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41-477: Podil contains many architectural and historical landmarks, and new archaeological sites are still being revealed. It is a part of the city's larger administrative Podilskyi District . The name “Podil” means something that is situated downwards. This area used to be the trading and crafting center of Kyiv. The names of some Podil neighborhoods reflect this fact: "Dehtyari" (those who work with tar), "Honchari" (potters), "Kozhemyaki" (craftsmen working with leather). On

82-616: A caduceus only during the Imperial period. The earliest known example is Felicitas Publica on a dupondius issued under Galba . Felicitas Temporum ("Prosperity of the Times"), reflecting a Golden Age ideology, was among the innovative virtues that began to appear during the reigns of Trajan and Antoninus Pius . Septimius Severus , whose reign followed the exceedingly brief tenure of Pertinax and unsatisfactory conditions under Commodus , used coinage to express his efforts toward restoring

123-443: A later source. Cato says that a lustrum should be found to have produced felicitas "if the crops had filled up the storehouses if the vintage had been abundant if the olive oil had flowed deliberately from the groves", regardless of whatever else might have occurred. The efficacy of a ritual might be thus expressed as its felicitas. The ability to promote felicitas became proof of one's excellence and divine favor. Felicitas

164-636: A sacrifice in Capitolio, on the Capitoline Hill , on the latter date as Fausta Felicitas in conjunction with the Genius Publicus ("Public Genius ") and Venus Victrix . These observances probably took place at an altar or small shrine ( aedicula ) , not a separate temple precinct . The Acts of the Arval Brothers (1st century AD) prescribe a cow as the sacrifice for Felicitas. Pompey established

205-684: A shrine for Felicitas at his new theater and temple complex , which used the steps to the Temple of Venus Victrix as seating. Felicitas was cultivated with Honor and Virtue, and she may have shared her shrine there with Victory , as she did in the Imperial era as Felicitas Caesaris (Caesar's Felicitas ) at Ameria . Pompey's collocation of deities may have been intended to parallel the Capitoline grouping. A fourth cult site for Felicitas in Rome had been planned by Caesar, and possibly begun before his death. Work on

246-569: Is an urban district of Kyiv , the capital of Ukraine . Its population was 177,563 at the 2001 census . The district takes its name from the historic Podil neighborhood which it includes within its boundaries. The Podilskyi District as an administrative entity was formed in 1921 on one of the largest historical neighborhoods in Kyiv. In May 2001 the Podilskyi District celebrated the 80th anniversary of its foundation. The district remains one of

287-564: Is indicated by the inscription Hic habitat Felicitas ("Felicitas dwells here") on an apotropaic relief of a phallus at a bakery in Pompeii . In archaic Roman culture, felicitas was a quality expressing the close bonds between religion and agriculture . Felicitas was at issue when the suovetaurilia sacrifice conducted by Cato the Elder as censor in 184 BC was challenged as having been unproductive, perhaps for vitium , ritual error. In

328-744: Is known as early as the mid 16th century. In the 15th century there was established the Convent of St Florus . At the beginning of the 17th century, there was established Epiphany Monastery of the Kyiv Orthodox Brotherhood, which also later contained the Kyiv Mohyla Academy . Until middle of the 17th century there was an Armenian community in Podil with its own Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Also during

369-564: Is powerful when she is merciful" (potens misericors publica est Felicitas) . Epithets of Felicitas include: The cult of Felicitas is first recorded in the mid-2nd century BC, when a temple was dedicated to her by Lucius Licinius Lucullus , grandfather of the famous Lucullus , using booty from his military campaigns in Spain in 151–150 BC. Predecessor to a noted connoisseur of art, Lucullus obtained and dedicated several statues looted by Mummius from Greece , including works by Praxiteles :

410-622: The Campus Martius , along a route associated with triumphs : the axle of Julius Caesar 's triumphal chariot in 46 BC is supposed to have broken in front of it. The temple was destroyed by a fire during the reign of Claudius , though the Muses were rescued. It was not rebuilt at this site. Sulla identified himself so closely with the quality of felicitcas that he adopted the agnomen (nickname) Felix. His domination as dictator resulted from civil war and unprecedented military violence within

451-574: The Capitol , and Sulla thus established an important theological element for the later authority of the emperor. Although he established no new temple for Felicitas, he venerated her with a Ludi circenses to close the Sullan Victory games on the Kalends of November, and Ovid writes of a lavish prosperity feast day for Felicitas which he celebrated thereafter. On July 1 and October 9, Felicitas received

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492-487: The Hlybochytsia River that used to drain into Pochaina (today Hlybochytsia in the underground collector). Upon obtaining its Magdeburg rights in the 15th century, in Kyiv was built a rathaus, later Kyiv magistrate. The center of Podil became the market square later known as Mahistratska and Konstraktova where stood a rathaus and the city's cathedral Pyrohoshcha Church . The first "hostynnyi dvir" (trading courtyard)

533-749: The Kontraktova Square ) and Poshtova Ploshcha (named after the Poshtova Square ). The Kyiv Funicular provides passenger traffic between Podil and the city's historic Uppertown neighborhood, today it is mostly used by tourists. Some time ago, the Kyiv River Port served passenger traffic on the Dnipro River, but only tourists' excursion boats are available there nowadays. Podilskyi District The Podilskyi District ( Ukrainian : Подільський район , romanized :  Podilskyi raion )

574-498: The Latin adjective felix , "fruitful, blessed, happy, lucky") is a condition of divinely inspired productivity, blessedness, or happiness . Felicitas could encompass both a woman's fertility and a general's luck or good fortune. The divine personification of Felicitas was cultivated as a goddess. Although felicitas may be translated as "good luck," and the goddess Felicitas shares some characteristics and attributes with Fortuna ,

615-555: The Pax Romana , with themes such as Felicitas Temporum and Felicitas Saeculi, "Prosperity of the Age" ( saeculum ) , prevalent in the years 200 to 202. Some Imperial coins use these phrases with images of women and children in the emperor's family. When the Empire came under Christian rule, the personified virtues that had been cultivated as deities could be treated as abstract concepts, though

656-658: The Republican era was honored at two official festivals of Roman state religion , on July 1 in conjunction with Juno and October 9 as Fausta Felicitas . Felicitas continued to play an important role in Imperial cult , and was frequently portrayed on coins as a symbol of the wealth and prosperity of the Roman Empire . Her primary attributes are the caduceus and cornucopia . The English word "felicity" derives from felicitas. In its religious sense, felix means "blessed, under

697-664: The Thespiades, a statue group of the Muses brought from Thespiae , and a Venus . This Temple of Felicitas was among several that had a secondary function as art museums, and was recommended by Cicero along with the Temple of Fortuna Huiusce Diei for those who enjoyed viewing art but lacked the means to amass private collections. The temple was located in the Velabrum in the Vicus Tuscus of

738-686: The Truce of Andrusovo , Kyiv was officially ceded to the Tsardom of Muscovy . Intensive building within Podil took place in the 17th century. An annual fair was held from 1797 to 1929 at the Kontraktova Square (Square of Contracts). Before the building of the Contract House, the Kontraktova Square was known as Mahistratska Square. At the western end of the square was the Pyrohoshcha Church mentioned in

779-450: The 12th century epic poem The Tale of Igor's Campaign . Following traditions of medieval cities, in the 18th century a rotunda was built along with a fountain of the Roman goddess Felicitas in front of the magistracy was built. In 19th century the fountain was reattributed to Samson. The fountain became the first hydro-engineering structure at Podil. Not far from Kontraktova Square at Podil were

820-484: The 12th century. It was established that Podil had built-up manors with consistent courtyard limits. Each resident's manor that had area of 300–400 m (3,200–4,300 sq ft) consisted of 2-3 buildings. After the Mongol invasion of Rus' and destruction of Kyiv, Podil transformed into the main and the most populated part of the city. However, the area of Podil shrank, in 16-17th centuries its northwestern border served

861-561: The Republic, only divine personifications known to have had a temple or public altar were featured on coins, among them Felicitas. On the only extant Republican coin type, Felicitas appears as a bust and wearing a diadem . A calendar from Cumae records that a supplicatio was celebrated on April 16 for the Felicitas of the Empire, in honor of the day Augustus was first acclaimed imperator . In extant Roman coinage, Felicitas appears with

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902-822: The Ukrainian SSR" of 1957 ( Ukrainian : Нариси стародавньої історії УРСР ) mentions that the Novgorod traders had own church in Kyiv. The Pochaina River served the city's harbour. Podil has accumulated a cultural layer built up of 6–12 metres (20–39 feet) saturated with a great abundance of artefacts of 9–18th centuries. Its uniqueness consists of the fact that in its lower strata due to high soil moisture are well-preserved objects of organic matter such as wooden structures. There were researched residential and commercial buildings (predominantly above-ground blockhouses), craftsman shops, port warehouses, burial grounds, segments of streets. There were discovered remnants of five masonry temples of

943-607: The Zhytniy (Rye) Fairgrounds that existed at least since the 15th century where the main Roman Catholic cathedral Kosciol of Virgin Mary was located. Before the Great Podil fire of 1811 it was the most populous neighborhood of the city with 2,068 houses out of 3,672 dwellings in all of Kyiv. The fire damaged the neighborhood extensively and changed the appearance of Podil dramatically. After

984-407: The city of Rome itself, but he legitimated his authority by claiming that the mere fact of his victory was proof he was felix and enjoyed the divine favor of the gods. Republican precedent was to regard a victory as belonging to the Roman people as a whole, as represented by the triumphal procession at which the honored general submitted public offerings at the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus at

1025-511: The fire, Podil was reconstructed and a large number of new streets appeared, planned by Scottish architect William Heste and Russian architect Andrey Melensky , which still exist today. At this time such buildings as the Contract's House (1817), the Hostynnyi Dvir covered market and other buildings were constructed. The Contracts House was built in 1817. Contracts and treaties were signed on

1066-569: The first half of the 17th century two Roman Catholic places of worship were built in stone, the cathedral church that was destroyed in the 1660s and its remnants found during archaeological excavations and a cathedral of the Dominican Monastery of St Nicholas that existed in 1400s-1649 and at end of the 17th century became the Orthodox cathedral of the Monastery of Sts Peter and Paul. In 1667 under

1107-599: The following historical neighborhoods of Kyiv within its boundaries: The Podilskyi District is connected to the city's metro system by three stations on the Obolonsko–Teremkivska Line : Tarasa Shevchenka , Kontraktova Ploshcha (named after Kontraktova (Contracts) Square ), and Poshtova Ploshcha (named after Poshtova (Postal) Square ). 50°28′03″N 30°30′52″E  /  50.46750°N 30.51444°E  / 50.46750; 30.51444 Felicitas In ancient Roman culture , felicitas (from

1148-507: The following three years Rome had been plagued by a number of ill omens and prodigies ( prodigia ) , such as severe storms, pestilence, and "showers of blood," which had required a series of expiations ( supplicationes ) . The speech Cato gave to justify himself is known as the Oratio de lustri sui felicitate , "Speech on the Felicitas of his Lustrum ", and survives only as a possible quotation by

1189-537: The ground floor; on the floor above there was a concert hall. In 1835 the Kyiv magistracy was demolished and the bricks were used to finish building the Hostynnyi Dvir and Contracts House . A small park was established on the magistracy site. In 1938 a British Mark V tank was put in the park. It had been taken as a trophy from the Russian White Guards during the Russian Civil War . The tank remained in

1230-586: The later Empire of Nicaea adopted many Hellenic traditions including a version of the prosperity feast day Felicitanalia allegedly described by Ovid in the missing 11th book of the Fasti (poem) . Felicitas Perpetua Saeculi ("Perpetual Blessedness of the Age") appears on a coin issued under Constantine , the first emperor to convert to Christianity. Felicitas was also the basis of the Roman theology of victory adopted during Augustus' reign. The concept, which constituted

1271-415: The main business, transport, and industrial areas of Kyiv. There are currently 50 large industrial organizations based here. Although most of the industrial sites are phased out of the region, they dominate the adjacent neighborhoods to the north, named today "Podilsko-Kurenivskiy promraion". Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : The Podilskyi District includes

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1312-522: The park for a few years after World War II . In 1977 the Hryhoriy Skovoroda monument was built in the park. The Kyiv tramway was among the first in the Russian Empire . The tram commuting started at Podil among the first in Kyiv in 1896. It originally was connecting Kontraktova Square and Poshtova Square and later stretched to Kurenivka and then Pushcha-Vodytsia . Until World War II ,

1353-649: The protection or favour of the gods; happy." That which is felix has achieved the pax divom , a state of harmony or peace with the divine world. The word derives from Indo-European *dhe(i)l, meaning "happy, fruitful, productive, full of nourishment." Related Latin words include femina , "woman" (a person who provides nourishment or suckles); felo , "to suckle" in regard to an infant; filius , "son" (a person suckled); and probably fello, fellare , "to perform fellatio ", with an originally non-sexual meaning of "to suck". The continued magical association of sexual potency, increase, and general good fortune in productivity

1394-502: The section just north of Nyzhniy Val street was called Ploska chast or Ploskaya sloboda. It was home to many poor Jews who lived there in wretched conditions. Numerous tourist attractions (also officially designated as landmarks) of Podil particularly include: Podil is connected to the city's metro system by the following three stations on the Obolonsko–Teremkivska line : Tarasa Shevchenka , Kontraktova Ploshcha (named after

1435-476: The temple was finished by Lepidus on the site of the Curia Hostilia , which had been restored by Sulla, destroyed by fire in 52 BC, and demolished by Caesar in 44 BC. This temple seems not to have existed by the time of Hadrian . Its site probably lies under the church of Santi Luca e Martina . It has been suggested that an Ionic capital and a tufa wall uncovered at the site are the only known remains of

1476-497: The temple. Felicitas was a watchword used by Julius Caesar's troops at the Battle of Thapsus , the names of deities and divine personifications being often recorded for this purpose in the late Republic. Felicitas Iulia ("Julian Felicitas") was the name of a colony in Hispania that was refounded under Caesar and known also as Olisipo , present-day Lisbon , Portugal. During

1517-497: The territory of Podil ancient constructions were found. Some of them date back to the first half of the first millennium BC . It is first mentioned, however, in chronicles around 945. At times of Ancient Rus , Podil served as the main city's posad which was connected with the Upper city ( Old Kyiv Hill) by Borychiv Descent . According to archaeological data, Podil appeared at the end of the 9th century. In 12-13th centuries its total area

1558-399: The two were distinguished in Roman religion . Fortuna was unpredictable and her effects could be negative, as the existence of an altar to Mala Fortuna ("Bad Luck") acknowledges. Felicitas, however, always had a positive significance. She appears with several epithets that focus on aspects of her divine power. Felicitas had a temple in Rome as early as the mid-2nd century BC, and during

1599-593: Was a regular complement to felicitas , which was not thought to attach to those who were unworthy. Cicero attributed felicitas particularly to Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") , and distinguished this felicitas even from the divine good luck enjoyed by successful generals such as Fabius Maximus , Marcellus , Scipio the Younger and Marius . The sayings (sententiae) of Publilius Syrus are often attached to divine qualities, including Felicitas: "The people's Felicitas

1640-428: Was reaching 200 ha (490 acres). In documentary sources there is mention of "Stolpiye" (wooden fortifications) that protected Podil from northwest, Fairgrounds (later Zhytniy Fairgrounds, main city market), Church of Saint Elijah (the oldest Christian temple mentioned in 945), and Pyrohoshcha Church . Probably, the legendary churches of Turov and Novgorod also existed at Podil. The Soviet "Outline of Ancient History of

1681-436: Was simultaneously a divine gift, a quality that resided within an individual, and a contagious capacity for generating productive conditions outside oneself: it was a form of " charismatic authority". Cicero lists felicitas as one of the four virtues of the exemplary general, along with knowledge of military science (scientia rei militaris) , virtus (both "valor" and "virtue"), and auctoritas , "authority." Virtus

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