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58-504: North Kordofan is generally arid and desert. For centuries, North Kordofan was inhabited by nomads and pastoralists, mainly the Dar Hamid, Dar Hamar, Guamaa, Kababish, Bideriya, Shwehat and including the Yazeed tribes. The area has had almost continuous drought since the mid-1960s. Deforestation led to the destruction of the natural vegetation. NGOs working in the villages of Sudan tried to rectify

116-742: A "women's revolution" in March 2019 and following the April 2019 coup d'état, Transitional Military Council chair al-Burhan referred to "the uprising and the revolution". Gilbert Achcar of Jacobin described the transfer of power to the Sovereignty Council and the plan for a 39-month period of transitional institutions as the "fourth phase" of "the revolution". Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok stated, after taking power in August 2019, that "The revolution's deep-rooted slogan, 'freedom, peace and justice,' will form

174-489: A car went viral. On 11 April, al-Bashir was ousted from presidency and placed under house arrest by the military. The European Union and the United States called for a UN Security Council meeting. State media reported that all political prisoners, including anti-Bashir protest leaders, were being released from jail. A curfew was also put in place between 10 pm and 4 am. Despite the imposed curfew, protesters remained on

232-643: A career in music. She moved to Khartoum when she was fourteen-years old and soon after her arrival her singing was in demand for wedding parties. Her work developed into the wider role of the ghanaya - a woman who is responsible as a performer and singer for getting a bride ready for marriage, including teaching the bride to dance for the so-called henna party while also bathing and massaging them and passing on information about sexual relations. During World War II she sang to entertain Sudanese soldiers. There are two rumours about why her name changed: One that she

290-661: A civilian-led transitional government , and urging other reforms in Sudan. Negotiations between the TMC and the civilian opposition to form a joint transition government took place during late April and in May, but stopped when the Rapid Support Forces and other TMC security forces killed 128 people, raped 70 and injured others in the Khartoum massacre on 3 June. Opposition groups responded to

348-471: A coalition called the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC, or Alliance for Freedom and Change). The Freedom and Change Charter signed by the alliance participants called for the removal of the government and a transition to democracy under a civilian government. Multiple groups and coalitions were organised at multiple levels. Local grassroots groups that had started organising as a loose network in 2013, called

406-412: A life as a singer. As one of the last survivors of the revolution, she became a spokesperson for it, presenting television shows and receiving honours from Omar al-Bashir . She died aged 86, on the 12 December 2012. Al-Tagtaga was a well-known figure, and was easily recognisable, as she often wore a tobe (Sudanese women's garment, similar to a sari ) in the colours green, yellow and blue, which were

464-472: A major role in the protests, sometimes constituting 70% of the daily street protestors. In August 2019, during the Sudanese transition to democracy period that followed the first 2018–2019 civil disobedience , coup and massacre phases of the Sudanese revolution, these organisation argued that since women had played as significant a role in the revolution as men, positions chosen by civilian–military consensus in

522-420: A narrative that the protests were race-based. These forced confessions were broadcast on both Sudanese state television and Facebook on 29 December. The generals' position has been strengthened by the security forces' use of force. In the worst of these instances, a crackdown on protestors in the capital city of Khartoum on June 3 resulted in the deaths of dozens of people, some of whose remains were dumped into

580-413: A new song praising his wisdom and education, but also teasing those who now regretted not having joined his movement: "Those who denounced you, they regretted / You won the state election / God bless your ideas and thoughts / Which represent your knowledge and wisdom / You have skilfully won our independence/ from the greatest country [England]" Being a well-known singer for weddings, she also sang for

638-409: A total 39-month transition period leading into elections. The TMC was dissolved and the mostly male Sovereignty Council was created on 20 August 2019. Abdalla Hamdok was appointed prime minister on 21 August 2019. The Transitional Cabinet , with four female and 14 male civilian ministers and 2 male military ministers, was announced in early September. A " comprehensive peace process " between

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696-517: A variety of famous people, including Yasser Arafat , and performed at the wedding of King Farouk of Egypt and Narriman Sadek . In later life, Al-Tagtaga was recorded singing on the television programme Names in our Lives. She was an exponent of the important role television and radio could play in people's lives, particularly in bridging gaps between generations. Al-Tagtaga lived out her life in Omdurman, but she never married, choosing, as she said,

754-525: The Cabinet of Ministers should be allotted equally between men and women, stating that Sudanese women "claim an equal share of 50–50 with men at all levels, measured by qualifications and capabilities". The 2018–2019 wave of protests began on 19 December 2018 in response to the tripling of the price of bread in Atbara , then quickly spread to Port Sudan , Dongola and the capital Khartoum . Protestors set fire to

812-690: The Munich Security Conference as evidence (15–17 February). On 22 February, Bashir declared a yearlong state of national emergency, the first in twenty years. Bashir also announced the dissolution of the central governments and the regional governments, and replaced regional governors with military generals. The next day he appointed his chosen successor, Mohamed Tahir Ayala , as prime minister and former intelligence chief and current Defence Minister Awad Mohamed Ahmed Ibn Auf as first vice-president. His intelligence chief also announced that he would not seek re-election in 2020 and would resign from

870-659: The NetBlocks internet observatory and Sudanese volunteers indicating the installation of "an extensive Internet censorship regime". Curfews were issued across Sudan, with schools closed throughout the country. Darfuri students in Sennar and Khartoum were arrested by the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) and tortured into confessing membership in the Sudan Liberation Movement in an effort to create

928-538: The Rapid Support Forces [REDACTED] Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf Sudanese Minister of Defense [REDACTED] Salah Mohammed Abdullah (Gosh) Head of National Intelligence and Security Service April 2019 – August 2019 [REDACTED] Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf Chairman of the Transitional Military Council (11–12 April) [REDACTED] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Chairman of the Transitional Military Council (12 April – 21 August), Chairman of

986-602: The Sudanese Ba'ath Party ). Jacobin described the political movement organised by the Sudanese opposition groups as "perhaps the best organized and politically advanced in the [Middle East/North Africa] region". 1 January declaration that created the FFC included two major women's coalitions, the Women of Sudanese Civic and Political Groups , Sudanese Women's Union , No to Oppression against Women Initiative , and MANSAM . Women played

1044-580: The Sudanese pound in October 2018 led to wildly fluctuating exchange rates and a shortage of cash in circulation. Long lines for basic goods such as petrol, bread, as well as cash from ATMs were a common sight. At the time, Sudan had around 70% inflation, second only to Venezuela. In August 2018, the National Congress party backed Omar Al-Bashir's 2020 presidential run, despite his increasing unpopularity and his previous declaration that he would not run in

1102-628: The resistance committees , played a major role in organising civil disobedience and pressuring the TMC. One of the key groups active in coordinating the protests is the Sudanese Professionals Association . The group is a civil society organisation and an umbrella group of trade unions for professionals. The group is composed of doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, pharmacists, and others. The group, established in 2012, operated mostly clandestinely during al-Bashir's regime in order to avoid arrest. The core of

1160-515: The "Sudanese revolution". Two earlier Sudanese civil disobedience uprisings that led to major changes of government include the October 1964 Revolution and the March/April 1985 Revolution . Since December 2018, sustained civil disobedience was referred to by protestors as a revolution , with chanted slogans including "Revolution is the people's choice". Women participating in the protests called them

1218-509: The Democratic Lawyers Alliance, at least 870 people had been tried in the newly-established emergency courts by mid-March. On 6 April, days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika was forced to step down to appease Algerian protesters , the Sudanese Professionals Association called for a march to the headquarters of the armed forces. Hundreds of thousands of people answered the call. According to one protester, divisions appeared between

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1276-453: The River Nile. On the same day, Mohamed Nagi Alassam , SPA secretary, delivered a statement demanding the government to step-down. He and over 100 opposition members were arrested the next day. By 7 January 2019 over 800 anti-government protesters were arrested and 19 people, including security officials, were killed during the protests. On 9 January, thousands of protesters gathered in

1334-624: The Sovereignty Council (21 August–present) The Sudanese revolution ( Arabic : الثورة السودانية , romanized :  al-Thawrah al-Sūdānīyah ) was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018 and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed President Omar al-Bashir on 11 April after thirty years in power, 3 June Khartoum massacre took place under

1392-552: The Sudanese revolution, which may also be interpreted to include the period during the prime ministership of Hamdok, who promised that the transitional period would carry out "the program" of the revolution. On 19 December 2018, a series of demonstrations broke out in several Sudanese cities, due in part to rising costs of living and deterioration of economic conditions at all levels of society. The protests quickly turned from demands for urgent economic reforms into demands for President Omar al-Bashir to step down. The violence of

1450-532: The Sudanese state and armed opposition groups was scheduled to start on 1 September 2019. Nemat Abdullah Khair was appointed as Sudan's first female Chief Justice on 10 October. Street protests continued during the transitionary period. Al-Bashir had ruled the country since 1989 when he led a successful coup against the elected, but increasingly unpopular, prime minister of the time, Sadiq al-Mahdi . The International Criminal Court (ICC) has indicted Al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in

1508-411: The TMC formally transferred executive power to a mixed military–civilian collective head of state, the Sovereignty Council of Sudan , and to a civilian prime minister, Abdalla Hamdok and a mostly civilian cabinet , while judicial power was transferred to Nemat Abdullah Khair , Sudan's first female Chief Justice . While it is mainly about this eight-month period, there are debates on the definition of

1566-548: The basic goods including bread. The protests grew quickly and found support from different opposition parties. Youth and women's movements also joined the protests. The Sudanese government devalued the local currency and removed wheat and electricity subsidies. Sudan's economy has struggled since Omar al-Bashir's ascent to power, but became increasingly turbulent following the secession of South Sudan in 2011, which, up until then, had represented an important source of foreign currency, because of its oil output. The devaluation of

1624-439: The colours of the first Sudan flag of independence. The flag was used from 1956 to 1970, but had a recent surge in popularity on social media in the 2019 revolution , with popular feeling wanting a new and more representative flag for the country. Al-Tagtaga's mixture of political song and protest has inspired new generations of women in Sudan. During the 2019 revolution, the civil rights campaigner Alaa Salah recited poetry in

1682-464: The country. In particular, the 2011–2013 Sudanese protests , which coincided with the Arab Spring , saw a period of heightened protest and repression, as well as shifts in organizational dynamics within the Sudanese opposition and a restructuring of the regime's coercive apparatus. In January 2018, large protests started on the streets of Khartoum , Sudan's capital, in opposition to the rising prices of

1740-573: The damage. They set up women's centres. These centres allowed many women gain an income. Training was introduced and a solar energy system set up. NGOs recognise that a need exists for longer projects requiring the kind of support that only can come from governments and large agencies. The singer Hawa Al-Tagtaga was from the region. This Sudan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hawa Al-Tagtaga Hawa al-Tagtaga (alternatively Hawa Jah Elrasool , Arabic : حواء جاه الرسول , 1926 – 12 December 2012)

1798-500: The first time since the declaration of the state of emergency. On 10 April, soldiers were seen shielding protesters from security forces, and on 11 April, the military removed al-Bashir from power in a coup d'état . Following al-Bashir's removal from power, street protests organised by the Sudanese Professionals Association and democratic opposition groups continued, calling on the ruling Transitional Military Council (TMC) to "immediately and unconditionally" step aside in favour of

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1856-921: The front of a crowd of protesters in Sudan. This marks a new chapter in a long tradition of Sudanese women singing poems of praise and lament in order to boost morale, honour the dead or to defy rulers. Today, many women in Sudan see Al-Tagtaga as a feminist icon in their country, and there are more female singers, considered as "Hawa's girls" , following her lead and performing political songs in public. Sudanese Revolution [REDACTED] Different groups of civil movements and individual people [REDACTED] Forces of Freedom and Change consisting of: [REDACTED]   Sudan Non-centralized leadership December 2018 – April 2019 [REDACTED] Omar al-Bashir President of Sudan [REDACTED] Mohamed Tahir Ayala Prime Minister [REDACTED] Motazz Moussa Prime Minister [REDACTED] Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti) Head of

1914-456: The government's reaction to these peaceful demonstrations sparked international concern. On 22 February 2019, al-Bashir declared a state of emergency and dissolved the national and regional governments, replacing the latter with military and intelligence-service officers. On 8 March, al-Bashir announced that all of the women jailed for protesting against the government would be released. On the weekend of 6–7 April, there were massive protests for

1972-829: The group consists of urban middle-class professionals. Other Sudanese opposition groups include the Sudan Call (Nidaa Sudan in Arabic), a movement founded by many political figures including, Farouk Abu Issa and Dr. Amin Mekki Medani , (and included the Umma Party , Sudanese Congress Party, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North ) and the National Consensus Forces (consisting of the Sudanese Communist Party and

2030-640: The head of the National Congress Party. Ahmed Haroun , also wanted by the ICC for war crimes, replaced Al-Bashir as leader of the National Congress party. Officers from the military and intelligence services were put in charge of provincial governments after the dissolution. Security forces raided universities in Khartoum and Ombdurman, reportedly beating students with sticks in Khartoum on 24 February. On

2088-459: The latter to stop producing its print version. According to The Listening Post , foreign Arabic-language videographers have been particularly targeted by the government. A "senior military source" told Middle East Eye that Salah Gosh , head of Sudanese intelligence, had the support of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt to replace al-Bashir as president, citing his private talks with Yossi Cohen at

2146-531: The leadership of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) that replaced al-Bashir, and in July and August 2019 the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC) signed a Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration legally defining a planned 39-month phase of transitional state institutions and procedures to return Sudan to a civilian democracy. In August and September 2019,

2204-461: The massacre and post-massacre arrests by carrying out a 3-day general strike from 9–11 June and calling for sustained civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance until the TMC transfers power to a civilian government. On 12 June the opposition agreed to stop the strike and the TMC agreed to free political prisoners. After renewed negotiations, a deal, called the Political Agreement,

2262-447: The military council announced that Burhan once again cooperated with the demands of the protestors and sacked the nation's three top prosecutors, including chief prosecutor Omar Ahmed Mohamed Abdelsalam, public prosecutor Amer Ibrahim Majid, and deputy public prosecutor Hesham Othman Ibrahim Saleh. The same day, two sources with direct knowledge told CNN that Bashir, his former interior minister Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein, and Ahmed Haroun,

2320-469: The national party headquarters in Atbara and Dongola. Authorities used tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition to disperse demonstrators, causing dozens of deaths and injuries. The former prime minister, Sadiq al-Mahdi , returned to the country on the same day. Access to social media and instant messaging was cut on 21 December by the country's major service providers, with technical evidence collected by

2378-475: The new Sudanese flag. Along with Hasan Khalifa al-Atbarawi, she was arrested on the eve of independence in 1956 for singing nationalist songs at the Labour Theatre in Atbara and jailed for three months. Moreover, she had her front teeth knocked out by British troops whilst participating in a demonstration with the wife of Sudanese revolutionary Ali Abdel Latif . After Al-Azari's election, Al-Tagtaga wrote

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2436-488: The program of the transitional period." The Sudan Revolutionary Front , an alliance of armed groups created in 2011 in opposition to President Omar al-Bashir , argued that the August 2019 creation of the Sovereignty Council was a "hijacking of the revolution", and that the revolution had been started by the armed rebel groups in 2003. The Sudanese opposition to al-Bashir was initially fractured, but in January 2019 unified in

2494-407: The protestors during the sit-in. Burhan is also "not known to be implicated in war crimes or wanted by international courts." On 13 April, talks between the military and the protestors officially started. This came following announcements that the curfew imposed by Auf was lifted, that an order was issued to complete the release of those who were jailed under emergency laws issued by al-Bashir. It

2552-400: The ruling establishment, there was fatigue from the rule of Bashir. Media coverage of the protests was strictly controlled by security forces. Al Tayyar began printing blank pages to show the amount of government-censored copy. Other news outlets have seen their entire print run confiscated by the government. The security service (NISS) raided Al Jarida ' s offices again, which has led

2610-438: The same day, al-Bashir issued decrees banning unauthorised demonstrations, prohibiting the illegal trade of fuel and wheat under threat of 10-year prison sentences; banning the "unauthorized circulation of information, photos or documents that belong to the president's family"; and introducing capital controls on the trade of gold and foreign currency. On 7 March, protests were organised to honour women for their leading role in

2668-427: The secret services were facing off at the armed forces headquarters in Khartoum. According to the interior minister, there were six deaths, 57 injuries, and 2,500 arrests in Khartoum over the weekend. Police were under orders not to intervene. Also on Monday, Alaa Salah , a young woman dressed as a kandake , became a symbol of the movement when a photo of her leading the protestors in a chant while standing on top of

2726-410: The security forces, who "tried to attack the demonstrators coming from the north", and the military, who "took the demonstrators' side and fired back." On Sunday, Social media were blocked and the power was cut all over Sudan as the protestors began a sit-in at the military headquarters in Khartoum which continued throughout the week. On Monday morning (8 April), the army and the rapid reaction force of

2784-426: The southeastern city of El-Gadarif . Protests organised by the Sudanese Professionals Association led to a doctor being shot on 17 January, as hospitals were being targeted by security forces. The erstwhile allies of Bashir, the National Congress Party, announced that it was withdrawing from the government and later called on for a transfer of power to a transitional government, signalling at least that even in

2842-405: The streets. On the evening of 12 April, the head of the Transitional Military Council in Sudan, Awad Ibn Auf , announced his resignation following intense protests. Ibn Auf said that he had chosen Lieutenant-General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan , the army's inspector-general, to succeed him. The protesters were "jubilant" upon hearing this announcement as he was one of the generals who reached out to

2900-401: The upcoming elections. These measures led to rising opposition from within the party calling for respect of the constitution, which currently prevents Al-Bashir from being reelected. Sudanese activists reacted on social media and called for a campaign against his nomination. The protests and the planned 39-month phase of transitionary institutions were widely referred to as "the revolution" or

2958-659: The uprising. "You women, be strong" and "This revolution is a women's revolution" were slogans chanted at several protests. On 8 March, Omar al-Bashir ordered that all the women who had been arrested for participating in anti-government demonstrations be freed. Protestors named a Khartoum neighbourhood park (in Burri ) after one such woman, who had been sentenced to 20 lashes and one month in prison by an emergency court, then freed on appeal. The sentence of flogging , first introduced during British colonisation in 1925, aims at discouraging Sudanese women from political activism. According to

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3016-514: The western region of Darfur . Since the Bashir regime gained control of the country in 1989, the opposition had been very fierce from all political parties, due to the oppressive "Islamist" policies and heinous human rights violations. Multiple failed coup attempts, protests, and strikes had been dealt with extremely harshly, and key opposition members such as Sadiq al-Mahdi , Amin Mekki Medani , and Farouk Abu Issa were even arrested and expelled from

3074-534: Was a Sudanese singer, composer and activist, who campaigned against British colonial rule. She was of Fulani and Hausa descent. Al-Tagtaga was born in 1926 in El-Rahad , Abu-Dakna district in North Kordufan . Her father was a Sufi mystic and her mother a poet. From a young age, she wanted to be a singer, but her family were opposed to this and married her to a cousin, whom she later divorced so that she could follow

3132-478: Was agreed verbally between the TMC and the civilian protesters represented by the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) on 5 July 2019 and a written form of the agreement was signed by the TMC and FFC on 17 July. The TMC and FFC announced that they would share power to run Sudan via executive and legislative institutions and a judicial investigation of post-coup events, including the Khartoum massacre , until elections occur in mid-2022 . The Political Agreement

3190-1123: Was also announced that intelligence and security chief Salah Gosh had resigned. Amnesty International asked the military coalition to investigate his role in protesters' deaths. On 14 April it was announced that the council had agreed to have the protestors nominate a civilian prime minister and have civilians run every Government ministry outside the Defense and Interior Ministries. The same day, military council spokesman Shams El Din Kabbashi Shinto announced that Auf had been removed as Defense Minister and that Lt. General Abu Bakr Mustafa had been named to succeed Gosh as chief of Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS). On 15 April, military council spokesman Shams al-Din Kabbashi announced "The former ruling National Congress Party (NCP) will not participate in any transitional government," despite not being barred from future elections. The same day, prominent activist Mohammed Naji al-Asam announced that trust

3248-471: Was also growing between the military and the protestors following more talks and the release of more political prisoners, despite a poorly organised attempt by the army to disperse the sit-in. It was also announced that the military council was undergoing restructuring, which began with the appointments of Colonel General Hashem Abdel Muttalib Ahmed Babakr as army chief of staff and Colonel General Mohamed Othman al-Hussein as deputy chief of staff. On 16 April,

3306-488: Was complemented by the Draft Constitutional Declaration, which was initially signed by the FFC and the TMC on 4 August 2019 and signed more formally on 17 August. The transition plan creates the Sovereignty Council as head of state, with a mixed civilian–military composition and leadership to be transferred from a military leader to a civilian leader 21 months after the transitional period begins, for

3364-590: Was given the nickname by British authorities, as she was demonstrating in every major town; the other that her voice was likened to a specific type of palm tree. Al-Tagtaga joined the popular struggle against British colonialism and was famous throughout Sudan for her political activism and singing. She was a member of the Brothers Party, led by Ismail Al-Azari . She was arrested by the British government on several occasions, as well as being shot at when Al-Azari raised

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