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93-471: Notable people with the name Nasrallah and its variants include: In Iraq, the most notable family to carry the name is the Alid Faizid family of Nasrallah from Karbala . However, there are other Alid and non-Alid families that carry the name, that come from Hindiyah , Hillah , and Nasiriyah . In Kuwait, the most notable family to carry the name is known as the family of Al-Nasrallah. They trace back to

186-512: A Somali sultan, Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar. He noted that Sultan Abu Bakr had dark skin complexion and spoke in his native tongue (Somali), but was also fluent in Arabic. The Sultan also had a retinue of wazirs (ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal eunuchs , and other officials at his beck and call. Ibn Battuta continued by ship south to the Swahili coast , a region then known in Arabic as

279-565: A kashida (a fez with a green scarf wrapped around it). The kashida along with a jubba (long coat with sleeves, similar to a cassock but without buttons), became the dress code of the Faizids, which was then adopted and turned into the official attire of the saden s and servants of the Husayn and Abbas shrines', and it quickly spread to the rest of the shrine cities of Iraq. The kashida's differ slightly between Karbala and other cities. In Karbala,

372-401: A chief judge and married into the royal family of Omar I . Ibn Battuta took on his duties as a judge with keenness and strived to transform local practices to conform to a stricter application of Muslim law. He commanded that men who did not attend Friday prayer be publicly whipped, and that robbers' right hand be cut off. He forbade women from being topless in public, which had previously been

465-462: A descendant of al-Mujab took over as naqib in c. 985. His son, Ibrahim al-Ha'iri then took over in 1001, and then when he died in 1049, it went to other sayyids, until it returned to Muhammad Abu al-Faiz in 1259. It is also worthy to mention, that the niqaba and sidana in Karbala at some points in time, were merged, so whoever held the niqaba, would also be saden of the two holy shrines. By 1317,

558-476: A desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries. So I braced my resolution to quit my dear ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests. My parents being yet in the bonds of life, it weighed sorely upon me to part from them, and both they and I were afflicted with sorrow at this separation. He travelled to Mecca overland, following the North African coast across

651-416: A document that has both Sharaf al-Din's name and Sultan Yaqub's , dated from 1455. He was the son of Sharaf al-Din. In 1493, Yahya took charge of the niqaba and sidana after his father. He died in 1536. He was the son of Tumah I. After the death of his nephew, Yahya in 1536, Taj al-Din took charge of the niqaba and sidana. He was naqib and saden until his death in 1556. He was the son of Tumah II,

744-463: A feature of most Anatolian towns in the 13th and 14th centuries. The members were young artisans and had at their head a leader with the title of Akhil . The associations specialised in welcoming travellers. Ibn Battuta was very impressed with the hospitality that he received and would later stay in their hospices in more than 25 towns in Anatolia. From Antalya Ibn Battuta headed inland to Eğirdir which

837-709: A guest for three days. Ibn Battuta then sailed to a state called Kaylukari in the land of Tawalisi , where he met Urduja , a local princess. Urduja was a brave warrior, and her people were opponents of the Yuan dynasty . She was described as an "idolater", but could write the phrase Bismillah in Islamic calligraphy . The locations of Kaylukari and Tawalisi are disputed. Kaylukari might referred to Po Klong Garai in Champa (now southern Vietnam), and Urduja might be an aristocrat of Champa or Dai Viet . Filipinos widely believe that Kaylukari

930-648: A large caravan of pilgrims returning to Iraq across the Arabian Peninsula . The group headed north to Medina and then, travelling at night, turned northeast across the Najd plateau to Najaf , on a journey that lasted about two weeks. In Najaf, he visited the mausoleum of Ali , the Fourth Caliph . Then, instead of continuing to Baghdad with the caravan, Ibn Battuta started a six-month detour that took him into Iran . From Najaf, he journeyed to Wasit , then followed

1023-522: A number of towns in central Anatolia, but not in the order in which he describes. When Ibn Battuta arrived in İznik , it had just been conquered by Orhan , sultan of the Ottoman Beylik . Orhan was away and his wife was in command of the nearby stationed soldiers, Ibn Battuta gave this account of Orhan's wife: "A pious and excellent woman. She treated me honourably, gave me hospitality and sent gifts." Ibn Battuta's account of Orhan: The greatest of

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1116-751: A partful ownership in Tumah III's Fidan al-Sada muqata'a. They also own parts of the farms known as Maal al-Saghir , in mahalat Al Faiz, endowed in 1847 and Maal Ju'an , near mahalat Al Faiz, endowed in 1853. The family served in the holy Husayn and Abbas shrines'. Al Sayyid Amin ( Arabic : آل سيد أمين , romanized :  ʾĀl Sayyid Āmin ; / ˈ ɑː l s eɪ j ɪ d ɛ m iː n / ) branched off Muhammad-Amin al-Faizi, also known as Sayyid Amin al-Faizi. They also own lands in Ayn al-Tamur that Muhammad-Amin endowed to his descendants in 1703. The family have an official Ottoman firman confirming this. The family served in

1209-407: A peculiar way. Southern merchants brought various goods and placed them in an open area on the snow in the night, then returned to their tents. Next morning they came to the place again and found their merchandise taken by the mysterious people, but in exchange they found fur-skins which could be used for making valuable coats, jackets, and other winter garments. The trade was done between merchants and

1302-420: A place called "Mul Jawa" (island of Java or Majapahit Java) which was a center of a Hindu empire . The empire spanned 2 months of travel, and ruled over the country of Qaqula and Qamara. He arrived at the walled city named Qaqula/Kakula, and observed that the city had war junks for pirate raiding and collecting tolls and that elephants were employed for various purposes. He met the ruler of Mul Jawa and stayed as

1395-580: A result of the Mongol invasion in 1220 and subsequent infighting. From there, he journeyed south to Afghanistan , then crossed into India via the mountain passes of the Hindu Kush . In the Rihla , he mentions these mountains and the history of the range in slave trading. He wrote, After this I proceeded to the city of Barwan, in the road to which is a high mountain, covered with snow and exceedingly cold; they call it

1488-451: A variety of offences. His plan to leave on the pretext of taking another hajj was stymied by the Sultan. The opportunity for Battuta to leave Delhi finally arose in 1341 when an embassy arrived from the Yuan dynasty of China asking for permission to rebuild a Himalayan Buddhist temple popular with Chinese pilgrims. Ibn Battuta was given charge of the embassy but en route to the coast at

1581-502: Is a patronymic , literally meaning 'son of the duckling'. His most common full name is given as Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Battuta. In his travelogue , The Rihla , he gives his full name as " Shams al-Din Abu’Abdallah Muhammad ibn’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf Lawati al- Tanji ibn Battuta". All that is known about Ibn Battuta's life comes from the autobiographical information included in

1674-624: Is currently known by the families of Al Tumah , Al Nasrallah , Al Dhiya al-Din , Al Tajir, Al Awj , and Al Sayyid Amin . After al-Mutawakkil was killed in 861, the Alids found peace under his son, al-Muntasir , who helped keep them safe and protect them. The first known Alid to settle in Karbala was Ibrahim al-Mujab bin Muhammad al-Abid bin Musa al-Kadhim, also known as Taj al-Din Ibrahim al-Mujab . After

1767-441: Is currently one of the largest Alid families in Karbala. The family branched into five clans: Al Nasrallah ( Arabic : آل نصرالله , romanized :  ʾĀl NaṣrĀllāh ; / ˈ ɑː l n ʌ s r ʌ l l ɑː / ) branched off Nasrallah al-Faizi . They own vast lands across Ayn al-Tamur and Karbala. Their grandfather Yunis al-Faizi excelled in business, and managed to purchase the muqata'a Maal Yunis which extended from

1860-466: Is doubtful. In all likelihood, he went directly from Ta'izz to the important trading port of Aden , arriving around the beginning of 1329 or 1331. From Aden , Ibn Battuta embarked on a ship heading for Zeila on the coast of Somalia . He then moved on to Cape Guardafui further down the Somali seaboard, spending about a week in each location. Later he would visit Mogadishu , the then pre-eminent city of

1953-565: Is surrounded with a strong wall, and its founder is said to be one of the great non-Muslim kings, called Tara". Upon his arrival in Sindh , Ibn Battuta mentions the Indian rhinoceros that lived on the banks of the Indus . The Sultan was erratic even by the standards of the time and for six years Ibn Battuta veered between living the high life of a trusted subordinate and falling under suspicion of treason for

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2046-453: Is the progenitor of the Tumah, Nasrallah, Dhiya al-Din, Tajir, Awj and Sayyid Amin families. He is reported to have been a valiant and noble man, followed by the majority of the city. He was the one that united all of the branches from the descendants of al-Mujab, that resided in Karbala, under his name. Abu al-Faiz owned vast lands across Karbala and Shfatha. In 1259, under the rule of Hulegu , he

2139-655: The Anazzah tribe, and migrated from Sudair . They reside mainly in Jiblah and Jahrah . In Lebanon, the name can be found in Shia, Sunni, Druze, and Christian families all across Lebanon, and they trace back to Sednayah , Hauran and Babylon . In Palestine, it is believed that the Nasrallah family traces back to either the one that originated in the Levant (North Syria and Rif-Dimashq), or in

2232-567: The Arabian Desert to Mecca. Ill with diarrhoea, he arrived in the city weak and exhausted for his second hajj . Ibn Battuta remained in Mecca for some time (the Rihla suggests about three years, from September 1327 until autumn 1330). Problems with chronology, however, lead commentators to suggest that he may have left after the 1328 hajj . After the hajj in either 1328 or 1330, he made his way to

2325-504: The Bilad al-Zanj ("Land of the Zanj ") with an overnight stop at the island town of Mombasa . Although relatively small at the time, Mombasa would become important in the following century. After a journey along the coast, Ibn Battuta next arrived in the island town of Kilwa in present-day Tanzania , which had become an important transit centre of the gold trade. He described the city as "one of

2418-503: The Golden Horde realm. He went to the port town of Azov , where he met with the emir of the Khan, then to the large and rich city of Majar . He left Majar to meet with Uzbeg Khan 's travelling court ( Orda ), which was at the time near Mount Beshtau . From there he made a journey to Bolghar , which became the northernmost point he reached, and noted its unusually short nights in summer (by

2511-586: The Ilkhanate state was disintegrating. This left the Euphrates region without a stable government. Karbala then split into two factions, Al Faiz and Al Zuhayk. The Faiz tribe were descendants of Muhammad al-Abid bin Musa al-Kadhim, and the Zuhayk tribe were descendants of Ibrahim al-Asghar bin Musa al-Kadhim. The city witnessed a feud that lasted for nearly half a century. The famous Moroccan traveller, Ibn Battuta , witnessed

2604-609: The Khyber Pass and Peshawar , or further south. He crossed the Sutlej river near the city of Pakpattan , in modern-day Pakistan, where he paid obeisance at the shrine of Baba Farid , before crossing southwest into Rajput country. From the Rajput kingdom of Sarsatti, Battuta visited Hansi in India, describing it as "among the most beautiful cities, the best constructed and the most populated; it

2697-478: The Mappila Muslims, who were also followers of Imam Al-Shafi‘i. At that time Samudra Pasai marked the end of Dar al-Islam , because no territory east of this was ruled by a Muslim. Here he stayed for about two weeks in the wooden walled town as a guest of the sultan, and then the sultan provided him with supplies and sent him on his way on one of his own junks to China. Ibn Battuta first sailed for 21 days to

2790-532: The Sinai Peninsula to Palestine and then travelled north again through some of the towns that he had visited in 1326. From the Syrian port of Latakia , a Genoese ship took him (and his companions) to Alanya on the southern coast of modern-day Turkey. He then journeyed westwards along the coast to the port of Antalya . In the town he met members of one of the semi-religious fityan associations. These were

2883-815: The Strait of Hormuz then on to Mecca for the hajj of 1330 (or 1332). After his third pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the Sultan of Delhi , Muhammad bin Tughluq . In the autumn of 1330 (or 1332), he set off for the Seljuk controlled territory of Anatolia to take an overland route to India. He crossed the Red Sea and the Eastern Desert to reach the Nile valley and then headed north to Cairo . From there he crossed

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2976-500: The " Land of the Berbers " (بلد البربر Balad al-Barbar , the medieval Arabic term for the Horn of Africa ). When Ibn Battuta arrived in 1332, Mogadishu stood at the zenith of its prosperity. He described it as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, noted for its high-quality fabric that was exported to other countries, including Egypt . Battuta added that the city was ruled by

3069-984: The 16th century. This then changed to al-Musawi (descendants of Musa ) in the following centuries. He is: Moḥammed Abu al-Faʾiz bin Abu al-Ḥassan ʿAli bin Aḥmed Jalal al-Din bin Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammed bin Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammed bin Abu Jaʿfar Najm al-Din al-Aswad bin Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammed bin ʿAli al-Ghareeq bin Moḥammed al-Khair bin Abu al-Ḥassan ʿAli al-Majthoor bin Abu al-Ṭayyib Aḥmed bin Moḥammed al-Ḥaʾiri bin Ibrahim al-Mujāb bin Moḥammed al-ʿAābid bin Musa al-Kāthim . He

3162-454: The Alid and non-Alid tribes as to the matters of the shrines'. For this reason Muhammad formed a number of groups, each representing a tribe, and designated a sarkoshk (leading minister) to lead each group. He was the son of Ahmed III Abu Tiraas, the son of Yahya Dhiya al-Din, the son of Muhammad Sharaf al-Din. In 1423, Tumah I assumed the niqaba of the ashraf of Karbala, as well as the sidana of

3255-522: The Alid's settled, al-Mujab took responsibilities for the two holy shrines, and through this became known as saden (custodian of) al-rawdhat (the shrines), i.e. the head role tending to the holy shrines of Husayn and Abbas, which is known as the sidana . The sidana was passed down from al-Mujab to his eldest son, Muhammad, nicknamed al-Ha'iri , as they lived in the Ha'ir (another name for Karbala), in 913. This then kept being passed on down as follows: In

3348-602: The Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia and Yemen). They reside mainly in Qaqun . Al Faiz family The family of Al Faiz ( Arabic : آل فائز , romanized :  ʾĀl Fāʾiz ; / ˈ ɑː l f ɑː ɪ z / ), also transliterated in a number of other ways, including Al Fa'iz , Al Fa'ez , Al Faez , or Al Fayez , is the oldest Alid family of Karbala , which they have occupied, on some occasions ruled, and held custodianship of its holy sites, since 861. They are

3441-683: The Hindu Kush, that is Hindu-slayer, because most of the slaves brought thither from India die on account of the intenseness of the cold. Ibn Battuta and his party reached the Indus River on 12 September 1333. From there, he made his way to Delhi and became acquainted with the sultan, Muhammad bin Tughluq . Muhammad bin Tughluq was renowned as the wealthiest man in the Muslim world at that time. He patronised various scholars, Sufis, qadis , viziers , and other functionaries in order to consolidate his rule. On

3534-667: The Husayn and Abbas shrines' at the behest of the governor of Baghdad, Shah Muhammad , of the Black Sheep Turcomen tribe. Tumah died in 1442. He was the son of Tumah I. Sharaf al-Din took the niqaba and sidana after his father, died in 1442, during the Black Sheep monarchy, and carried on during the White Sheep monarchy. He passed down the niqaba and sidana to his son, Yahya, in 1493. He died in 1500. Iraqi historian, Dr. Imad Rauf in his book, al-Usar al-Hakima , mentions he holds

3627-477: The Maldives, Ibn Battuta took four wives. In his Travels he wrote that in the Maldives the effect of small dowries and female non-mobility combined to, in effect, make a marriage a convenient temporary arrangement for visiting male travellers and sailors. From the Maldives, he carried on to Sri Lanka and visited Sri Pada and Tenavaram temple . Ibn Battuta's ship almost sank on embarking from Sri Lanka, only for

3720-657: The Royal Qajari crypt, the second is besides the qatlgah (place where Husayn was slaughtered), and the third is near the tomb of Husayn's companions. It is also one of the largest Alid families in Karbala. The family branched into five clans: Al Dhiya al-Din ( Arabic : آل ضياء الدين , romanized :  ʾĀl Ḍhiyaʾ āl-Din ; / ˈ ɑː l ð ɪ j ɑː ˈ æ l d iː n / ) branched off Dhiya al-Din al-Faizi. They own lands in Umm Ramila in Shfatha, and in Karbala, they own

3813-729: The account of his travels, which records that he was of Berber descent, born into a family of Islamic legal scholars (known as qadis in the Muslim traditions of Morocco ) in Tangier on 24 February 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty . His family belonged to a Berber tribe known as the Lawata . As a young man, he would have studied at a Sunni Maliki school, the dominant form of education in North Africa at that time. Maliki Muslims requested that Ibn Battuta serve as their religious judge, as he

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3906-519: The accounts of his travels to Sultan Öz Beg Khan (r. 1313–1341). Then he continued past the Caspian and Aral Seas to Bukhara and Samarkand , the latter of which he praised as "one of the grandest and finest cities, and the most perfect of them". Here he visited the court of another Mongol khan, Tarmashirin (r. 1331–1334) of the Chagatai Khanate . He also noted the ruined state of the city walls,

3999-626: The banks of the Sharavathi river next to the Arabian Sea . This area is today known as Hosapattana and lies in the Honnavar Taluk of Uttara Kannada . Following the overthrow of the sultanate, Ibn Battuta had no choice but to leave India. Although determined to continue his journey to China, he first took a detour to visit the Maldive Islands where he worked as a judge. He spent nine months on

4092-481: The borders of Arba' Nahran to al-Jayya to Umm al-'Agareeg in Bab al-Salalma. He endowed his muqata'a to his descendants for their benefit. The family at some point held custodianship of the Husayn and Abbas shrines, and is the only Alid family that had the right to serve in both shrines. It is also the only Alid family to have three designated crypts in the Husayn shrine, the first is behind the grave of Ibrahim al-Mujab, opposite

4185-577: The boundaries of the Islamic world. Arriving in Constantinople towards the end of 1332 (or 1334), he met the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos. He visited the great church of Hagia Sophia and spoke with an Eastern Orthodox priest about his travels in the city of Jerusalem. After a month in the city, Ibn Battuta returned to Astrakhan, then arrived in the capital city Sarai al-Jadid and reported

4278-473: The city and the holy sites . Shihab al-Din Al Muhanna declared himself the naqib of the Ha'ir. When Al Faiz and Al Zuhayk realised what had happened, they decided to put aside their disputes, unite, and revolt against the invading al-Muhanna tribe. With their rebellion, they managed to oust the naqib, and exile him and his tribe, out of the city. The two tribes then formed an alliance, and decided they will split

4371-441: The command of his son Miran Shah , defeated Ahmed Jalayir , they entered Karbala, to which they were met with its noblemen, headed by Muhammad who was ruling the city. Just before the Timurid invasion, the saden , Shaykh Ali al-Khazin, had died, Miran saw that the most appropriate person to hold the sidana was Muhammad, so he appointed him as saden of the Husayn and Abbas shrines', in 1393. In 1412, tensions grew between

4464-493: The custom. However, these and other strict judgements began to antagonise the island nation's rulers, and involved him in power struggles and political intrigues. Ibn Battuta resigned from his job as chief qadi , although in all likelihood it was inevitable that he would have been dismissed. Throughout his travels, Ibn Battuta kept close company with women, usually taking a wife whenever he stopped for any length of time at one place, and then divorcing her when he moved on. While in

4557-460: The descendants of Ibrahim al-Mujab , the 9th-century grandson of the seventh Shi'ite Imam, Musa al-Kadhim . Their eponymous ancestor is considered to be Muhammad Abu al-Faiz, the 12th great-grandson of al-Mujab. In Karbala, the family holds a high prestige where they maintained the authority of the niqaba (supervision) of Karbala's Sayyids and the sidana (custodianship) of Karbala's holy sites numerous times over different periods. The family

4650-567: The early spring of 1326, after a journey of over 3,500 km (2,200 mi), Ibn Battuta arrived at the port of Alexandria , at the time part of the Bahri Mamluk empire . He met two ascetic pious men in Alexandria. One was Sheikh Burhanuddin, who is supposed to have foretold the destiny of Ibn Battuta as a world traveller and told him, "It seems to me that you are fond of foreign travel. You must visit my brother Fariduddin in India, Rukonuddin in Sind, and Burhanuddin in China. Convey my greetings to them." Another pious man, Sheikh Murshidi, interpreted

4743-521: The famous Dhway grove , which they were on some occasions named after. In 1799, the grove was endowed by Yahya, to his son, Dhiya al-Din and his descendants, for the benefit of the Husayn Shrine. In 1953, it was purchased by the city council, and made a public park. The family held the custodianship of the Abbas shrine numerous times throughout the 20th century. Al Tajir ( Arabic : آل تاجر , romanized :  ʾĀl Tāǧir ; / ˈ ɑː l t ɑː dʒ ɪ r / ) branched off Ali 'al-Tajir' al-Faizi. Ali

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4836-420: The famous muqata'a Fidan al-Sada which Tumah III endowed to his descendants on September 26, 1616, after it was granted to him by Sheikh Ahmed al-Nahawi. It is worthy to note that, it is a khairi endowment, i.e. devoted to a charitable purpose from its inception, rather than for the benefit of his descendants. The family held custodianship of the Husayn shrine numerously throughout the last four centuries. It

4929-424: The finest and most beautifully built towns; all the buildings are of wood, and the houses are roofed with dīs reeds". Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the Kilwa Sultanate in 1330, and commented favourably on the humility and religion of its ruler, Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman , a descendant of the legendary Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi . He further wrote that the authority of the Sultan extended from Malindi in

5022-499: The holy Husayn and Abbas shrines'. In the late 19th century, they became known as Al Jolokhan al-Faizi, as there was a large open space near where they lived, and in Persian it was known as a jolokhan ( Persian : جلوخان ). They are not to be mistaken by Al Jolokhan from Al Zuhayk, who also lived near the jolokhan , in Bab al-Taag. Sources: Ibn Battuta Ibn Battuta ( / ˌ ɪ b ən b æ t ˈ t uː t ɑː / ; 24 February 1304 – 1368/1369),

5115-444: The holy places that lay along the way, including Hebron , Jerusalem , and Bethlehem , the Mamluk authorities kept the route safe for pilgrims. Without this help many travellers would be robbed and murdered. After spending the Muslim month of Ramadan , during August, in Damascus, he joined a caravan travelling the 1,300 km (810 mi) south to Medina , site of the Mosque of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . After four days in

5208-464: The islands, much longer than he had intended. When he arrived at the capital, Malé , Ibn Battuta did not plan to stay. However, the leaders of the formerly Buddhist nation that had recently converted to Islam were looking for a chief judge, someone who knew Arabic and the Qur'an. To convince him to stay they gave him pearls, gold jewellery, and slaves, while at the same time making it impossible for him to leave by ship. Compelled into staying, he became

5301-485: The kings of the Turkmens and the richest in wealth, lands and military forces. Of fortresses, he possesses nearly a hundred, and for most of his time, he is continually engaged in making a round of them, staying in each fortress for some days to put it in good order and examine its condition. It is said that he has never stayed for a whole month in any one town. He also fights with the infidels continually and keeps them under siege. Ibn Battuta had also visited Bursa which at

5394-483: The last Mongol ruler of the unified Ilkhanate, leaving the city and heading north with a large retinue. Ibn Battuta joined the royal caravan for a while, then turned north on the Silk Road to Tabriz , the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols and by then an important trading centre as most of its nearby rivals had been razed by the Mongol invaders. Ibn Battuta left again for Baghdad, probably in July, but first took an excursion northwards along

5487-410: The late 10th century, the naqib (supervisor of) al-ashraf (the descendants of Muhammad) i.e. the head or supervisor of the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , which is known as the niqaba , was established, in Karbala, during the Buyid era. Muhammad al-Husayni, a descendant of Zayn al-Abidin, took the niqaba and became the first naqib of the Ha'ir. After al-Husayni, Sharaf al-Din Ahmed,

5580-477: The least-traveled, which involved a journey up the Nile valley, then east to the Red Sea port of ʿAydhab . Upon approaching the town, however, a local rebellion forced him to turn back. Ibn Battuta returned to Cairo and took a second side trip, this time to Mamluk-controlled Damascus . During his first trip he had encountered a holy man who prophesied that he would only reach Mecca by travelling through Syria . The diversion held an added advantage; because of

5673-401: The meaning of a dream of Ibn Battuta as being that he was meant to be a world traveller. He spent several weeks visiting sites in the area, and then headed inland to Cairo , the capital of the Mamluk Sultanate . After spending about a month in Cairo, he embarked on the first of many detours within the relative safety of Mamluk territory. Of the three usual routes to Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose

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5766-686: The meeting in 1345 CE, Ibn Battuta noted that Shah Jalal was tall and lean, fair in complexion and lived by the mosque in a cave, where his only item of value was a goat he kept for milk, butter, and yogurt. He observed that the companions of the Shah Jalal were foreign and known for their strength and bravery. He also mentions that many people would visit the Shah to seek guidance. Ibn Battuta went further north into Assam , then turned around and continued with his original plan. In 1345, Ibn Battuta travelled to Samudra Pasai Sultanate (called "al-Jawa") in present-day Aceh , Northern Sumatra , after 40 days voyage from Sunur Kawan. He notes in his travel log that

5859-494: The mysterious people without seeing each other. As Ibn Battuta was not a merchant and saw no benefit of going there he abandoned the travel to this land of darkness. When they reached Astrakhan, Öz Beg Khan had just given permission for one of his pregnant wives, Princess Bayalun, a daughter of Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos , to return to her home city of Constantinople to give birth. Ibn Battuta talked his way into this expedition, which would be his first beyond

5952-432: The naqib of the Talibids that moved to Karbala in the early 11th-century. All of the al-Asghar descendants had united under their cousin, Zheek's name. Al Zuhayk today is known by the families of Al Thabit, Al Daraj (later Al Naqib), and Al Wahab. The Al Eshaiker and Al Jolokhan families were cousins of Al Zuhayk, and also took under their name. Al Faiz believed that the niqaba of Karbala belonged to them because they were

6045-472: The north to Inhambane in the south and was particularly impressed by the planning of the city, believing it to be the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast. During this period, he described the construction of the Palace of Husuni Kubwa and a significant extension to the Great Mosque of Kilwa , which was made of coral stones and was the largest mosque of its kind. With a change in the monsoon winds, Ibn Battuta sailed back to Arabia, first to Oman and

6138-400: The older residing family, whilst Al Zuhayk believed it belonged to them because they previously held the niqaba of the Talibids of Iraq. Due to the continuous chaos as a result of the feud, as well as the destabilisation of the central government, a tribe, by the name of, Al Muhanna, claimed they wanted to end the unrest and used this excuse to invade Karbala in 1355. They took full control of

6231-411: The port of Chittagong in modern-day Bangladesh intending to travel to Sylhet to meet Shah Jalal , who became so renowned that Ibn Battuta, then in Chittagong, made a one-month journey through the mountains of Kamaru near Sylhet to meet him. On his way to Sylhet, Ibn Battuta was greeted by several of Shah Jalal's disciples who had come to assist him on his journey many days before he had arrived. At

6324-503: The port of Jeddah on the Red Sea coast. From there he followed the coast in a series of boats (known as a jalbah, these were small craft made of wooden planks sewn together, lacking an established phrase) making slow progress against the prevailing south-easterly winds. Once in Yemen he visited Zabīd and later the highland town of Ta'izz , where he met the Rasulid dynasty king ( Malik ) Mujahid Nur al-Din Ali. Ibn Battuta also mentions visiting Sana'a , but whether he actually did so

6417-489: The river Tigris south to Basra . His next destination was the town of Isfahan across the Zagros Mountains in Iran. He then headed south to Shiraz , a large, flourishing city spared the destruction wrought by Mongol invaders on many more northerly towns. Finally, he returned across the mountains to Baghdad, arriving there in June 1327. Parts of the city were still ruined from the damage inflicted by Hulagu Khan 's invading army in 1258. In Baghdad, he found Abu Sa'id ,

6510-424: The river Tigris. He visited Mosul , where he was the guest of the Ilkhanate governor, and then the towns of Cizre (Jazirat ibn 'Umar) and Mardin in modern-day Turkey. At a hermitage on a mountain near Sinjar , he met a Kurdish mystic who gave him some silver coins. Once back in Mosul, he joined a "feeder" caravan of pilgrims heading south to Baghdad, where they would meet up with the main caravan that crossed

6603-436: The roles between them, where Muhammad Sharaf al-Din, grandson of Abu al-Faiz, became governor of Karbala and saden al-rawdhat , whilst Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, son of Yahya Zuhayk, became naqib. The two tribes also married from each other to further forge the two factions. In the 9th century, the Alids of Karbala dressed in traditional Arabic garments ( turban , thawb and bisht ) that came in various colours, although green

6696-459: The ruler of Samudra Pasai was a pious Muslim named Sultan Al-Malik Al-Zahir Jamal-ad-Din, who performed his religious duties with utmost zeal and often waged campaigns against animists in the region. The island of Sumatra , according to Ibn Battuta, was rich in camphor , areca nut , cloves , and tin . The madh'hab he observed was Imam Al-Shafi‘i , whose customs were similar to those he had previously seen in coastal India , especially among

6789-470: The son of Darwish, the son of Sharaf al-Din III, the son of Abbas, the son of Hashim, the son of Muhammad, the son of Sharaf al-Din ( naqib and saden ). He was named Abu Ridin ( transl.  one with the sleeve ) as he used to wear a unique cassock -like dress, similar to ones worn by knights and leaders. When Muhammad-Ali Tumah abandoned the sidana to become vice governor of Karbala in 1821, Abu Ridin

6882-408: The son of Jameel, the son of Alam al-Din. Nasrallah was a senior jurist , teacher, poet, author and annalist . He was the patriarch of the Nasrallah family. He was the son of Hasan, the son of Mansur, the son of Nasir al-Din, the son of Yunis, the son of Jameel, the son of Alam al-Din. He was made saden of the Husayn shrine in 1752, until his death in 1790. He was the son of Muhammad-Musa,

6975-464: The son of Sharaf al-Din. In 1573, the Sublime Porte issued a firman , appointing Alam al-Din as the minister of Charitable Endowments of Karbala. In November, 1589, he signed a power of attorney over all of his possessions to his son, Jameel; the document was witnessed by Muhammad-Ali al-Eshaiker and four other noblemen. He died in 1598. He was the son of Husayn, the son of Ali, the son of Yunis,

7068-476: The standards of the subtropics). Then he returned to the Khan's court and with it moved to Astrakhan . Ibn Battuta recorded that while in Bolghar he wanted to travel further north into the land of darkness. The land is snow-covered throughout ( northern Siberia ) and the only means of transport is dog-drawn sled. There lived a mysterious people who were reluctant to show themselves. They traded with southern people in

7161-580: The start of the journey to China, he and his large retinue were attacked by a group of bandits . Separated from his companions, he was robbed, kidnapped, and nearly lost his life. Despite this setback, within ten days he had caught up with his group and continued on to Khambhat in the Indian state of Gujarat . From there, they sailed to Calicut (now known as Kozhikode), where Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama would land two centuries later. While in Calicut, Battuta

7254-483: The strength of his years of study in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was appointed a qadi (judge) by the sultan. However, he found it difficult to enforce Islamic law beyond the sultan's court in Delhi , due to lack of Islamic appeal in India. It is uncertain by which route Ibn Battuta entered the Indian subcontinent but it is known that he was kidnapped and robbed by rebels on his journey to the Indian coast. He may have entered via

7347-409: The sultanates of Abd al-Wadid and Hafsid . The route took him through Tlemcen , Béjaïa , and then Tunis , where he stayed for two months. For safety, Ibn Battuta usually joined a caravan to reduce the risk of being robbed. He took a bride in the town of Sfax , but soon left her due to a dispute with the father. That was the first in a series of marriages that would feature in his travels. In

7440-575: The time was the capital of the Ottoman Beylik, he described Bursa as "a great and important city with fine bazaars and wide streets, surrounded on all sides with gardens and running springs". He also visited the Beylik of Aydin . Ibn Battuta stated that the ruler of the Beylik of Aydin had twenty Greek slaves at the entrance of his palace and Ibn Battuta was given a Greek slave as a gift. His visit to Anatolia

7533-489: The town, he journeyed on to Mecca while visiting holy sites along the way; upon his arrival to Mecca he completed his first pilgrimage, in November, and he took the honorific status of El-Hajji . Rather than returning home, Ibn Battuta decided to continue travelling, choosing as his next destination the Ilkhanate , a Mongol Khanate , to the northeast. On 17 November 1326, following a month spent in Mecca, Ibn Battuta joined

7626-650: The unrest when he visited Karbala in 1326. Al Faiz is older in residence in Karbala, since Ibrahim al-Mujab moved to Karbala in 861 during the rule of al-Muntasir. Many branches of descendants were formed from al-Mujab, but it was Muhammad Abu al-Faiz that later stood out and became their patriarch in Karbala. One must also understand that, the feud began during the late life of Abu al-Faiz, meaning his tribe couldn't have consisted of just his descendants, but rather, he had united all of his cousins under his name. As for Al Zuhayk, they are named after their patriarch Yahya Zuhayk , great-great-great-grandson of Abdullah al-Ha'iri,

7719-516: The vessel that came to his rescue to suffer an attack by pirates. Stranded onshore, he worked his way back to the Madurai kingdom in India. Here he spent some time in the court of the short-lived Madurai Sultanate under Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad Damghani, from where he returned to the Maldives and boarded a Chinese junk , still intending to reach China and take up his ambassadorial post. He reached

7812-567: The wrapped green scarf is much longer and takes up half of the fez, and it is wrapped in a way that overlaps, allowing the front side to be distinctive. However, in Najaf , the wrap is shorter, but there is still an overlap, whilst in Samarra , it is much shorter, and there is no overlap in the wrap, forming a consistent line. It is worthy to note that the notable figures of Al Faiz had the addition of al-Husayni (descendants of Husayn ) to their name until

7905-869: Was a Maghrebi traveller, explorer and scholar. Over a period of thirty years from 1325 to 1354, Ibn Battuta visited much of Africa , the Middle East , Asia , and the Iberian Peninsula . Near the end of his life, he dictated an account of his journeys, titled A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling , but commonly known as The Rihla . Ibn Battuta travelled more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around 117,000 km (73,000 mi), surpassing Zheng He with about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) and Marco Polo with 24,000 km (15,000 mi). "Ibn Battuta"

7998-841: Was assigned as saden of the Husayn shrine, at the behest of his father-in-law, the naqib, Husayn Daraj al-Naqib. However, when the governor of Baghdad, Dawud Pasha returned from the Ottoman-Persian war , he replaced Abu Ridin with Wahab Tumah in 1823. Abu Ridin had a large role in the Battle of Menakhur in 1826, and because of the Karbalaeis victory over the Ottomans, he was reinstated in August 1826. He died in 1829. Al Tumah ( Arabic : آل طعمة , romanized :  ʾĀl Ṭuʿma ; / ˈ ɑː l t ʊ ˈ m ɑː / ) branched off Tumah III al-Faizi. They own

8091-535: Was from an area where it was practised. On 2 Rajab 725 AH (14 June 1325 AD), Ibn Battuta set off from his home town at the age of 21 on a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca , a journey that would ordinarily take sixteen months. He was eager to learn more about far-away lands and craved adventure. He would not return to Morocco again for 24 years. I set out alone, having neither fellow-traveler in whose companionship I might find cheer, nor caravan whose part I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and

8184-420: Was made naqib and ruler of Karbala, at the behest of al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli . He died in c. 1317. He was the son of Abu al-Faiz. He was appointed Minister of Ras al-Ayn ( Ayn al-Tamr ) in 1334 until his death in 1349. He was the son of Ahmed Shams al-Din. After the exile of the al-Muhanna tribe in the last third of the 14th-century, Muhammad was made ruler of Karbala. In 1393, when Timur Lang's forces, under

8277-520: Was named al-Tajir (the merchant), due to his frequent travels to East Asia for trade. The family owns farms known as Umm al-Sudan in mahalat Al Faiz (now known as al-Hayabi), that Hassan al-Tajir endowed to his descendants in 1680. The family served in the holy Husayn and Abbas shrines'. Al Awj ( Arabic : آل عوج , romanized :  ʾĀl ʿAwǧ ; / ˈ ɑː l ˈ uː dʒ / ) branched off Muhsin Awj al-Faizi, who branched off Msa'id al-Faizi. They have

8370-577: Was the capital of the Hamidids . He spent Ramadan (June 1331 or May 1333) in the city. From this point his itinerary across Anatolia in the Rihla becomes confused. Ibn Battuta describes travelling westwards from Eğirdir to Milas and then skipping 420 km (260 mi) eastward past Eğirdir to Konya . He then continues travelling in an easterly direction, reaching Erzurum from where he skips 1,160 km (720 mi) back to Birgi which lies north of Milas. Historians believe that Ibn Battuta visited

8463-575: Was the first time in his travels he acquired a servant; the ruler of Aydin gifted him his first slave. Later, he purchased a young Greek girl for 40 dinars in Ephesus , was gifted another slave in İzmir by the Sultan, and purchased a second girl in Balikesir . The conspicuous evidence of his wealth and prestige continued to grow. From Sinope , he took a sea route to the Crimean Peninsula , arriving in

8556-435: Was the guest of the ruling Zamorin . While Ibn Battuta visited a mosque on shore, a storm arose and one of the ships of his expedition sank. The other ship then sailed without him only to be seized by a local Sumatran king a few months later. Afraid to return to Delhi and be seen as a failure, he stayed for a time in southern India under the protection of Jamal-ud-Din, ruler of the small but powerful Nawayath Sultanate on

8649-513: Was the more common colour. Later in 1372, Sultan Shaban introduced a kind of nobility with the privilege of wearing green turbans for the Alids; and to distinguish them from the Abbasid's black symbol. With the rise of the popularity of the fez in the 19th century, in Ottoman Iraq , Nasir Nasrallah imported fez's from Vienna , and green shawl wool from England, and created what is now known as

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