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38-633: Transitional Military Council might refer to one Chadian and two Sudanese bodies: Transitional Military Council (1985) , which overthrew Sudanese president Jaafar Nimeiry Transitional Military Council (2019) , which overthrew Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir Transitional Military Council (Chad) , which took power after the death of Chadian president Idriss Déby See also [ edit ] Military Council for other similarly named bodies Sudanese Sovereignty Council (disambiguation) Sudanese coup d'état (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

76-417: A ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute. An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict but instead give the actor an upper hand in

114-747: A ceasefire of the aerial bombings in North Vietnam . The decision came after Henry Kissinger , the National Security Advisor to the President, returned to Washington, D.C. , from Paris, France , with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in South Vietnam . By January 27, 1973, all parties of the Vietnam War signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the Paris Peace Accord . After Iraq

152-477: A conciliatory approach toward the south. Among other things, he declared a unilateral cease-fire , called for direct talks with the SPLM, and offered an amnesty to rebel fighters. The TMC recognized the need for special development efforts in the south and proposed a national conference to review the southern problem. However, Dhahab's refusal to repeal the sharia negated these overtures and convinced SPLM leader Garang that

190-574: A divided nation. The other factor that prevented the emergence of a national political consensus concerned party factionalism. After sixteen years of one-party rule, most Sudanese favored the revival of the multiparty system. In the aftermath of Nimeiri's overthrow, approximately forty political parties registered with the TMC and announced their intention to participate in national politics. The political parties ranged from those committed to revolutionary socialism to those that supported Islamism . Of these latter,

228-603: A realistic strategy to resolve these problems. The Dhahab government refused to accept IMF economic austerity measures. As a result, the IMF, which influenced nearly all bilateral and multilateral donors, in February 1986, declared Sudan bankrupt. Efforts to attract a US$ 6 billion twenty-five-year investment from the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development failed when Sudan mismanaged an initial US$ 2.3 billion investment. A rapid expansion of

266-489: A third party. Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter . The immediate goal of

304-476: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Transitional Military Council (1985) Three days after Nimeiri's downfall, Dhahab authorized the creation of a fifteen-man Transitional Military Council (TMC) to rule Sudan. During its first few weeks in power, the TMC suspended the constitution; dissolved the Sudanese Socialist Union party (SSU),

342-640: Is no peace treaty. On New Years Day, 1968, Pope Paul VI convinced South Vietnam and the United States to declare a 24-hour-truce. However, the Viet Cong and North Vietnam did not adhere to the truce, and ambushed the 2nd Battalion, Republic of Vietnam Marine Division , 10 minutes after midnight in Mỹ Tho . The Viet Cong would also attack a U.S. Army fire support base near Saigon , causing more casualties. On January 15, 1973, US President Richard Nixon ordered

380-703: The UN 's acceptance of India 's proposed armistice, the ceasefire between the UN Command on the one side and the Korean People's Army (KPA) and the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) on the other took hold at approximately the 38th parallel north . These parties signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953 but South Korean President Syngman Rhee , who attacked the ceasefire proceedings, did not. Upon agreeing to

418-572: The NIF had succeeded the Islamic Charter Front as the main vehicle for the Muslim Brotherhood 's political aspirations. However, policy disagreements over the sharia, the southern civil war, and the country's future direction contributed to the confusion that characterized Sudan's national politics. In this troubled atmosphere, Dhahab sanctioned the promised April 1986 general election , which

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456-524: The Sudanese government still wanted to subjugate the south. Despite this gulf, both sides continued to work for a peaceful resolution of the southern problem. In March 1986, the Sudanese government and the SPLM produced the Koka Dam Declaration , which called for a Sudan "free from racism, tribalism, sectarianism and all causes of discrimination and disparity." The declaration also demanded the repeal of

494-460: The Sudanese government, especially in A'aly an-Nyl , Bahr al Ghazal , and Al Istiwai provinces. The TMC's greatest failure concerned its inability to form a national political consensus. In late April 1985, negotiations between the TMC and the Alliance of Professional and Trade Unions resulted in the establishment of a civilian cabinet under the direction of Dr. Gazuli Dafalla . The cabinet, which

532-460: The UK's GB news that as US president he would end the war within 24 hours, given that he had good relationships with the leaders of Ukraine and Russia. He added that it would be easy to conclude a ceasefire agreement to end the war. The 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by United Nations Secretary-General António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of

570-663: The US during Operation Desert Strike . The war remained in effect until 2003, when US and UK forces invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam Hussein 's regime from power. A UN-mediated ceasefire was agreed between India and Pakistan , on 1 January 1949, ending the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (also called the 1947 Kashmir War). Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in Kashmir in October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of

608-575: The United Nations' response to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic . On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal, rising to 172 on 25 June 2020, and on 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days. The 2024 Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire

646-515: The Western Front. One account described the development in the following words: It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front, the sharing and fraternity. All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities. There was no peace treaty signed during the Christmas truce , and

684-437: The adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict. Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower audience costs . Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and when

722-463: The authorities spread over a twelve-day period and postponed in thirty-seven southern constituencies because of the civil war. The Umma Party , headed by Sadiq al-Mahdi , won ninety-nine seats. The DUP, which was led after the April 1985 uprising by Khatmiyyah leader Muhammad Uthman al Mirghani , gained sixty-four seats. Dr. Hassan al-Turabi 's NIF obtained fifty-one seats. Regional political parties from

760-414: The ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere." On November 21, 2023, Qatar announced that they had negotiated a truce between Israel and Hamas would pause Gaza fighting , allow for

798-714: The ceasefire line. India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018. The Irish Republican Army held several Christmas ceasefires (usually referred to as truces) during the Northern Ireland conflict. An example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined

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836-614: The ceasefire which called upon the governments of South Korea, the United States , North Korea and China to participate in continued peace talks, the principal belligerents of the war established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and it has since been patrolled by the joint Republic of Korea Army , US, and UN Command on the one side and the KPA on the other. The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still

874-548: The conflict (for example, by re-arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates bargaining problems that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented. The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees and monitoring (e.g. peacekeeping ). Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about

912-601: The dedicated United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan , which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued. After several UN resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a plebiscite , a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948, which came into effect in the New Year. The Security Council set up the United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor

950-503: The domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment. By one estimate, there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989–2020. Historically, the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages, when it was known as a 'truce of God' . During World War I , on December 24, 1914, there

988-423: The money supply and the TMC's inability to control prices caused a soaring inflation rate. Although he appealed to forty donor and relief agencies for emergency food shipments, Dhahab was unable to prevent famine from claiming an estimated 400,000 to 500,000 lives. He also failed to end hostilities in the south, which constituted the major drain on Sudan's limited resources. Shortly after taking power, Dhahab adopted

1026-460: The princely ruler of Kashmir, who had joined India, and Pakistan supporting the rebels. The fighting was limited to Kashmir, but, apprehensive that it might develop into a full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations "likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace". The Security Council set up

1064-511: The release of some hostages and bring more aid to Palestinian civilians. As part of the deal, 50 hostages held by Hamas were released while Israel released 150 Palestinian prisoners. Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War . Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires during the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In May 2023, Donald Trump told

1102-455: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Transitional Military Council . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transitional_Military_Council&oldid=1159299858 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1140-453: The secret police, and the parliament and regional assemblies; dismissed regional governors and their ministers; and released hundreds of political detainees from Kober Prison . Dhahab also promised to negotiate an end to the southern civil war and to relinquish power to a civilian government in twelve months. The general populace welcomed and supported the new regime. Despite the TMC's energetic beginning, it soon became evident that Dhahab lacked

1178-708: The sharia and the opening of a constitutional conference. All major political parties and organizations, with the exception of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and the National Islamic Front (NIF), supported the Koka Dam Declaration. To avoid a confrontation with the DUP and the NIF, Dhahab decided to leave the sharia question to the new civilian government. Meanwhile, the SPLA kept up the military pressure on

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1216-719: The skills to resolve Sudan's economic problems, restore peace to the south, and establish national unity. By the time Dhahab seized power, Sudan's economy was in shambles. The country's international debt was approximately US$ 9 billion. Agricultural and industrial projects funded by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank remained in the planning stages. Most factories operated at less than 50 percent of capacity, while agricultural output had dropped by 50 percent since 1960. Moreover, famine threatened vast areas of southern and western Sudan. The TMC lacked

1254-566: The south, the Nuba Mountains , and the Red Sea Hills won lesser numbers of seats. The Sudanese Communist Party (SCP) and other radical parties failed to score any significant victories. Cease-fire A ceasefire (also known as a truce or armistice ), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by

1292-540: The war resumed after a few days. The Karachi Agreement of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan, supervised by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan , establishing a cease-fire line in Kashmir following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 . On November 29, 1952, the US president-elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to see how to end the Korean War . With

1330-512: The war still remained in effect, including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President George H. W. Bush by Iraqi agents while on a visit to Kuwait; Iraq being bombed in June 1993 as a response, Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the Iraqi no-fly zones , US President Bill Clinton 's bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during Operation Desert Fox , and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by

1368-568: Was an unofficial ceasefire on the Western Front as France , the United Kingdom , and Germany observed Christmas . There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to Christmas, and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches. The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous. Beginning when German soldiers lit Christmas trees , it quickly spread up and down

1406-523: Was driven out of Kuwait by US-led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm , Iraq and the UN Security Council signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3, 1991. Subsequently, throughout the 1990s, the U.N. Security Council passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its weapons of mass destruction unconditionally and immediately. Because no peace treaty was signed after the Gulf War ,

1444-399: Was subordinate to the TMC, devoted itself to conducting the government's daily business and to preparing for the election. Although it contained three southerners who belonged to the newly formed Southern Sudanese Political Association , the cabinet failed to win the loyalty of most southerners, who believed the TMC only reflected the policies of the deposed Nimeiri. As a result, Sudan remained

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