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60-631: The Sudanese Communist Party ( abbr. SCP ; Arabic : الحزب الشيوعي السوداني , romanized :  Al-Hizb al-Shuyui al-Sudani ) is a communist party in Sudan . Founded in 1946, it was a major force in Sudanese politics in the early post-independence years, and was one of the two most influential communist parties in the Arab world , the other being the Iraqi Communist Party . The party helped overthrow

120-751: A British soldier and member of the Communist Party of Great Britain . During the 1940s and 1950s the party became popular amongst students, and it helped establish the Students' Congress in 1949. The party originally worked largely through different front organisations such as the Anti-Imperialist Front , through which it contested the 1953 parliamentary election . At the third conference of the Sudanese Movement for National Liberation, held in February 1956,

180-574: A coalition government in June 1968, aided by Soviet military assistance. The coup, led by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry began early in the morning of 25 May 1969, and by 4:00 am the key installations in the Khartoum - Bahri - Omdurman area had been occupied and leading Sudanese Army generals arrested. At 7:00 am, Radio Omdurman broadcast recorded speeches by Nimeiry and Babiker Awadalla , setting out their plans for government. Later that morning Radio Omdurman broadcast

240-406: A few examples, there is Aldi , from Theo Albrecht , the name of its founder, followed by discount ; Haribo , from Hans Riegel , the name of its founder, followed by Bonn , the town of its head office; and Adidas , from Adolf "Adi" Dassler , the nickname of its founder followed by his surname. 1969 Sudanese coup d%27%C3%A9tat Coup attempt succeeds [REDACTED] Republic of

300-475: A person's name, such as Migjeni —an abbreviation from his original name ( Millosh Gjergj Nikolla ) a famous Albanian poet and writer—or ASDRENI ( Aleksander Stavre Drenova ), another famous Albanian poet. Other such names which are used commonly in recent decades are GETOAR, composed from Gegeria + Tosks (representing the two main dialects of the Albanian language, Gegë and Toskë), and Arbanon —which

360-555: A plural of an initialization without an apostrophe can also be used for a number, or a letter. Examples: For units of measure, the same form is used for both singular and plural. Examples: When an abbreviation contains more than one period, Hart's Rules recommends putting the s after the final one. Examples: However, the same plurals may be rendered less formally as: According to Hart's Rules , an apostrophe may be used in rare cases where clarity calls for it, for example when letters or symbols are referred to as objects. However,

420-554: A single letter and was originally spelled with lower case letters then there is no need for capitalization. However, when abbreviating a phrase where only the first letter of each word is taken, then all letters should be capitalized, as in YTD for year-to-date , PCB for printed circuit board and FYI for for your information . However, see the following section regarding abbreviations that have become common vocabulary: these are no longer written with capital letters. A period (a.k.a. full stop)

480-517: A split within the party which lasted from late 1964 to early 1965. Pro-Chinese members were either expelled or chose to leave voluntarily to form the Sudanese Communist Party – Revolutionary Leadership . From 1965 to 1967, a number of parties attempted to outlaw the SCP from partaking in parliamentary elections. Some members advocated the establishment of an ideologically broader Socialist Party of

540-462: A state of emergency and diplomatic recognition from various countries. Amid resistance, the October 1964 Revolution emerged, as widespread protests erupted against Abboud's rule. The revolution began with student-led demonstrations in the city of Wad Medani , triggered by the government's decision to increase prices of basic commodities. The protests quickly spread to other cities, including Khartoum ,

600-508: A symbol such as "km" for " kilometre ". In the International System of Units (SI) manual the word "symbol" is used consistently to define the shorthand used to represent the various SI units of measure. The manual also defines the way in which units should be written , the principal rules being: A syllabic abbreviation is usually formed from the initial syllables of several words, such as Interpol = International + police . It

660-429: A trailing period. For example: etcetera is usually abbreviated etc. and abbreviation is sometimes abbreviated abbr. , abbrv. , or abbrev. . But sometimes the trailing period is not used for such shortened forms. A contraction is an abbreviation formed by replacing letters with an apostrophe. Examples include I'm for I am and li'l for little . An initialism or acronym is an abbreviation consisting of

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720-621: A vote of censure, replacing Azhari with Abdallah Khalil of the Umma Party (UP) in July 1956. These years saw shifts in power dynamics and legislative elections. In November 1958, Lt. General Ibrahim Abboud with Abdallah Khalil orchestrated a military self-coup , suspending the constitution, dissolving the parliament, and establishing the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF). This led to

780-559: Is a syllabic abbreviation of Commonwealth and (Thomas) Edison . Sections of California are also often colloquially syllabically abbreviated, as in NorCal (Northern California), CenCal (Central California), and SoCal (Southern California). Additionally, in the context of Los Angeles, the syllabic abbreviation SoHo (Southern Hollywood) refers to the southern portion of the Hollywood neighborhood. Partially syllabic abbreviations are preferred by

840-528: Is a variant of the acronym. Syllabic abbreviations are usually written using lower case , sometimes starting with a capital letter , and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter. Syllabic abbreviations should be distinguished from portmanteaus , which combine two words without necessarily taking whole syllables from each. Syllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English. Some UK government agencies such as Ofcom (Office of Communications) and

900-755: Is an alternative way used to describe all Albanian lands. Syllabic abbreviations were and are common in German ; much like acronyms in English, they have a distinctly modern connotation, although contrary to popular belief, many date back to before 1933 , if not the end of the Great War . Kriminalpolizei , literally criminal police but idiomatically the Criminal Investigation Department of any German police force, begat KriPo (variously capitalised), and likewise Schutzpolizei ( protection police or uniform department ) begat SchuPo . Along

960-418: Is controversy as to which should be used. One generally accepted rule is to be consistent in a body of work. To this end, publishers may express their preferences in a style guide . Some controversies that arise are described below. If the original word was capitalized then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for Leviticus . When a word is abbreviated to more than

1020-504: Is opposed to Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 's Transitional Military Council and the measures enacted after the 2019 coup . The Sudanese Movement for National Liberation (also known by its Arabic acronym HASTU ) was founded in 1946, through the merger of two Sudanese communist groups – the Omdurman group belonging to Henri Curiel 's Egyptian Movement for National Liberation and a group in Khartoum which had been organized by Herbert Storey,

1080-695: Is sometimes used to signify abbreviation, but opinion is divided as to when and if this convention is best practice. According to Hart's Rules , a word shortened by dropping letters from the end terminates with a period, whereas a word shorted by dropping letters from the middle does not. Fowler's Modern English Usage says a period is used for both of these shortened forms, but recommends against this practice: advising it only for end-shortened words and lower-case initialisms; not for middle-shortened words and upper-case initialisms. Some British style guides, such as for The Guardian and The Economist , disallow periods for all abbreviations. In American English ,

1140-584: Is typically US . There are multiple ways to pluralize an abbreviation. Sometimes this accomplished by adding an apostrophe and an s ( 's ), as in "two PC's have broken screens". But, some find this confusing since the notation can indicate possessive case . And, this style is deprecated by many style guides. For instance, Kate Turabian , writing about style in academic writings, allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". For example, "DVDs" and "URLs" and "Ph.D.'s", while

1200-642: The First Sudanese Civil War , which by 1969 had been ongoing for nearly 14 years. In pursuing peace, the new government pushed for amnesty, and would declare regional autonomy for southern Sudan on 9 June 1969. Following independence on 1 January 1956, Ismail al-Azhari of the National Unionist Party (NUP) became Prime Minister leading the government with the Sudanese Sovereignty Council . However, political instability led to

1260-551: The Modern Language Association explicitly says, "do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation". Also, the American Psychological Association specifically says, "without an apostrophe". However, the 1999 style guide for The New York Times states that the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations, preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's". Forming

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1320-679: The Old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example the Tironian et ( ⁊ ) or & for and , and y for since , so that "not much space is wasted". The standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included a growth in the use of such abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, sequences like ⟨er⟩ were replaced with ⟨ɔ⟩ , as in mastɔ for master and exacɔbate for exacerbate . While this may seem trivial, it

1380-490: The 1960s and came into conflict with the Umma Party and National Unionist Party -led government. Nevertheless, the party went on to win 8 seats in the 1965 election , with Ahmad Sulayman being elected from a territorial constituency, and Abdel Khaliq Mahjub being elected as an independent. Another member of the party, Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim , was the first woman elected to the Sudanese parliament. The Sino-Soviet split caused

1440-456: The 1990s led to a marked rise in colloquial abbreviation. This was due largely to increasing popularity of textual communication services such as instant and text messaging. The original SMS supported message lengths of 160 characters at most (using the GSM 03.38 character set), for instance. This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called Textese , with which 10% or more of

1500-652: The 20th century. The contractions in Newspeak are supposed to have a political function by virtue of their abbreviated structure itself: nice sounding and easily pronounceable, their purpose is to mask all ideological content from the speaker. A more recent syllabic abbreviation has emerged with the disease COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) caused by the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (itself frequently abbreviated to SARS-CoV-2 , partly an initialism). In Albanian, syllabic acronyms are sometimes used for composing

1560-597: The SCP was again repressed, with the party being banned and its leaders being arrested. In a 2007 interview, then general secretary of the SCP Muhammad Ibrahim Nugud claimed that the party enjoyed support from a wide section of Sudanese society, including "workers, farmers, students, women's groups, minority groups, in the Nuba Mountains , in the south , and in Darfur ". Human rights activist Suleman Hamid El Haj

1620-502: The Sudan [REDACTED]   Sudanese Armed Forces Col. Gaafar Nimeiry Coup Military Leader Babiker Awadalla Coup Civilian Leader Faruq Hamadallah Free Officers Member Ma'mun Awad Abu Zaid Free Officers Member Khalid Hassan Abbas Free Officers Member Abu al-Qasim Muhammad Ibrahim Free Officers Member The 1969 Sudanese coup d'état was a successful coup, led by Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry , against

1680-452: The Sudan, which lasted from 1967 to 1969. Other members advocated operating underground. The military overthrew the Sudanese government on 25 May 1969 in a coup d'état led by Gaafar Nimeiry . The SCP gained influence in the new administration, and SCP policies, such as those pertaining to regional autonomy for the south, were adopted by the Nimeiry government. Joseph Garang , an SCP member,

1740-763: The US Navy, as they increase readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence DESRON 6 is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6", while COMNAVAIRLANT would be "Commander, Naval Air Force (in the) Atlantic". Syllabic abbreviations are a prominent feature of Newspeak , the fictional language of George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four . The political contractions of Newspeak— Ingsoc (English Socialism), Minitrue (Ministry of Truth), Miniplenty ( Ministry of Plenty )—are described by Orwell as similar to real examples of German ( see below ) and Russian ( see below ) contractions in

1800-721: The United Kingdom, on 22 March 2012. By then he had served as the party's general secretary for over four decades. He was succeeded by Muhammad Mukhtar al-Khatib . The party participated in the 2018–2019 Sudanese protests and demonstrated against the measures enacted by the Transitional Military Council in the aftermath of the 2019 coup d'état . In May 2022, the Sudanese Armed Forces arrested several prominent party members, including al-Khatib. The SCP called for an immediate ceasefire between rival factions of

1860-455: The apostrophe can be dispensed with if the items are set in italics or quotes: In Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter for note-taking. Most of these deal with writing and publishing. A few longer abbreviations use this as well. Publications based in the U.S. tend to follow

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1920-665: The capital of Sudan. The revolution led to Abboud's resignation on 16 November 1964. An interim government was formed following Abboud's resignation, with Sudanese Sovereignty Council being at the helm of the government and Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa as the prime minister. Notably, the Umma Party played a central role in the Constituent Assembly elections after the 1965 Sudanese parliamentary election . Factionalism emerged within UP, and despite challenges, Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub formed

1980-445: The conspirators were members of the SCP, Nimeiry blamed the party for the coup and executed several of its leaders, including Mahjub and Garang. The failed coup had its roots in historical ideological differences within the party, between the pro-Soviet faction and the nationalist faction. The nationalists, such as Ahmad Sulayman and Farouk Abu Issa , wished to cooperate with the Nimeiry government. The pro-Soviet faction, led by Mahjub,

2040-574: The early 1990s. The SCP advocates a return to democratic rule in Sudan and opposed the secession of southern Sudan. The freer political climate following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement has allowed the party to be more active in the country. Party leader Muhammad Ibrahim Nugud came out of two decades of hiding in 2008. Party members suffering during the decades of NIF rule had pleaded with him to be more active but Nugud feared arrest. Nugud visited Juba on 28 November 2008 at

2100-428: The former Oftel (Office of Telecommunications) use this style. New York City has various neighborhoods named by syllabic abbreviation, such as Tribeca (Triangle below Canal Street) and SoHo (South of Houston Street). This usage has spread into other American cities, giving SoMa , San Francisco (South of Market) and LoDo, Denver (Lower Downtown), amongst others. Chicago -based electric service provider ComEd

2160-451: The globally popular term OK generally credited as a remnant of its influence. Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. This question is considered below. Widespread use of electronic communication through mobile phones and the Internet during

2220-416: The government of President Ismail al-Azhari . The coup signaled the end of Sudan's second democratic era, and saw the beginning of Nimeiry's 16 year rule . Nimeiry's government would pursue a radical Arab nationalist and leftist program, bringing in a socialist program for social and economic development, including widespread nationalization of private property. His government would also push for an end to

2280-493: The initial letter of a sequence of words without other punctuation. For example, FBI ( /ˌɛf.biːˈaɪ/ ), USA ( /ˌjuː.ɛsˈeɪ/ ), IBM ( /ˌaɪ.biːˈɛm/ ), BBC ( /ˌbiː.biːˈsiː/ ). When initialism is used as the preferred term, acronym refers more specifically to when the abbreviation is pronounced as a word rather than as separate letters; examples include SWAT and NASA . Initialisms, contractions and crasis share some semantic and phonetic functions, and are connected by

2340-505: The invitation of southern Sudanese communists. The trip was aimed at "bolstering the activities of the SCP in southern Sudan". He was received by SPLM Deputy Secretary General Ann Itto. Nugud died in London in March 2012, when he was about 80 years old. He was succeeded as General Secretary by Muhammad Mukhtar al-Khatib . Abbreviation An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word with

2400-476: The involvement of a number of communist military officers. The party's most prominent figures – Abdel Khaliq Mahjub , Joseph Garang , Alshafi Ahmed Elshikh, Babkir Elnour and Hashem al Atta  – were executed, and the party was officially banned. The party resurfaced after Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 . The SCP opposed army colonel Omar al-Bashir 's 1989 coup and his subsequent 25-year-long tenure as Sudan's head of state. The party

2460-462: The military government of Ibrahim Abboud in the October 1964 Revolution and joined the subsequent transitional government. Anti-communists in the post-revolution government attempted to outlaw the party but were unsuccessful; the SCP contested two parliamentary elections in the 1960s. In 1971, President Gaafar Nimeiry launched a wave of repression against the party after a failed coup implicated

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2520-507: The military government which began clashing on 15 April 2023 . The Rapid Support Forces later raided and occupied the SCP's headquarters in Khartoum on 25 May 2023. Following its founding in 1946, the party was noted for its highly progressive policies and positions. Until the 1960s, it was the only party in Sudan which allowed women to join. It was also the only party which advocated autonomy for South Sudan and integrated political figures from

2580-428: The names of the members of the new Council of Ministers, who had been agreed upon on 23 May in a meeting between Awadalla and the 6 key officers. Whilst the composition of the ruling Revolutionary Command Council had been planned in advance, during the course of the day the council's membership was expanded. Whilst his fellow Free Officers were visiting key Army units and Security organisations to ensure their loyalty to

2640-545: The new regime, Nimeiry met with two members of the Free Officers who had voted against the coup at the Officers April meeting; Lt. Col. Babikir al-Nur and Maj. Abu al-Qasim Hashim. Both had their respective power bases, with al-Nur being the highest-ranking officer associated with the Sudanese Communist Party , and the latter maintaining key links with civilian Arab nationalists and Nasserists. Nimeiry, without consulting with

2700-477: The other coup plotters, decided to bring both individuals into the new government in order to expand its support base. Another officer associated with the communist party, Hashem al Atta , was also brought into the new council. The new council was therefore not composed of only those who had implemented the coup, but also representatives of the majority block of the Free Officers Movement; which had opposed

2760-486: The party changed its name to the Sudanese Communist Party. A hundred party members attended the conference, which elected a 31-member central committee . The party joined other groups in opposition to the military government of Ibrahim Abboud , and played a key role in toppling the government in the October 1964 Revolution , joining the subsequent transitional government. The party contested two elections in

2820-487: The period is usually included regardless of whether or not it is a contraction, e.g. Dr. or Mrs. . In some cases, periods are optional, as in either US or U.S. for United States , EU or E.U. for European Union , and UN or U.N. for United Nations . There are some house styles, however—American ones included—that remove the periods from almost all abbreviations. For example: Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered

2880-789: The same lines, the Swiss Federal Railways' Transit Police—the Transportpolizei —are abbreviated as the TraPo . With the National Socialist German Workers' Party gaining power came a frenzy of government reorganisation, and with it a series of entirely new syllabic abbreviations. The single national police force amalgamated from the Schutzpolizeien of the various states became the OrPo ( Ordnungspolizei , "order police");

2940-401: The secret police) and VoPo for Volkspolizei . The phrase politisches Büro , which may be rendered literally as "office of politics" or idiomatically as "political party steering committee", became Politbüro . Syllabic abbreviations are not only used in politics, however. Many business names, trademarks, and service marks from across Germany are created on the same pattern: for

3000-538: The south into its leadership. During the Cold War the party developed two main factions, an Orthodox Marxist–Leninist and pro- Soviet faction led by Abdel Khaliq Mahjub , and a nationalist faction led by Ahmad Sulayman and Farouk Abu Issa , which emphasized a more localized Sudanese interpretation of Marxism. The party previously supported the policies and positions of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) in

3060-540: The state KriPos together formed the "SiPo" ( Sicherheitspolizei , "security police"); and there was also the Gestapo ( Geheime Staatspolizei , "secret state police"). The new order of the German Democratic Republic in the east brought about a conscious denazification , but also a repudiation of earlier turns of phrase in favour of neologisms such as Stasi for Staatssicherheit ("state security",

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3120-538: The style guides of The Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press . The U.S. government follows a style guide published by the U.S. Government Printing Office . The National Institute of Standards and Technology sets the style for abbreviations of units. Many British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation: Writers often use shorthand to denote units of measure. Such shorthand can be an abbreviation, such as "in" for " inch " or can be

3180-971: The term abbreviation in loose parlance. In early times, abbreviations may have been common due to the effort involved in writing (many inscriptions were carved in stone) or to provide secrecy via obfuscation . Reduction of a word to a single letter was common in both Greek and Roman writing. In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context. (For example, ⟨A⟩ can be an abbreviation for many words, such as ager , amicus , annus , as , Aulus , Aurelius , aurum , and avus .)" Many frequent abbreviations consisted of more than one letter: for example COS for consul and COSS for its nominative etc. plural consules . Abbreviations were frequently used in early English . Manuscripts of copies of

3240-509: The vocabulary as generic words are no longer written with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are sonar , radar , lidar , laser , snafu , and scuba . When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used: The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. In the past, some initialisms were styled with a period after each letter and a space between each pair. For example, U. S. , but today this

3300-464: The words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated. More recently Twitter, a popular social networking service , began driving abbreviation use with 140 character message limits. In HTML , abbreviations can be annotated using < abbr title = "Meaning of the abbreviation." > abbreviation </ abbr > to reveal its meaning by hovering the cursor . In modern English, there are multiple conventions for abbreviation, and there

3360-494: Was less supportive and opposed the 1969 coup by Nimeiry. On 6 April 1985, Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab launched a coup d'état and overthrew Nimeiry. In this new climate the SCP, now led by Muhammad Ibrahim Nugud , resumed its former above-ground activities and took part in the 1986 election , winning 3 seats, and returning Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim to the National Assembly. Following the 1989 Sudanese coup d'état , however,

3420-528: Was made the Government Minister of Southern Affairs. The SCP was supportive of negotiations which led to the Addis Ababa Agreement of 1972 . On 19 July 1971, a group of army officers led by Major Hashem al-Atta launched a coup d'état against the Nimeiry government. However, Nimeiry loyalists retook the capital Khartoum three days later, freed Nimeiry, and restored his government. As many of

3480-534: Was most recently the assistant secretary and spokesman for the party. After the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the southern branch of the party split to form the Communist Party of South Sudan . In 2008, the SCP and the South African Communist Party jointly launched the African Left Network to facilitate greater cooperation amongst African communist parties. Nugud died in London ,

3540-469: Was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time. Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ. In the Early Modern English period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, the thorn Þ

3600-447: Was used for th , as in Þ ('the'). In modern times, ⟨Þ⟩ was often used (in the form ⟨y⟩ ) for promotional reasons, as in Y Olde Tea Shoppe . During the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. Likewise, a century earlier in Boston , a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with

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