The Marmara region ( Turkish : Marmara Bölgesi ) is a geographical region of Turkey .
62-486: Balıkesir ( Turkish pronunciation: [baˈlɯcesiɾ] ) is a city in the Marmara region of Turkey . It is the seat of Balıkesir Province , which is also a metropolitan municipality . As of 2022, the population of Balıkesir Province is 1,257,590, of which 314,958 in the city proper (the urban part of the districts Altıeylül and Karesi ). Between 1341 and 1922, it was the capital of Karasi . Close to modern Balıkesir
124-506: A fairly continental hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under the Köppen climate classification and a temperate oceanic climate (Do) under the Trewartha classification. Winters are cool and wet with frequent frosts and occasional snowfall, while summers are hot and dry. The continentality increases as one moves from west to east and north to south. Therefore, winters are colder and snowier in
186-498: A flower head) at the outside and yellow or maroon (also known as a brown/red) disc florets inside. Several ornamental cultivars of H. annuus have red-colored ray florets; all of them stem from a single original mutant. While the majority of sunflowers are yellow, there are branching varieties in other colors including, orange, red and purple. The petiolate leaves are dentate and often sticky. The lower leaves are opposite, ovate , or often heart-shaped. The rough and hairy stem
248-455: A great torchlight procession is organized. Tülü Tabaklar which had designed similarly the cannibals in order to frighten the enemies is a special event of the festival. The Remembrance Day of Local Combat is called Kuvayi Milliye Haftası in Turkish which is organized between 16 and 23 May. The great success with 41 Balıkesirer people met at Alaca Mescit and they have managed the region such as
310-409: A major fire destroyed the centre of the city which was rebuilt later. That fire destroyed an important part of the city. According to estimates, it was the result of the firing of firecrackers belonging to child guns in a shop. According to another opinion, it was caused by the gnawing of the firecrackers of child guns by rats and this fire spread to the electrical contact. 498 shops completely burned. It
372-565: A part of the city skyline, New Bazaar Area is the oldest shopping place for the city. Vasıf Çınar Street and Gazi Boulevard are other busy areas. The face of the government, there is Balıkesir Park , the rest area, is one of Turkey's most beautiful parks. By the establishment of Balıkesir University in the city, social life is gradually developing. Commercial life in Balıkesir is growing with modern shopping centres such as Yay/ada , 10 Burda , Avlu Balıkesir Salih Tozan Cultural Center
434-593: A state and gained a military victory in 1922. 15 May 1919, after the capture of İzmir by the Greeks, Balıkesir is the first place in Turkey that the reaction of Balıkesir had shown by declared Redd-i Ilhak (Disclamation of Annexation). In 1919, the city of Balikesir Congress was met five times. Greek soldiers on 30 June 1920 was occupied Balıkesir. By had opened Ayvalik - İvrindi - Soma -Balikesir-front, Balıkesir had its liberation. Balıkesir's local cheese, called Kelle Peyniri ,
496-664: A tendency to spread rapidly and can become aggressive. On the other hand, the whorled sunflower, Helianthus verticillatus , was listed as an endangered species in 2014 when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issued a final rule protecting it under the Endangered Species Act . The primary threats to this species are industrial forestry and pine plantations in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. They grow to 1.8 metres (6 feet) and are primarily found in woodlands, adjacent to creeks and moist, prairie-like areas. The common sunflower
558-795: Is twinned with; Marmara Region Located in East Thrace , it is bordered by Greece and the Aegean Sea to the west, Bulgaria and the Black Sea to the north, the Black Sea Region to the east, and the Aegean Region to the south. At the center of the region is the Sea of Marmara , which gives the region its name. The largest city in the region is Istanbul . Other big cities are Bursa , İzmit , Balıkesir , Tekirdağ , Çanakkale and Edirne . Among
620-528: Is a city that has shores on the Aegean and Marmara Seas. It is easy to reach from major cities such as Ankara, İstanbul, Bursa and İzmir by motorway or railway. There are regular coaches from İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir as well as most cities in Turkey. Balıkesir Coach Terminal is out of the city so that there is servicing by the municipality to the city centre. Railway transport is done between Ankara-Balıkesir and İzmir-Balikesir at specific hours. The railway station
682-416: Is also a ritual of Hıdrellez. People wish midnight and meet there. Accordingly, Hıdrellez day people have offerings. Drawing a picture of something that is desired to land or stone is determined. Individuals seeking goods put money into a red purse and hang it on a tree. On the other hand, those wishing for a baby type the name or draws baby figure on the ground. These rituals are traditions of Hıdrellez. One of
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#1732851462301744-411: Is branched in the upper part in wild plants, but is usually unbranched in domesticated cultivars. This genus is distinguished technically by the fact that the ray florets (when present) are sterile, and by the presence on the disk flowers of a pappus that is of two awn-like scales that are caducous (that is, easily detached and falling at maturity). Some species also have additional shorter scales in
806-410: Is by tradition celebrated in the first week of May for those who live in Balıkesir. Today, it is the fulfillment of a religious ritual that is celebrated as a day of goodness. The night on the streets there is a fire, and one of the traditions is to jump over the fire seven times. That night going to such green and restful areas as Değirmenboğazı and Balıkesir Park or near the religious area like tombs
868-547: Is derived from Greek ἥλιος hēlios "sun" and ἄνθος ánthos "flower", because its round flower heads in combination with the ligules look like the Sun . There are many species recognized in the genus: The following species were previously included in the genus Helianthus . The seeds of H. annuus are used as human food. Most cultivars of sunflower are variants of H. annuus , but four other species (all perennials ) are also domesticated. This includes H. tuberosus ,
930-633: Is important for cultural activities in the city. Public transport area where is the point of transport networks is near the Salih Tozan . Also, Turkey's first jet base, 9th Main Air Base is also located in Balıkesir. The capital of Balıkesir province contains many historical buildings; Many theatre players, actor, actress, singer and painter were born in Balıkesir. Most known are; The major memorial days of Balıkesir are Hıdrellez, The Liberation Day and also The Remembrance Day of Local Combat. Hıdrellez
992-688: Is just 14 km northwest of Bandırma. Balıkesir and its districts, besides the wealth of thermal resources, have healing waters with high quality of physical and chemical compositions. Many spas with health-promoting features surround the city, including Pamukçu and Ilıca . The center of the city also contains the historical Turkish "Pasha Hamami" bath, which is still in use. Some of these thermal resources located in; Pamukçu, Kiraz, Edremit - Güre , Edremit-Bostancı, Edremit-Derman, Gönen , Gönen-Ekşidere, Manyas -Kızık Köy, Susurluk -Kepekler, Balya-Dağ, Bigadiç -Hisarköy, Sındırgı -Hisaralan, Sındırgı-Emendere and Dursunbey -Aşağımusalar Village. Balıkesir
1054-461: Is known in European countries and exported France , Germany and Britain . It is a granular type of cheese . Hoşmerim which is made from cheese and egg is the popular dessert of this city. Many old Turkmen dishes (like keşkek, güveç, tirit, mantı, kaymaklı ) are composed of Balıkesir cuisine. Balıkesir's Turkmen carpets (called Yağcıbedir ) are another popular local good. The main souvenir of
1116-472: Is located at Republica Square. Balıkesir is joined to Bursa and İzmir by a quality motorway. Balıkesir Koca Seyit Airport is located in Edremit district, 87 km from city center, serves as an international airport. There is also Balıkesir Airport located in city center, but currently no flights are operated from the airport. In Balıkesir there are ten hotels with one five-star hotel. Balıkesir has
1178-452: Is notably different from heliotropism in leaves, as the moving mechanism for leaves exists in the pulvinus . Since flowers do not have pulvini, the movement is caused by increased growth rate of the stems. The growth rate accumulation of the stem on the east side of the stem gradually pushes the flower from east to west during daytime. This matches with the Sun as it rises from the east and falls in
1240-462: Is the common sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ). This and other species, notably Jerusalem artichoke ( H. tuberosus ), are cultivated in temperate regions and some tropical regions, as food crops for humans, cattle, and poultry, and as ornamental plants. The species H. annuus typically grows during the summer and into early fall, with the peak growth season being mid-summer. Several perennial Helianthus species are grown in gardens, but have
1302-491: Is the national flower of Ukraine , cultivated there for several centuries. Sunflowers are usually tall annual or perennial plants that in some species can grow to a height of 300 centimetres (120 inches) or more. Each "flower" is actually a disc made up of tiny flowers, to form a larger false flower to better attract pollinators. The plants bear one or more wide, terminal capitula (flower heads made up of many tiny flowers), with bright yellow ray florets (mini flowers inside
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#17328514623011364-515: Is the second biggest disaster to befall in Balıkesir after the 1898 earthquake. Nearly a thousand people were unemployed. The tents were set up by the Turkish Red Crescent and food aid was provided for a long time. The economic base of the city is both agricultural and industrial. The biggest industrial enterprises are Arı-Turyağ , Limak-Set Çimento , BEST , Mar-Tük , İşbir , Kula , Tellioğlu , Bu Piliç and Yarış Kabin which are among
1426-452: The Jerusalem artichoke , which produces edible tubers. There are many species in the sunflower genus Helianthus , and many species in other genera that may be called sunflowers. Sunflowers have been proven to be excellent plants to attract beneficial insects, including pollinators. Helianthus spp. are a nectar producing flowering plant that attract pollinators and parasitoids which reduce
1488-623: The Turkish mathematician , specializing in research in topology , and geometry and which is a student of Robion Kirby . Many sportspeople were born in Balıkesir. Some of them are; Most known sports club in Balıkesir is Balıkesirspor which is established in 1966. Balıkesirspor is the football team played in the Süper Lig after achieving promotion having finished as runners-up of the TFF First League in 2013–14 . The team's previous promotion
1550-507: The hypocotyls will bend toward blue light but not red light, depending on the quality of the light source. It is the circadian rhythms and the differences of the stem growth rate that work together and cause the heliotropism of the Helianthus . This is important for attracting pollinators and increasing growth metabolism. Future studies are required to identify the exact physiological basis and cellular mechanism for this behavior. Helianthus
1612-401: The larvae of many lepidopterans. The growth of a sunflower depends strictly on its genetic makeup and background. Additionally, the season it is planted will have effects on its development; those seasons tend to be in the middle of summer and beginning of fall. Sunflower development is classified by a series of vegetative stages and reproductive stages that can be determined by identifying
1674-544: The 1950s, the city has grown by depending on the core being first settlements that it resembles break-up of the oil stains. The city has been carrying more Aegean character than Marmara . Aygören, Karaoğlan, Dumlupınar, Kasaplar, Hisariçi, Karesi, Kızpınar, Hacıilbey are the first settlements of the city. The eldest settlements are acclivity, lane and also have adjoint buildings. Many historical places are in these quarters. A summary of new settlements are Bahcelievler, Atatürk, Paşaalanı and Adnan Menderes quarters. The squares of
1736-757: The Marmara Region. Islands in the Aegean Sea are Gökçeada and Bozcaada , and in the Sea of Marmara are Marmara Island , Avşa , Paşalimanı , İmralı and the Princes' Islands of Istanbul . The Marmara region has a borderline Mediterranean and humid subtropical climate on the Aegean Sea and south Marmara Sea coasts, and an oceanic climate on the Black Sea coast. Summers are warm to hot and moderately dry whereas winters are cool, wet and sometimes snowy. The coastal climate keeps
1798-619: The Marmara coast of Balıkesir. Ören, Akçay and Altınoluk are also among the holiday towns which attract vacationers interested in a holiday with scenery and historical, archaeological sites. Kuş Cenneti National Park near Lake Manyas is an ornithological site where 266 different species of birds flourish – every year over three million birds fly through there. 13 km southeast of Bandırma in Karacabey, horse farms breed magnificent specimens of this majestic animal. Once known as ancient Erteka, Erdek
1860-488: The Minister of Education, Mustafa Necati . Till 1982, the number of higher education institutes reached 4: Necati Institution of Education, Architecture and Engineering State Academy, Balıkesir School of Industry and Tourism, Balıkesir Vocational School. These foundations changed status with Delegated Legislation No 41 and were connected to Uludağ University . Necatibey Teacher's Training School continued to train teachers between
1922-595: The Roman and Pre-Byzantine dynasty had used this castle as a vacation area and for hunting. During the Byzantine period, the small town which had become increasingly neglected was known as Palaiokastron ( Greek : Παλαιόκαστρον ) meaning Old Castle. Also, when the Turkomans came from Middle Asia to Mysia, they called it Balukiser because of the remains of the castle, as Hisar is the Turkish word for castle. Balıkesir's former name
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1984-580: The Turkish economy. Also, it is called the Anatolian Tigers . Other main exports are olive -based products. It is also a popular destination for both domestic and foreign tourists, who use it as a base to explore the near countryside which is renowned for its beauty, especially nearby Mount Ida (Kaz Dağı). The city is well known with borax deposit. The largest global borax deposits known, many still untapped, are in Central and Western Turkey , including
2046-592: The beginning of June, many young Greeks were forced by the authorities to convert to Islam at Government headquarters. On 30 June 1919 Balıkesir city was occupied by the invading Greeks but on 6 September 1922, the Turkish Army took back the city. During the Turkish War of Independence , Balıkesir was the main centre of the Turkish militias in Western Anatolia against the occupying Greek Army . On 3 August 1950,
2108-495: The city is lily cologne . Balıkesir is a historical folkloric dance source. Balıkesir's historical folkloric dance is most popular in Turkey and academical searching. Bengi , Guvende and Balikesir Zeybeği are a typical dance of this city. These dances' figures spread throughout Balıkesir plainness. Also, Balıkesir's ballads are popular in Turkey. Akpınar, Mendili Oyaladım, Karyolamın Demiri are some ballads sing by women surround Balikesir city. Like these woman ballads, on
2170-419: The city: Ali Hikmet Pasha , Republica , Wrestler Kurtdereli Mehmet and Karesi . Trade and economic life are concentrated on three streets. Anafartalar Street , Milli Kuvvetler Street , Vasıf Çınar Street , Kızılay Street , Atalar Street are important streets in the city. Commercial life focuses on these streets and the small streets which are intersecting these streets and avenues. As
2232-406: The crops will increase insect attraction. In addition to pollinators of Helianthus spp ., there are other factors such as abiotic stress, florivory , and disease which also contribute to the evolution of floral traits. These selective pressures, which stem from several biotic and abiotic factors are associated with habitat environmental conditions which all play a role in the overall morphology of
2294-454: The evolution of larger sunflowers in drier environments is that the pressure from florivory and disease favors smaller flowers in habitats that have a more moderate supply of moisture (mesic habitat). Wetter environments usually have more dense vegetation, more herbivores, and more surrounding pathogens. As larger flowers are typically more susceptible to disease and florivory, smaller flowers may have evolved in wetter environments which explains
2356-405: The first thousand factories in Turkey as of 2008. Balıkesir city is also important for stock breeding. Surrounding the city, are numerous dairies. The city is also an agricultural centre. Wheat, sunflowers , sugar beets, and other vegetables in a front tomato and bean plantations have dense products. Traditional crops are melon and grapes. Balıkesir with its districts is the 12th largest economy in
2418-452: The heads or main branch of a single head or branched head. Before blooming, Helianthus plant heads tilt upwards during the day to face the Sun . This movement is referred to as heliotropism , which continues for a short time when flower buds form and young Helianthus heads track the Sun. At night, the flower heads reorient their position and face East in anticipation for the sunrise. Sunflowers move back to their original position between
2480-423: The hours of 3am and 6am, and the leaves follow about an hour later. By the time they are mature and reach anthesis , Helianthus generally stop moving and remain facing east, which lets them be warmed by the rising sun. Historically, this has led to controversy on whether or not Helianthus is heliotropic, as many scientists have failed to observe movement when studying plants that have already bloomed. This
2542-609: The inland parts. According to official documents, the first head of Balıkesir Municipality is Deratam Efendi. However, in the book entitled " Balıkesir City and Municipal History " written by Kerim Kâni Akpınarlı, it is stated that there were four other municipal heads before Deratam Efendi. Balıkesir Municipality, in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, with the law numbered 6360, published on 6 December 2012, Balıkesir Municipality has qualified as a"Metropolitan". Balıkesir
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2604-490: The large leaves in a rosette at the base of the plant and produce a flowering stem that has leaves that are reduced in size. Most of the perennials have disk flowers that are entirely yellow, but a few have disk flowers with reddish lobes. One species, H. radula , lacks ray flowers altogether. Overall, the macroevolution of the Helianthus is driven by multiple biotic and abiotic factors and influences various floral morphology. Helianthus species are used as food plants by
2666-403: The name of 2-year-Balıkesir Vocational School has remained the same. Having stayed under the roof of Uludağ University for 10 years, these foundations have formed a powerful background for Balıkesir University with healthy and consistent development. Balıkesir University has more than 37.000 students. Also, some of the scientists were born in Balıkesir. One of the most known is Selman Akbulut
2728-456: The other hand, have dance figures in terms of traditional dancing. Although Balıkesir is an industrial region, traditional village culture is superb and deeply. So, for folk culture, Balıkesir is an important area in Turkey. Balıkesir's local dance came to first in Nice folk festival joined 21 countries at 1958 be of value by European academical folklore authorities. Also, Balıkesir's local zeibek dance
2790-432: The pappus, and one species lacks a pappus entirely. Another technical feature that distinguishes the genus more reliably, but requires a microscope to see, is the presence of a prominent, multicellular appendage at the apex of the style. Further, the florets of a sunflower are arranged in a natural spiral . Variability is seen among the perennial species that make up the bulk of those in the genus. Some have most or all of
2852-431: The past, the previous night of 6 September, the main streets of Balıkesir were washed with cologne with lilies, because lilies are a symbol of Balıkesir. This festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm. For two or three days, the people would come from the nearby villages and districts to celebrating. On 6 September morning, people in Balıkesir would picnic in advance of the festival, at Balıkesir Park. The festival evening,
2914-561: The pest populations in nearby crop vegetation. Sunflowers attract different beneficial pollinators (e.g., honey bees) and other known insect prey to feed on and control the population of parasitic pests that could be harmful to the crops. Predacious insects are first attracted to sunflowers once they are planted. Once the Helianthus spp. reaches six inches and produces flowers it begins to attract more pollinators. Distance between sunflower rows and crop vegetation plays an important role in this phenomenon, hypothesizing that closer proximity to
2976-529: The provinces of Eskişehir , Kütahya and Balıkesir. Besides, Turkey and the United States are the largest producers of boron products. Turkey produces about half of the global yearly demand with the known deposits which possesses 72% of the world. The central of Balıkesir province with 300,000 population is the fourth crowded city in the Marmara Region . Balıkesir has an aggregate settlement network. Until
3038-615: The sea itself. The Greeks named the Marmara Sea "Propontis" by combining two words: "pro" and "pontis". In Greek , "pro" means "before" and "pontis" means "sea." They chose this name because they used to sail on the Sea of Marmara to reach the Black Sea . Provinces that are entirely in the Marmara Region: Provinces that are mostly in the Marmara Region: The Yıldız Mountains and Uludağ are in
3100-414: The selection by pollinators is thought to have increased the sunflower's size in a drier environment. This is because in a drier environment, there are typically less pollinators. As a result, in order for the sunflower to be able to attract more pollinators, they had to increase the morphology of their floral traits in that they had to increase their display size. Another biotic factor that can explain for
3162-560: The seven geographical regions, the Marmara region has the second-smallest area, yet the largest population; it is the most densely populated region in the country. The name of the region comes from the Marmara Sea which is named after the Marmaros island, now connected to Balıkesir . "Marmaros" means "marble" in Greek. This name was given to the island because of the significant amount of marble found there. Over time, this name also came to be used for
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#17328514623013224-473: The sun is not shining brightly, meaning that the movement is endogenous as a trained and continuous process. However, flower movement does not occur during long periods of rain or clouds. It also does not occur in a growth chamber when exposed to 16 hours of light or in greenhouses, suggesting that the plants require a directional, moving light source. Helianthus can also discriminate between different types of light. When exposed to different light frequencies,
3286-451: The sunflowers' floral traits. An ecosystem is composed of both biotic (which are living elements of an ecosystem such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria), and abiotic factors (non-living elements of an ecosystem such as air, soil, water, light, salinity and temperature). It is thought that two biotic factors can explain for the evolution of larger sunflowers and why they are present in more drier environments. For one thing,
3348-417: The superstitions is that if someone takes a shower that night, he or she is protected from all diseases. Hıdrellez is a kind of Nowruz or Spring New Years. The Liberation Day from the enemy occupation of Balıkesir is 6 September in 1922. Every year, 6 September is celebrating the day as a local holiday. There are a celebration parade and a celebratory ceremony. The ceremony takes place on Stadium Street. In
3410-452: The temperatures relatively mild. Sunflowers Harpalium (Cass.) Cass. Helianthus ( / ˌ h iː l i ˈ æ n θ ə s / ) is a genus comprising around 70 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae commonly known as sunflowers . Except for three South American species, the species of Helianthus are native to North America and Central America . The best-known species
3472-551: The west. At night, the growth rate is higher in the west side of the stem that gradually pushes the flower from the west side back to the east side. In addition, it is not actually the whole plant that changes its direction to face the Sun, but the flower itself that bends to be illuminated by the Suns rays. The heliotropic movement is caused by growth on the opposite side of the flower, driven by accumulation of growth hormones during Sun exposure. Heliotropism persists on cloudy days when
3534-416: The years 1932 and 1982 under the name of Necati Institution of Education, left its 3-year status, received 4-year-Higher Teacher Training School status. In 1982, having been connected to Uludağ University, this foundation has been called Necatibey Faculty of Education. In the same way, the name of Balıkesir School of Industry and Tourism has been changed as Balıkesir School of Tourism and Hotel Management, but
3596-485: Was the first zeibek participation from Turkey which had seen European folk authorities. Nowadays, Balıkesir folklore is chosen " intangible cultural heritage " of Turkey by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The foundation of Balıkesir University trace back to Karesi Teacher School established in 1910. This school has been carried to the building which is used as Necatibey Faculty of Education with particular interests of
3658-454: Was 40 years before that. Their stadium, the all-seater Balıkesir Atatürk Stadium , has a capacity of 13,732. Balıkesir has a coastline to both Sea of Marmara and Aegean Sea . Edremit , Burhaniye , Gömeç and Ayvalık are districts which are popular for their beaches, located in the Aegean coast of Balıkesir; Marmara Island , Erdek , Gönen and Bandırma are districts which are located in
3720-616: Was Karasi because Balıkesir city was founded by Karasi Bey in the 13th century as using the remains of the small town. 1297 is considered as the date of establishment of the city which was one of the few to be founded by the Turks in Anatolia . The Karasids was a Turkic principality in Mysia . Since the 13th century, Balıkesir city have been the administrative centre of the Mysia region. In 1345, Balıkesir city
3782-624: Was annexed by the Ottomans . In 1898 an earthquake destroyed much of the city. The number of buildings that were not destroyed in the 1898 earthquake was only 51. In 1914, Turkish students marched through the streets of the city singing a song of hatred against the Greeks. In April 1916, the Christian Greeks of the villages in the vicinity of Balikesser underwent persecution from the Turks. They were refused bread on payment. The women were told that they should become Muslim so as not to die of hunger. At
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#17328514623013844-470: Was the Roman town of Hadrianutherae , founded, as its name commemorates, by the emperor Hadrian . Hadrian came to the region in 124 A.D., as a result of a successful bear hunting he had established a city called his name here. It is estimated that the city consisted of the castle, the homestead, the stud and a few homes. It is thought that the small town was where the current stadium is present. Members of
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