29-1223: FFC may refer to: Government [ edit ] Full Faith and Credit Clause , of the United States Constitution Flood Forecasting Centre (UK) Film Finance Corporation Australia , a defunct agency of the Australian government Federal Flood Commission , an agency of the Pakistani government Science and technology [ edit ] FFC Cambridge process , an electrochemical process Flat-field correction Flexible flat cable Front-facing camera Fee-for-carriage , in Canada Sports [ edit ] Association football [ edit ] Falkirk F.C. , Scotland Farsley F.C. , England Farnborough F.C. , England Floriana F.C. , Malta Floridians FC , United States Fluminense Football Club , Brazilian Foadan FC , Togo Fredericksburg FC , United States Freiburger FC , Germany Fulham F.C. , England Football Fans Census ,
58-545: A British fan forum Football Federation of Cambodia Football Federation of Chile Australian rules football [ edit ] Fitzroy Football Club Fremantle Football Club Footscray Football Club, now the Western Bulldogs Other sports [ edit ] Freedom Football Conference , a defunct American college athletic conference French Cycling Federation (French: Fédération Française de Cyclisme ) Final Fight Championship ,
87-509: A European martial arts promotion company Other uses [ edit ] FF Communications (or Folklore Fellows' Communications [ de ] ), a folkloristics journal FF.C , a Greek hip hop band Atlanta Regional Airport , in Georgia, United States Fairfield County, Connecticut , United States Faith and Freedom Coalition , an American conservative political advocacy organization Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited ,
116-581: A Pakistani fertilizer manufacturer Final Fantasy Chronicles , a video game compilation First flight cover , mail that has been carried on an inaugural flight of an airline, route, or aircraft Flaherty & Crumrine Preferred Securities Income Fund Inc., a company listed on the New York Stock Exchange Flav's Fried Chicken , a defunct American restaurant Forces of Freedom and Change alliance, an alliance of Sudanese coalitions of groups created in 2019 Foundation For Children ,
145-578: A Thai non-profit organization Fulton Financial Corporation , an American financial services company Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FFC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FFC&oldid=1171208049 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text Short description
174-576: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Full Faith and Credit Clause Article IV, Section 1 of the United States Constitution , the Full Faith and Credit Clause , addresses the duty that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state". According to
203-512: Is taken. If in such court it has the faith and credit of evidence of the highest nature, viz., record evidence, it must have the same faith and credit in every other court. Although the Court was engaged in statutory interpretation in Mills , the Court eventually characterized Mills as a constitutional decision, in the 1887 case of Chicago & Alton v. Wiggins . During the following decades and centuries,
232-504: The Supreme Court , there is a difference between the credit owed to laws (i.e. legislative measures and common law) as compared to the credit owed to judgments. Judges and lawyers agree on the meaning of the clause with respect to the recognition of judgments rendered by one state in the courts of another. Barring exceptional circumstances, one state must enforce a judgment by a court in another, unless that court lacked jurisdiction, even if
261-475: The 2003 case of Franchise Tax Board v. Hyatt , the Court reiterated that, "[o]ur precedent differentiates the credit owed to laws (legislative measures and common law) and to judgments." If the legal pronouncements of one state conflict with the public policy of another state, federal courts in the past have been reluctant to force a state to enforce the pronouncements of another state in contravention of its own public policy. In cases of out-of-state judgments ,
290-492: The Articles of Confederation did not direct that "executions might issue in one state upon the judgments given in another", but rather was "chiefly intended to oblige each state to receive the records of another as full evidence of such acts and judicial proceedings." At the 1787 Constitutional Convention , James Madison said that he wanted to supplement that provision in the Articles of Confederation, to let Congress "provide for
319-474: The Court has stated that there may be exceptions to the enforcement and jurisdiction of out-of-state judgments, but maintains that there is no public policy exception to the Full Faith and Credit Clause for judgments. Federal statutory law (28 USC § 1738) provides that: Such Acts, records and judicial proceedings or copies thereof, so authenticated, shall have the same full faith and credit in every court within
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#1732851341829348-628: The District of Columbia) has been recognized in divorce or dissolution of marriage cases. The clause's application to state-sanctioned same-sex marriages , civil unions , and domestic partnerships is unresolved, although the case of marriage has been rendered moot. In 1996 the U.S. Congress enacted the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), a statute defining marriage as being between one man and one woman for federal purposes and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states. Whether
377-7470: The New York Stock Exchange (F) Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z F [ edit ] This list is complete and up to date as of August 2014 . Stock name Symbol Country of origin Fabrinet FN Thailand FactSet Research Systems Inc. FDS US Fair Isaac Corporation FICO US Family Dollar Stores Inc. FDO US Farfetch, Ltd. FTCH Portugal FBL Financial Group Inc. FFG US Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation AGM US Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation AGM.A US Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation AGM.PRA US Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation AGM.PRB US Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation AGM.PRC US Federal Realty Investment Trust FRT US Federal Signal Corporation FSS US Federated Enhanced Treasury Income Fund FTT US Federated Investors Inc. FII US Federated Premier Intermediate Municipal Income Fund FPT US Federated Premier Municipal Income Fund FMN US FedEx Corporation FDX US FelCor Lodging Trust FCH US FelCor Lodging Trust Inc. FCH.PRA US FelCor Lodging Trust Inc. FCH.PRC US Ferrellgas Partners L.P FGP US Ferro Corporation FOE US Fibria Celulose S.A. FBR Brazil Fidelity & Guaranty Life FGL US Fidelity National Financial Inc. FNF US Fidelity National Information Services, Inc. FIS US Fiduciary/Claymore MLP Opportunity Fund FMO US Fifth Street Finance Corp. FSCE US First Acceptance Corporation FAC US First American Financial Corporation FAF US First BanCorp FBP Puerto Rico First Commonwealth Financial Corporation FCF US First Horizon National Corporation FHN US First Horizon National Corporation FHN.PRA US First Industrial Realty Trust, Inc. FR US First Majestic Silver Corp. AG US The First Marblehead Corporation FMD US First Niagara Financial Group, Inc. FNFG.PRB US First Preferred Capital Trust IV FBS.PRA US First Republic Bank FRC US First Republic Bank FRC.PRA US First Republic Bank FRC.PRB US First Republic Bank FRC.PRC US First Republic Bank FRC.PRD US First Republic Bank FRC.PRE US First Trust Dividend and Income Fund FAV US First Trust Energy Infrastructure Fund FIF US First Trust Enhanced Equity Income Fund FFA US First Trust High Income Long/Short Fund FSD US First Trust Intermediate Duration Preferred & Income Fund FPF US First Trust MLP and Energy Income Fund FEI US First Trust Mortgage Income Fund FMY US First Trust New Opportunities MLP & Energy Fund FPL US First Trust Senior Floating Rate Income Fund II FCT US First Trust Strategic High Income Fund II FHY US First Trust/Aberdeen Emerging Opportunity Fund FEO US First Trust/Aberdeen Global Opportunity Income Fund FAM US First Trust/Gallatin Specialty Finance and Financial Opportunities Fund FGB US FirstEnergy Corp FE US FirstMerit Corporation FMER.PRA US Five Oaks Investment Corp. OAKS US Five Oaks Investment Corp. OAKS.PRA US Five Star Quality Care, Inc. FVE US Fixed Income Trust For Goldman Sachs Subordinated Notes, Series 2011-1 TFG US Flagstar Bancorp, Inc. FBC US Flaherty & Crumrine Dynamic Preferred and Income Fund Incorporated DFP US Flaherty & Crumrine Preferred Income Fund Incorporated PFD US Flaherty & Crumrine Preferred Income Opportunity Fund Incorporated PFO US Flaherty & Crumrine Preferred Securities Income Fund Incorporated FFC US Flaherty & Crumrine Total Return Fund Incorporated FLC US Fleetcor Technologies, Inc. FLT US Fleetmatics Group PLC FLTX US Flotek Industries, Inc. FTK US Flowers Foods, Inc. FLO US Flowserve Corporation FLS US Fluor Corporation FLR US Fly Leasing Limited FLY Ireland FMC Corporation FMC US FMC Technologies, Inc. FTI US F.N.B. Corporation FNB US F.N.B. Corporation FNB.PRE US Fomento Economico Mexicano, S.A.B. De C.V. FMX Mexico Foot Locker, Inc. FL US Ford Motor Company F US Foresight Energy Partners LP FELP US Forest City Enterprises, Inc. FCE.A US Forest City Enterprises, Inc. FCE.B US Forest Oil Corporation FST US Forestar Group Inc. FOR US Fort Dearborn Income Securities, Inc. FDI US Fortegra Financial Corporation FRF US Fortress Investment Group LLC FIG US Fortuna Silver Mines Inc. FSM US Fortune Brands Home & Security, Inc. FBHS US Forum Energy Technologies, Inc. FET US Franco-Nevada Corporation FNV US Franklin Covey Company FC US Franklin Resources Inc. BEN US Franklin Universal Trust FT US Frank's International N.V. FI US Freeport-McMoRan Inc. FCX US Freescale Semiconductor, Ltd. FSL US Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. KGAA FMS Germany Fresh Del Monte Produce Inc. FDP Cayman Islands Frontline Ltd. FRO Bermuda FS KKR Capital Corp. FSK US FTI Consulting, Inc. FCN US Furmanite Corporation FRM US Fusion-io, Inc. FIO US FutureFuel Corp. FF US FXCM Inc. FXCM US Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Companies_listed_on_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange_(F)&oldid=1189193741 " Category : Lists of companies listed on
406-844: The Supreme Court has recognized a " public policy exception" to both the Full Faith and Credit Clause and the accompanying federal statute. In 1939, the Court in Pacific Employers Insurance v. Industrial Accident wrote: [T]here are some limitations upon the extent to which a state may be required by the full faith and credit clause to enforce even the judgment of another state in contravention of its own statutes or policy. See Wisconsin v. Pelican Insurance Co. , 127 U.S. 265; Huntington v. Attrill , 146 U.S. 657; Finney v. Guy , 189 U.S. 335; see also Clarke v. Clarke , 178 U.S. 186; Olmsted v. Olmsted , 216 U.S. 386; Hood v. McGehee , 237 U.S. 611; cf. Gasquet v. Fenner , 247 U.S. 16. And in
435-461: The Supreme Court ruled in V.L. v. E.L. that under the Full Faith and Credit Clause, the State of Alabama must recognize the adoption decree granted to a same-sex couple by a Georgia state court in 2007, regardless of how that court came to its conclusion granting the decree. The Respect for Marriage Act repealed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) and required the U.S. federal government to recognize
464-443: The Supreme Court struck down all laws banning interracial marriage in 1967, a number of states banned interracial marriage and did not recognize marriage certificates issued in other states for interracial couples. The full faith and credit clause was never used to force a state to recognize a marriage it did not wish to recognize. However, the existence of a common-law marriage in a sister state (still available in nine states and
493-631: The United States and its Territories and Possessions as they have by law or usage in the courts of such State, Territory or Possession from which they are taken. The Full Faith and Credit Clause has been applied to orders of protection , for which the clause was invoked by the Violence Against Women Act , and child support , for which the enforcement of the clause was spelled out in the Federal Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act ( 28 U.S.C. § 1738B ). Until
522-457: The United States, as they have by law or usage in the Courts of the state from whence the said records are or shall be taken." In 1813, the Supreme Court interpreted this federal statute, in the leading case of Mills v. Duryee , where the judgment of a New York court was used in a local District of Columbia court. Justice Joseph Story wrote for the Court that it was the federal statute (rather than
551-471: The case of statutes...the full faith and credit clause does not require one state to substitute for its own statute, applicable to persons and events within it, the conflicting statute of another state, even though that statute is of controlling force in the courts of the state of its enactment with respect to the same persons and events. The Supreme Court continues to apply its public policy exception differently for state judgments as compared to state laws. In
580-413: The constitutional provision) that made records from one state effective in another state: It is argued, that this act provides only for the admission of such records as evidence, but does not declare the effect of such evidence, when admitted. This argument cannot be supported. The act declares, that the record, duly authenticated, shall have such faith and credit as it has in the state court from whence it
609-630: The courts and magistrates of every other State." In 1781, a committee of the Continental Congress reported that execution of that clause in the Articles of Confederation required a declaration of two different things: "[1] the method of exemplifying records and [2] the operation of the Acts and judicial proceedings of the Courts of one State contravening those of the States in which they are asserted." A Pennsylvania court stated in 1786, that this provision in
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#1732851341829638-461: The enforcing court otherwise disagrees with the result. At present, it is widely agreed that this clause of the Constitution has a minimal impact on a court's choice of law decision provided that no state's sovereignty is infringed, although this clause of the Constitution was once interpreted to have greater impact. Article IV, Section 1: Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to
667-605: The execution of Judgments in other States, under such regulations as might be expedient." By September 1, 1787, negotiations at the Constitutional Convention had led to the following draft which included supplementary language as Madison had requested, similar to what the committee of the Continental Congress had reported in 1781: Full faith and credit ought to be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings, of every other state; and
696-487: The expanded clause in the Constitution, Madison wrote that it established a power that "may be rendered a very convenient instrument of justice, and be particularly beneficial on the borders of contiguous States." In 1790, shortly after the Constitution had been ratified, Congress took action under the Full Faith and Credit Clause, enacting that "the records and judicial proceedings, authenticated as aforesaid, shall have such faith and credit given to them in every Court within
725-508: The latter part of this clause, then the former part of this clause "would amount to nothing more than what now takes place among all Independent Nations". Later, during the ratification process, James Madison remarked further on this subject, in Federalist No. 42 . He wrote that the corresponding clause in the Articles of Confederation was "extremely indeterminate, and can be of little importance under any interpretation which it will bear". Of
754-512: The latter provision of DOMA violated the Full Faith and Credit Clause was debated among legal commentators. Some scholars viewed DOMA as a violation of the Full Faith and Credit Clause. Other legal scholars disagreed. Ultimately, the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Windsor struck down DOMA as a violation of the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause and did not address the Full Faith and Credit Clause in its decision. In March 2016,
783-423: The legislature shall, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect which judgments, obtained in one state, shall have in another. After several further modifications, the Full Faith and Credit Clause assumed the form in which it remains today. James Wilson said during the constitutional convention that, if Congress were to not use its power under
812-697: The public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. A similar clause existed in Article IV of the Articles of Confederation , the predecessor to the U.S. Constitution: "Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of
841-543: The validity of same-sex and interracial marriages in the United States, and to protect religious liberty . Its author, Senator Tammy Baldwin , has stated that its constitutional authority stems from the Full Faith and Credit Clause. The wording of this clause was closely followed by the framers of the Constitution of Australia from 1901 , namely, in Section 118 of the Constitution of Australia . Companies listed on
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