naturalists , who write in support of their fields of study. Another naturalist, Charles Darwin , wrote his famous account of

3471-608: The Russian Ivan Goncharov , who wrote about his experience of a tour around the world in Frigate "Pallada" (1858), and Lafcadio Hearn , who interpreted the culture of Japan with insight and sensitivity. The 20th century's interwar period has been described as a heyday of travel literature when many established writers such as Graham Greene , Robert Byron , Rebecca West , Freya Stark , Peter Fleming and Evelyn Waugh were traveling and writing notable travel books. In

3560-651: The SATW Foundation, and include two awards for travel books and travel guidebooks, as well as awards for travel coverage in publications, websites, and broadcast and audio-visual formats, and for magazine, newspaper, and website articles in a variety of categories. The National Outdoor Book Awards also recognize travel literature in the outdoor and adventure areas, as do the Banff Mountain Book Awards. The North American Travel Journalists Association holds an annual awards competition honoring travel journalism in

3649-601: The White Cow: Memories of an Irish Island (1986), and Peter Mayle 's best-selling A Year in Provence (1989) and its sequels. Travel and nature writing merge in many of the works by Sally Carrighar , Gerald Durrell and Ivan T. Sanderson . Sally Carrighar's works include One Day at Teton Marsh (1965), Home to the Wilderness (1973), and Wild Heritage (1965). Gerald Durrell 's My Family and Other Animals (1956)

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3738-599: The beat keep time with little steps." Andersen's body was interred in the Assistens Kirkegård in the Nørrebro area of Copenhagen , in the Collin family plot. In 1914, the headstone was moved to another cemetery (today known as " Frederiksbergs ældre kirkegaard"), where younger Collin family members were buried. For a period, his, Edvard Collin's, and Henriette Collin's graves were unmarked. A second stone has been erected, marking Andersen's grave, now without any mention of

3827-415: The book, and then that being a swan in the story was a metaphor not just for inner beauty and talent but also for secret royal lineage. According to Carole Rosen, the story was inspired in part by Andersen's friend Jenny Lind . The tale was adapted to a variety of media. Films based on the tale include two Silly Symphonies animated shorts produced by Walt Disney called The Ugly Duckling . The first

3916-501: The bottom he called frigida incuriositas ("a cold lack of curiosity"). He then wrote about his climb, making allegorical comparisons between climbing the mountain and his own moral progress in life. Michault Taillevent  [ fr ] , a poet for the Duke of Burgundy , travelled through the Jura Mountains in 1430 and recorded his personal reflections, his horrified reaction to

4005-604: The brothers Robert Shirley and Anthony Shirley , and for India Duarte Barbosa , Ralph Fitch , Ludovico di Varthema , Cesare Federici , and Jan Huyghen van Linschoten . Humanist travellers in Europe also produced accounts, often noting monuments and inscriptions, e.g., Seyfried Rybisch 's Itinerarium (1570s), Michel de Montaigne 's Journal de voyage (1581), Germain Audebert's  [ fr ] Voyage d'Italie (1585) and Aernout van Buchel 's Iter Italicum (1587–1588). In

4094-447: The castle to my room, kissed me lovingly, asked me always to love him though he was just an ordinary person, asked me to stay with him this winter ... Fell asleep with the melancholy, happy feeling that I was the guest of this strange prince at his castle and loved by him ... It is like a fairy tale. There is a sharp division in opinion over Andersen's physical fulfillment in the sexual sphere. Jackie Wullschlager 's biography maintains he

4183-539: The equinoctial regions of America, during the years 1799–1804 , originally published in French, was translated to multiple languages and influenced later naturalists, including Charles Darwin . Other later examples of travel literature include accounts of the Grand Tour : aristocrats, clergy, and others with money and leisure time travelled Europe to learn about the art and architecture of its past. One tourism literature pioneer

4272-407: The evening" Five days later he received "a visit from Scharff, who was very intimate and nice". In the following weeks, there was "dinner at Scharff's, who was ardent and loving" The claim that Andersen entertained "physical liaisons" with men has been contested by Klara Bom and Anya Aarenstrup from the H. C. Andersen Centre of University of Southern Denmark . They state "it is correct to point to

4361-515: The face of adversity for mature readers. His most famous fairy tales include " The Emperor's New Clothes ", " The Little Mermaid ", " The Nightingale ", " The Steadfast Tin Soldier ", " The Red Shoes ", " The Princess and the Pea ", " The Snow Queen ", " The Ugly Duckling ", " The Little Match Girl ", and " Thumbelina ." Andersen's stories have inspired ballets, plays, and animated and live-action films. Andersen

4450-484: The fairy tale genre. The first installment was a volume of sixty-one unbound pages published 8 May 1835 containing " The Tinderbox ", " Little Claus and Big Claus ", " The Princess and the Pea " and "Little Ida's Flowers". The first three tales were based on folktales Andersen had heard in his childhood. The fourth was Andersen's creation for Ida Thiele, the daughter of folklorist Just Mathias Thiele , Andersen's early benefactor. Reitzel paid Andersen thirty rigsdalers for

4539-546: The famous instance of the travel writings of Marco Polo or John Mandeville . Examples of fictional works of travel literature based on actual journeys are: In the 21st century, travel literature became a genre of social media in the form of travel blogs, with travel bloggers using outlets like personal blogs , Pinterest , Twitter , Facebook , Instagram and travel websites to convey information about their adventures, and provide advice for navigating particular countries, or for traveling generally. Travel blogs were among

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4628-583: The first instances of blogging, which began in the mid-1990s. Notable travel bloggers include Matthew Kepnes , Johnny Ward , and Drew Binsky . The systematic study of travel literature emerged as a field of scholarly inquiry in the mid-1990s, with its own conferences, organizations, journals, monographs, anthologies, and encyclopedias. Important, pre-1995 monographs are: Abroad (1980) by Paul Fussell , an exploration of British interwar travel writing as escapism; Gone Primitive: Modern Intellects, Savage Minds (1990) by Marianna Torgovnick, an inquiry into

4717-421: The first success being The Great Railway Bazaar . In addition to published travel journals, archive records show that it was historically common for travellers to record their journey in diary format, with no apparent intention of future publication, but as a personal record of their experiences. This practice is particularly visible in nineteenth-century European travel diaries. Anglo-American Bill Bryson

4806-520: The first time, enjoying triumphant social success. The Countess of Blessington invited him to her parties where many intellectuals would meet, and at one such party he met Charles Dickens for the first time. They shook hands and walked to the veranda, which Andersen noted in his diary: "We were on the veranda, and I was so happy to see and speak to England's now-living writer whom I do love the most." The two authors respected each other's work and each other as writers, and had in common their depictions of

4895-467: The form of travel websites . A travel journal, also called road journal, is a record made by a traveller, sometimes in diary form, of the traveler's experiences, written during the course of the journey and later edited for publication. This is a long-established literary format; an early example is the writing of Pausanias (2nd century CE) who produced his Description of Greece based on his own observations. James Boswell published his The Journal of

4984-674: The globe. Fictional travel narratives may also show this tendency, as in Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) or Robert M. Pirsig 's Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974). Sometimes a writer will settle into a locality for an extended period, absorbing a sense of place while continuing to observe with a travel writer's sensibility. Examples of such writings include Lawrence Durrell 's Bitter Lemons (1957), Bruce Chatwin 's widely acclaimed In Patagonia (1977) and The Songlines (1987), Deborah Tall 's The Island of

5073-874: The journey of HMS Beagle at the intersection of science, natural history and travel. A number of writers famous in other fields have written about their travel experiences. Examples are Samuel Johnson 's A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland (1775); Charles Dickens ' American Notes for General Circulation (1842); Mary Wollstonecraft 's Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796); Hilaire Belloc 's The Path To Rome (1902); D. H. Lawrence 's Twilight in Italy and Other Essays (1916); Mornings in Mexico and Other Essays (1927); Rebecca West 's Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (1941); and John Steinbeck 's Travels with Charley: In Search of America (1962). The Dutch writer Cees Nooteboom

5162-535: The known world in detail. As early as the 2nd century CE, Lucian of Samosata discussed history and travel writers who added embellished, fantastic stories to their works. The travel genre was a fairly common genre in medieval Arabic literature . In China, 'travel record literature' ( Chinese : 遊記文學 ; pinyin : yóujì wénxué ) became popular during the Song dynasty (960–1279). Travel writers such as Fan Chengda (1126–1193) and Xu Xiake (1587–1641) incorporated

5251-565: The late 20th century there was a surge in popularity of travel writing, particularly in the English-speaking world with writers such as Bruce Chatwin , Paul Theroux , Jonathan Raban , Colin Thubron , and others. While travel writing previously had mainly attracted interest by historians and biographers, critical studies of travel literature now also developed into an academic discipline in its own right. Travel books come in styles ranging from

5340-493: The manuscript, and the booklet was priced at 24 shillings. The second booklet was published on 16 December 1835 and contained "The Naughty Boy", and "The Traveling Companion", and " Thumbelina ." The lattermost was inspired by " Tom Thumb " and other stories of miniature people. "The Naughty Boy" was based on a poem about Eros from the Anacreontea , and "The Traveling Companion" was a ghost story Andersen had experimented with in

5429-531: The rest of his new family. In reviewing Hans Christian Andersen: A New Life by biographer Jens Andersen, British journalist Anne Chisholm writes "Andersen himself was a tall, ugly boy with a big nose and big feet, and when he grew up with a beautiful singing voice and a passion for the theater, he was cruelly teased and mocked by other children". Speculation suggests that Andersen was the illegitimate son of Prince Christian Frederik (later King Christian VIII of Denmark ), and found this out sometime before he wrote

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5518-454: The resultant injuries. Soon afterward, he started to show signs of liver cancer . Andersen died on 4 August 1875 at the age of 70 in a country house called Rolighed (literally: calmness) near Copenhagen, the home of his close friends, the banker Moritz G. Melchior and his wife. Shortly before his death, Andersen consulted a composer about the music for his funeral, saying: "Most of the people who will walk after me will be children, so make

5607-591: The same countries as their settings . Travel literature often intersects with philosophy or essay writing, as in V. S. Naipaul 's India: A Wounded Civilization (1976), whose trip became the occasion for extended observations on a nation and people. This is similarly the case in Rebecca West 's Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (1941), focused on her journey through Yugoslavia, and in Robin Esrock 's series of books about his discoveries in Canada, Australia and around

5696-419: The same; she saw Andersen as a brother, writing to him in 1844: "farewell ... God bless and protect my brother is the sincere wish of his affectionate sister, Jenny." It is suggested that Andersen expressed his disappointment by portraying Lind as the eponymous antihero of " The Snow Queen ." In early 1872, at the age of 67, Andersen fell out of his bed and was severely hurt; Andersen never fully recovered from

5785-651: The sheer rock faces, and the terrifying thunderous cascades of mountain streams. Antoine de la Sale ( c.  1388  – c.  1462 ), author of Petit Jehan de Saintre , climbed to the crater of a volcano in the Lipari Islands in 1407, leaving us with his impressions. "Councils of mad youth" were his stated reasons for going. In the mid-15th century, Gilles le Bouvier, in his Livre de la description des pays , gave us his reason to travel and write: Because many people of diverse nations and countries delight and take pleasure, as I have done in times past, in seeing

5874-446: The story for their animated short "The Little Stranger", reversing the story by having an odd chick born into a family of ducks. In 1932, Yasuji Murata directed Ahiru no ko ( The Ugly Duckling ), a 15-minute Japanese short animated film based on the tale. In 1956, the Soviet animation studio Soyuzmultfilm produced its 19-minute version of The Ugly Duckling. The anime Princess Tutu

5963-433: The taste of visiting the lakes by furnishing the traveller with a Guide; and for that purpose, the writer has here collected and laid before him, all the select stations and points of view, noticed by those authors who have last made the tour of the lakes, verified by his own repeated observations. To this end he included various 'stations' or viewpoints around the lakes, from which tourists would be encouraged to appreciate

6052-553: The theatre told Andersen that he considered Andersen a poet, and taking the suggestion seriously, Andersen began to focus on writing. Jonas Collin , director of the Royal Danish Theatre, held great affection for Andersen and sent him to a grammar school in Slagelse , persuading King Frederick VI to pay part of Andersen's education. Andersen had by then published his first story, "The Ghost at Palnatoke's Grave" (1822). Though not

6141-409: The thirteenth century is among the major sources for the city of Angkor in its prime. One of the earliest known records of taking pleasure in travel, of travelling for the sake of travel and writing about it, is Petrarch 's (1304–1374) ascent of Mont Ventoux in 1336. He states that he went to the mountaintop for the pleasure of seeing the top of the famous height. His companions who stayed at

6230-586: The travelogues, such as In Sweden , contain fairy tales. In the 1840s, Andersen's attention returned to the theatre stage, but with little success. He had better luck with the publication of the Picture-Book without Pictures (1840). Andersen started a second series of fairy tales in 1838 and a third series in 1845. At this point, he was celebrated throughout Europe, although Andersen's native Denmark still showed some resistance to his pretensions. Between 1845 and 1864, Andersen lived at Nyhavn 67 , Copenhagen, where

6319-859: The very ambivalent (and also very traumatic) elements in Andersen's emotional life concerning the sexual sphere, but it is decidedly just as wrong to describe him as homosexual and maintain that he had physical relationships with men. He did not. Indeed, that would have been entirely contrary to his moral and religious ideas, aspects that are quite outside the field of vision of Wullschlager and her like." Wullschlager, in fact, argued that, because of moral and religious ideas of his time, Andersen could not be open about his homosexual relationships. Andersen also fell in love with unattainable women, and many interpret references to them in his stories. At one point, Andersen wrote in his diary: "Almighty God, thee only have I; thou steerest my fate, I must give myself up to thee! Give me

6408-619: The views in terms of their aesthetic qualities. Published in 1778 the book was a major success. Mariana Starke popularized what became the standard travel guide, a reference book that can include information relating to accommodation, restaurants, transportation, and activities. Maps of varying detail and historical and cultural information are also often included. Different kinds of guide books exist, focusing on different aspects of travel, from adventure travel to relaxation, or aimed at travelers with different incomes, or focusing on sexual orientation or types of diet. Travel guides can also take

6497-464: The visit and never understood why his letters went unanswered. It is suspected that Dickens modeled the physical appearance and mannerisms of Uriah Heep from David Copperfield after Andersen. In Andersen's early life, his private journal records his refusal to have sexual relations . Andersen experienced homosexual attraction ; he wrote to Edvard Collin: "I languish for you as for a pretty Calabrian wench ... my sentiments for you are those of

6586-532: The winter of 1861–62, the two men entered an affair that brought Andersen "joy, some kind of sexual fulfillment, and a temporary end to loneliness." He was not discreet in his conduct with Scharff, and displayed his feelings openly. Onlookers regarded the relationship as improper and ridiculous. In his diary in March 1862, Andersen referred to this time in his life as his "erotic period." On 13 November 1863, Andersen wrote, "Scharff has not visited me in eight days; with him it

6675-500: The world and things therein, and also because many wish to know without going there, and others wish to see, go, and travel, I have begun this little book. By the 16th century, accounts to travels to India and Persia had become common enough that they had been compiled into collections such as the Novus Orbis (" New World ") by Simon Grynaeus , and collections by Ramusio and Richard Hakluyt . 16th century travelers to Persia included

6764-548: The world on June 27, 1898. A guide book or travel guide is "a book of information about a place, designed for the use of visitors or tourists". An early example is Thomas West 's guide to the English Lake District , published in 1778. Thomas West , an English priest , popularized the idea of walking for pleasure in his guide to the Lake District of 1778. In the introduction he wrote that he aimed: to encourage

6853-570: The world. In the world of sailing Frank Cowper 's Sailing Tours (1892–1896) and Joshua Slocum 's Sailing Alone Around the World (1900) are classics of outdoor adventure literature. In April 1895, Joshua Slocum set sail from Boston, Massachusetts and in Sailing Alone Around the World , he described his departure in the following manner: More than three years later, Slocum returned to Newport, Rhode Island , having circumnavigated

6942-402: The year 1830. The third booklet contained " The Little Mermaid " and " The Emperor's New Clothes ", and it was published on 7 April 1837. The former was influenced by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué 's Undine (1811) and legends about mermaids . This tale established Andersen's international reputation. The only other tale in the third booklet was "The Emperor's New Clothes", which was based on

7031-440: The youngest daughter of his benefactor Jonas Collin. One of Andersen's stories, " The Nightingale ", was written as an expression of his passion for Jenny Lind and was the inspiration for her nickname, the "Swedish Nightingale." Andersen was shy around women and had extreme difficulty proposing to Lind. When Lind was boarding a train to go to an opera concert, Andersen gave Lind a letter of proposal. Her feelings towards him were not

7120-504: Was Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894) with An Inland Voyage (1878), and Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879), about his travels in the Cévennes (France), is among the first popular books to present hiking and camping as recreational activities, and tells of commissioning one of the first sleeping bags . Other notable writers of travel literature in the 19th century include

7209-636: Was baptised on 15 April 1805 in Saint Hans Church in Odense. According to his birth certificate , which was not drafted until November 1823, six godparents were present at the baptism ceremony: Madam Sille Marie Breineberg, Maiden Friederiche Pommer, shoemaker Peder Waltersdorff, journeyman carpenter Anders Jørgensen, hospital porter Nicolas Gomard, and royal hatter Jens Henrichsen Dorch. Andersen's father, who had received an elementary school education, introduced his son to literature, reading him Arabian Nights . Andersen's mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter,

7298-502: Was a great success in Russia. Other musical versions include the song "The Ugly Duckling" composed by Frank Loesser and sung by Danny Kaye for the 1952 Charles Vidor musical film Hans Christian Andersen , and Honk! , a musical based on the tale which was produced in Britain and won an Olivier Award . The tale was adapted into a musical by Gail Deschamps and Paul Hamilton . In 1998,

7387-726: Was adapted for the 1986 movie of the same name. He was also awarded in 1989 the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award for Riding the Iron Rooster . In 2005, Jan Morris was awarded the Golden PEN Award by English PEN for "a Lifetime's Distinguished Service to Literature". The French writer, Lucie Azema , has noted that the majority of travel writing is by men and even when women have written travel books, these tend to be forgotten. In her book Les femmes aussi sont du voyage (Women are also travellers), she has argued that male travel writing gives an unequal, colonialist and misogynistic view of

7476-529: Was an illiterate washerwoman. Following her husband's death in 1816, she remarried in 1818. Andersen was sent to a local school for poor children where he received a basic education and had to support himself, working as an apprentice to a weaver and, later, to a tailor. At 14, Andersen moved to Copenhagen to seek employment as an actor. Having a good soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Danish Theatre , but his voice soon changed. A colleague at

7565-594: Was born in Odense , Denmark, on 2 April 1805. He had a stepsister named Karen. Andersen's father, also named Hans, considered himself related to nobility (his paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had belonged to a higher social class, but investigations have disproved these stories). Although it has been challenged, speculation suggests that Andersen was an illegitimate son of King Christian VIII . Danish historian Jens Jørgensen supported this idea in his book H.C. Andersen, en sand myte [a true myth]. Andersen

7654-552: Was found among other family papers in a local archive. In 1829, Andersen enjoyed considerable success with the short story "A Journey on Foot from Holmen 's Canal to the East Point of Amager ." Its protagonist meets characters ranging from Saint Peter to a talking cat. Andersen followed this success with a theatrical piece, Love on St. Nicholas Church Tower , and a short volume of poems. He made little progress in writing and publishing immediately following these poems, but did receive

7743-435: Was meant to educate rather than to amuse. The critics discouraged Andersen from pursuing this type of style. Andersen believed that he was working against the critics' preconceived notions about fairy tales, and he temporarily returned to novel-writing, waiting a full year before publishing his third installment. The nine tales from the three booklets were published in one volume and sold for seventy-two shillings. A title page,

7832-452: Was possibly lovers with Danish dancer Harald Scharff  [ da ] and Andersen's " The Snowman " was inspired by their relationship. Scharff first met Andersen when the latter was in his 50s. Andersen was infatuated and Wullschlager sees his journals as implying that their relationship was sexual. Scharff had various dinners alone with Andersen and gifted a silver toothbrush to Andersen on his 57th birthday. Wullschlager asserts that in

7921-565: Was produced in 1931 in black and white, and a remake in 1939 in Technicolor . The latter film won the 1939 Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) , and was the last Silly Symphony to be made. The main difference between the Andersen story and the Disney version is that, in the latter, the little bird's ordeal lasts for only a few minutes, not for months. In 1936, the Fleischer brothers adapted

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